波纹唇鱼(Cheilinus undulatus)的胚胎发育及初孵仔鱼的形态观察

波纹唇鱼(Cheilinus undulatus)是世界著名的濒危礁栖鱼类,具有特殊的生物学特性和较高的经济价值。本研究对波纹唇鱼的胚胎发育及初孵仔鱼的形态进行了观察,将其全过程划分为胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠?神经胚、器官发生和孵化6个阶段,共26个发育时期。波纹唇鱼的受精卵为无色透明的浮性卵,圆球形,卵径为(635.6±50.0)μm,具油球1个,其卵径显著小于多数海水鱼类。在水温27.7–29.0℃、盐度30的条件下,受精卵历时15 h 30 min孵出仔鱼。初孵仔鱼全长为(1305.5±50.0)μm,卵黄囊前部长于仔鱼头部,且油球位于卵黄囊的最前端。结果显示,波纹唇鱼卵子较小,胚胎发育较快,其较快的胚胎发育与较小的初孵仔鱼可能是导致胚后发育阶段死亡率较高的重要原因。     

黄鹂无齿鲹(Gnathanodon speciosus)胚胎发育及胚后发育

黄鹂无齿鲹(Gnathanodon speciosus)是一种兼具观赏与食用价值的名贵海水鱼类。本文报道了黄鹂无齿鲹的胚胎及胚后发育特征。受精卵孵化条件为：盐度(30.26±0.67)‰、 温度 (24.72 ± 0.32)°C 、 pH值(7.46±0.12)、溶解氧(5.13±0.33) mg/L、光照强度约3 000 LUX。结果显示黄鹂无齿鲹受精卵为透明浮性圆球形,平均卵径764.29 ± 14.74 μm;含单油球,油球平均直径166.32 ± 18.28 μm。胚胎发育历经受精卵期、胚盘期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期与孵化出膜期８个阶段,再进一步细分成24个时期。受精后18 h 30 min孵化出膜,进入仔鱼阶段（含前仔鱼期和后仔鱼期）。前仔鱼期位于孵化后0-3天,卵黄囊没有完全吸收;后仔鱼期位于孵化后4-20天,卵黄囊完全吸收。初孵仔鱼全长1 520 ± 19 μm,出膜后第6天油球储备耗尽并形成鳔。孵化后第20天,鱼体后脊索完全弯曲,各鳍和消化系统发育完善,体表大量色素沉淀且具有独立生活的能力,仔鱼进入稚鱼阶段。本研究为黄鹂无齿鲹苗种培育提供了重要参考。     

光唇裂腹鱼胚胎发育与仔鱼早期发育的研究

对人工干法授精的光唇裂腹鱼（Schizothorax lissolabiatus ）胚胎发育和仔鱼早期发育进行观察,描述了从受精卵到卵黄囊期仔鱼发育时期的时序和形态特征。光唇裂腹鱼的成熟卵近似于圆球形,呈金黄色,卵径为（2.2±0.13）mm;受精后12min卵膜吸水膨胀,卵膜径达（3.2±0.21）mm。水温在15-17℃的条件下,孵化时间为174.28h。初孵仔鱼全长为8.5mm,6日龄仔鱼初次摄食丰年虫,进入混合营养期。     

绿鳍马面鲀胚胎和仔鱼早期发育的初步观测

利用显微数码摄像系统观测绿鳍马面纯受精卵的胚胎发育和初孵仔鱼的形态特征,结果表明:绿鳍马面纯的卵为球形沉性的粘性卵,卵径平均为644 μm,未受精卵及早期胚胎有油球多个;在18.7～19.2 ℃水温条件下孵化,受精后约40～50 min胚盘形成,1 h 10 min进入卵裂期,6 h 10 min进入高囊胚期,9 h 20 min进入低囊胚期,10 h后进入原肠胚,21 h 40 min后听囊形成,23 h 40 min后形成柯氏囊,41 h30 min后耳石形成,多数胚胎油球溶合为1个,50 h后胚体环绕卵黄达1.3周以上,73.5 h陆续孵出,孵化积温为1375～1411 ℃·h.初孵仔鱼呈前位抱卵方式,油球位于卵黄囊的前端,85 h后开口摄食,5～6 d卵黄囊和油球吸收完,8 d第1背鳍棘突出背鳍膜,18 d发育到稚鱼期.     

条纹锯鮨胚胎发育及卵黄囊仔鱼形态变化的观察

通过观察条纹锯鱼旨的胚胎发育过程及卵黄囊仔鱼形态变化,研究其胚胎发育及卵黄囊仔鱼的形态特征、特点。采用Nikon E200显微镜对其胚胎发育形态及卵黄囊仔鱼形态变化进行连续拍照取样,详细描述了其从受精卵到初孵仔鱼的26个具体发育时期的形态特征、孵化温度、发育时间及卵黄囊仔鱼的形态变化特征。结果显示,条纹锯鱼旨的受精卵为球形、游离的浮性卵,平均卵径为0.950±0.039mm;条纹锯鱼旨受精卵孵化需经过卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官生成期和孵化期6个主要时期,在80目的孵化网箱中,水温20～20.5℃、盐度28～32、DO≥5mg/L、pH7.6～8.4静水微充气的条件下需要46h53min孵化;卵黄囊在仔鱼出膜2d后被吸收。     

舟山近海黄姑鱼胚胎发育及前期仔鱼形态的观察

通过对黄姑鱼胚胎发育全过程的连续观察,描述了黄姑鱼胚胎发育的特征、发育速度及前期仔鱼的形态特征等。观察结果表明,黄姑鱼的胚胎发育与其它硬骨鱼浮性卵鱼类基本相似,属端黄卵,盘状分裂。在水温22.0~22.5℃、盐度26.5的条件下,黄姑鱼受精卵经24h15m in孵出仔鱼。初孵仔鱼全长1.75±0.09mm,孵出后约50h,卵黄囊完全被吸收。     

黄鲷胚胎及卵黄囊仔鱼的形态发育

对人工暂养1周年的野生黄鲷[Dentex tumifrons(Temminck et Schlegel)]进行注射催产激素,成功完成黄鲷的人工繁殖、孵化并培育出黄鲷幼鱼。通过对人工催产所获得的黄鲷受精卵胚胎发育、卵黄囊仔鱼形态发育全过程进行观察,研究其胚胎发育特征。结果表明:(1)黄鲷受精卵和初孵仔鱼比其他鲷科鱼类的略小,受精卵径为0.834~0.998 mm、油球直径为0.184~0.198 mm、初孵仔鱼全长2.25 mm。(2)在水温(19.5±0.5)℃、盐度34.0条件下,受精卵经36~40 h孵化出仔鱼。(3)3日龄仔鱼消化道开通,但还不能摄食;4日龄仔鱼下颌能自如活动并摄取食物,仔鱼卵黄吸收完毕进入外源营养和内源营养混合期。(4)7日龄仔鱼油球完全吸收,仔鱼进入外源性营养期。(5)仔鱼在4日龄若未能摄食到食物则在8~9日龄开始死亡。文中还就黄鲷胚胎和卵黄囊仔鱼与同科鱼类真鲷、黑鲷的区别进行了比较。     

卵形鲳鲹的早期胚胎发育

对人工繁殖的卵形鲳鳆（Trachinotus ovatus）受精卵的胚胎发育过程进行了连续观察。受精卵由人工养殖的性成熟亲鱼，经人工催产、自然产卵受精获得。卵形鲳鲮的成熟卵呈圆形，平均卵径为967．8μm。受精卵在水温18～21℃、盐度31的条件下，胚胎发育历时41h27min后孵出仔鱼。胚胎发育为盘状卵裂，胚体后期的发育速度较快；仔鱼脱膜孵化的速度非常快，基本上在1min内就可以完成。初孵仔鱼平均全长为1．548mm，卵黄囊较大。     

星突江鲽胚胎发育的研究

对人工干法授精、微量充气孵化条件下星突江鲽的胚胎发育进行了研究。星突江鲽受精卵为分离的球形浮性卵,无油球、卵膜薄、光滑且透明,具弹性。吸水前卵径为0．66～0．70mm,吸水后为0．91～1．06mm。根据胚胎发育的外部形态及典型特征将星突江鲽胚胎发育过程划分为卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、神经胚期、胚孔关闭、眼泡和肌节形成、尾芽形成、晶体出现、听囊出现、出膜前期和出膜期11个连续的典型时期。在11±0．5℃水温下,受精卵经过101h仔鱼脱膜孵出。初孵仔鱼全长2．3～2．5mm,卵黄囊长径1．075～1．25mm,短径0．60～0．675mm。     

新疆裸重唇鱼胚胎及早期仔鱼发育的形态观察

2016年4月1日—4月19日,在水温12～14℃下采用催产、人工授精和室内孵化方式获得暂养的野生新疆裸重唇鱼Gymnodiptychus dybowskii受精卵和仔鱼,观察其胚胎发育和早期仔鱼的形态特征。结果显示:新疆裸重唇鱼成熟鱼卵为亮黄色或橙色,卵径(2.2±0.28)mm,受精约35min后卵周隙达到最大,卵径2.90～3.40mm,卵黄约占卵体积的3/5。整个发育过程可分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期和器官形成期6个阶段。在水温(16±2)℃下,胚胎发育积温为2 359h·℃,187h仔鱼上浮。研究结果表明,新疆裸重唇鱼的胚胎发育特征与新疆地区其他几种裂腹鱼类存在一定差异。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.