黑龙江省森工林区森林可持续经营技术谈

从生物多样性保护，天然林经营，人工林经营，路网建设和采运技术等方面探讨森工林区森林可持续经营技术。     

浅议森林采运作业与森林可持续发展

浅议森林采运作业与森林可持续发展＠方世杰￥东北林业大学浅议森林采运作业与森林可持续发展方世杰（东北林业大学哈尔滨市１５００４０）八十年代以来，生态林业建设取得一些进展，同时林业的“两危”引起林业工作者的重视，森林采运工作者也开始重新审视采运作业的过程和对生...     

促进森林采运业发展的几点建议

本文阐述了我国森林采运业的发展现状，针对今后实施天然林保护工程中，森林采运作用、发展和科技创新提出了自己的观点。     

无害于环境的森林采运方法

无害于环境的森林采运方法是指有利于森林可持续生长,林业可持续经营并可持续发展的森林采运方法.联合国粮农组织已提出了具体标准并已为一些实例研究所验证.我国有条件也有必要实施这一方法.     

山地森林生态采运研究进展

为促进山地森林可持续经营,归纳山地森林生态采运理论与技术新进展,国内外采运作业对林地土壤、水源涵养、生物多样性和林分结构等方面的影响,以及森林生态采运综合效益评价的新成果;针对山地森林生态采运理论与技术未能真正推广应用、无普遍适用的山地森林生态采运技术体系、无全面科学的山地森林生态采运的标准评价体系等问题,提出适合山地森林作业的对策:加大宣传力度,加强生态意识;加大科研投入,加强装备研发;加大指标评价,加强体系建立。提出考虑生态的山地天然林择伐及更新作业技术的研究前景:择伐林地群落恢复研究、林地养分含量分析、择伐林分生长动态仿真与景观择伐空间结构分析等。而山地人工林未来应侧重研究基于分类功能的人工林生态采运技术、择伐空间的优化及可视化经营、择伐后生态恢复动态跟踪研究与环境友好木材物流系统的优化模型等,最后提出应加强对山地森林生态抚育间伐及作业技术体系的研究。     

关于森林生态采运及其体系的探讨

本文论述了森林生态采运的涵义和任务，提出了森林生态采运体系及其面临的困难和机遇，对发展林生态采运，实现生态林业和林业可持续发展战略具有一定的指导意义。     

小兴安岭森林培育模式的探讨

分析论述了小兴安岭森林分类经营的森林培育模式,提出人工林和天然林的培育措施。     

近自然森林经营是提高我国森林质量的可行途径

尽管我国森林资源数量位居世界前列,但存在着森林质量较低、人工林树种单一等问题。由于继续增加森林面积的潜力有限,我国发展森林资源的重点应该从面积的增加转移到质量的提高上来。起源于德国的近自然林业理论,体现了"天人合一"的哲学思想,强调人与自然的和谐相处,符合当今世界的发展潮流。用它来指导我国的森林经营实践,可以兼顾森林三大效益,平衡林业利益分配,有利于提高森林整体质量。应该调整和改进我国现有的森林经营模式,对天然林实施择伐经营和结构调控,对人工林进行近自然化改造,从而不断提高森林质量,逐步实现森林资源的可持续发展。     

森林火灾特点及消防对策

咸阳市地处关中平原中部,现有天然林、人工林15.13万公顷。研究和探讨这一地区森林火灾发生的特点、规律及消防对策.对促进咸阳经济的可持续发展.确保森林资源不断增长有着重大的现实意义。     

实施天然林保护工程中的森林经营技术

天然林保护工程是森林可持续发展的重要保证。针对天然林 ,森林经营要采取恰当的技术 ,以达到保护生态环境的目的。本文分析了天然林与森林作业的关系 ,并提出了针对天然林的森林经营措施     

Assessment of logging moratorium using analytical network process in Iranian Hyrcanian forests

The aim of this research is to evaluate three forthcoming scenarios (continuing of forest management plans, logging ban, and forest management plans halt) in terms of policy change and select the best method based on sustainable forest management strategies in Iranian Hyrcanian forests. For this propose a two-layer evaluation process was considered for choosing the best alternative. Analytic network process as a decision approach is applied with Benefit–Opportunity–Cost–Risk (BOCR) merit. The data were obtained either from the previous research or through questionnaires. The results indicated that the benefits and risks were more important in terms of decision-making, compared to the opportunities and costs. Finally, the scenario of ‘continuity of forest management plans’ was selected as the most suitable alternative. The decision framework proposed in this study offers a rational means for decision-making of forest policy.     

新西兰森林采伐管理制度与借鉴

森林采伐管理是森林资源管理的核心内容之一。在计划经济条件下制定的中国森林采伐管理制度对于森林资源保护起到了重要作用。但是, 随着市场经济不断完善、集体林权制度改革不断深入, 这种管理制度已经不适应现代林业发展的需要, 亟待完善。分析了新西兰在森林采伐方面实施的分类采伐管理、森林可持续经营计划、森林可持续经营许可证、年度采伐计划等管理措施, 期望能为完善中国森林采伐管理制度提供参考模式和经验借鉴。     

森林采伐限额制度存在的问题及建议

森林采伐限额是采伐消耗森林、林木蓄积的最大限量。实行森林采伐限额管理是《森林法》确定的一项重要法律制度,是控制森林资源过量消耗的核心措施和加强森林可持续经营的关键手段。本文阐述了森林采伐限额的概念,分析了当前采伐制度存在的一些问题,提出了改进措施及具体做法,以寻求最佳的森林采伐管理制度,保护好国家珍贵而有限的森林资源,达到科学经营的目的。     

Forest resources and timber production of Ghana: Current instruments for sustainable development

The decline of the natural tropical high forest has reached a critical stage in Ghana’s forestry history. Timber resources are over-exploited, degraded and further production prospects are questionable and of concern to forest management. The objective of this paper is to discuss some of the institutional measures and development instruments being taken in Ghana towards the feasibility of achieving sustainable management of the high forest for timber and other commodity products, as well as conserving other forest resources. This paper, therefore, provides institutional measures and structures, regulatory and economic instruments, currently being taken to ensure effective forest management and increase the productivity of the land and logging. The role of collaborative management approach of both natural reserved and unreserved high forests and to promote integrated farm forestry is explained. Effective management of the high forest resource demands close harmonizing of instruments and mechanisms, both internal and external to forestry, and which encourage stakeholders to participate actively in decision making that affects the resource quality and its production status. Currently, different instruments including regulatory, property rights, motivational, hypothecation, information supply and economic are being applied in Ghana to achieve sustainable forest resource management and timber production. These instruments are not mutually exclusive in their current application, but rather complementary. Thus, an effective mix of instruments is necessary to promote and make feasible, sustainable forestry in Ghana’s socioeconomic development objectives.     

私有林采伐管理制度:发达国家经验及对我国的启示

通过对世界上8个发达国家私有林采伐制度的研究,总结其经验,对我国集体林采伐制度改革提出建议。发达国家因地制宜设计私有林采伐制度,有充分的法律依据,地方政府具有更多的私有林管理权,各国用森林可持续经营的理念来指导私有林采伐、对私有林采伐行为侧重政策引导。建议我国要坚持集体林采伐许可证制度,完善林木采伐相关法律,政府制定林业规划,林主制定森林经营方案,实行多种政策调控私有林采伐行为,加强采伐后林地更新管理,积极探索各个地区不同的私有林管理制度。     

基于天然林资源变化的贵州天保工程成效评价

利用贵州省天然林资源保护工程区的4142个森林资源连续清查固定样地复查数据,进行工程区天然林数量、质量的动态变化及成因分析。结果表明,天保工程通过禁止天然林采伐、开展森林管护、封山育林和人工促进天然更新等措施,有效地促进了天然林资源的持续快速增长、森林群落结构的改善、森林质量及森林生态功能的提高。     

我国森林采伐限额制度综述

森林采伐限额制度是国家依据合理经营和永续利用原则,规定林木采伐限额的一种最基本的管理制度,对实现森林资源永续增长具有重要意义。文中梳理了森林采伐限额制度的背景及发展历程,归纳了森林采伐限额制度的制度效果、存在问题和完善建议,指出现有研究在贯彻落实"放管服"改革、降低制度性交易成本、探索采伐权交易方面存在不足。未来森林采伐限额制度的优化研究可从政府主导与市场调节角度开展,具体可从以下4个方面改进:1)贯彻分类经营,落实商品林处置权;2)科学编制采伐限额,合理分配采伐指标;3)深入推进"放管服"改革,合理放权调整;4)落实三权分置,探索采伐权交易。     

Tropical Forest Management in the Asia-Pacific Region

Tropical deforestation in the Asia-Pacific Region has accelerated in Lhe last decade, seriously depleting the forest resource base. Most forest loss results from agricultural clearing, but is generally preceded by forest degradation from destructive logging (Southeast Asia) or overuse of forest resources (South Asia). Tropical forests are highly variable, requiring a system of classification to guide management objectives; one such system is ecological life zone mapping. Forestry operations should reflect the need for both conservation and production. Most Asia-Pacific forests are managed on variations of a selection system. Logging damage is the most important forestry-sector threat to commercial forestry, reducing both future timber production and the availability of non-timber products. The short duration of logging concession agreements, nontransferability of concession contracts, and undervaluation of forest resources all contribute to forest "mining" practices. Alternative forest management methods exist: logging damage can be substantially reduced at little or no additional cost; small-scale mobile sawmills can increase local incomes while reducing the need for skidding; and Assisted Natural Regeneration can facilitate the reforestation of denuded lands. The best hope for sustainable use of forest resources lies with those who must live with the consequences of forest mismanagement. Local involvement in foresy planning, implementation and enforcement is essential. Successful forest management projects depend on the judgement of field-based personnel familiar with the forests, cultures and institutions of each country, working in cooperation with local forestry experts and forest-dependent people.     

美国的森林经营与森林认证现状及对我们的启示

美国是世界上森林经营水平较高的国家之一,从国家林业计划、森林生态系统经营、可持续经营标准和指标等方面分析了美国森林可持续经营状况,并介绍了美国森林经营及森林认证的有关情况,借鉴美国森林可持续经营的经验,提出了我国森林可持续经营和森林认证的对策。