植物病原细菌分类最新进展

随着人们对植物病原细菌研究的不断深入,细菌分类一直处于一个变化的过程。除了传统的属被拆分成若干个属以外,新属也不断增加,植物病原细菌属的数量已增至近40个。革兰氏阴性细菌中,传统的欧文氏菌属(Erwinia)又分出了4个属:果胶杆菌属(Pectobacterium)、迪基氏菌属(Dickeya)、泛菌属(Pantoea)和布伦纳氏属(Brenneria),导致作物软腐病的胡萝卜果胶杆菌(Pectobacterium carotovorum)和黑腐果胶杆菌(P.atrosepticum)最初分别归在胡萝卜欧文氏菌胡萝卜亚种(Erwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora)和黑腐亚种(subsp.atroseptica);从假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)中分出了雷尔氏菌属(Ralstonia)、伯克氏菌属(Burkholderia)和噬酸菌属(Acidovorax)。新种的命名更是层出不穷,迪基氏菌属中已陆续增至8个种,导致玉米细菌性茎腐病和水稻细菌性基腐病的病菌现名为玉米迪基氏菌(Dickeya zeae)。有些亚种或致病变种上升为种,导致西瓜细菌性果斑病的病原菌由燕麦噬酸菌西瓜亚种(Acidovorax avenae subsp.citrulli)变为西瓜噬酸菌(Acidovorax citrulli)。很多病原菌的学名经历了数次变更,棉花角斑病的病原原名为野油菜黄单胞菌锦葵致病变种(Xanthomonas campestris pv.malvacearum)和柑橘黄单胞菌锦葵致病变种(X.citri pv.malvacearum),现为地毯草黄单胞菌锦葵致病变种(X.axonopodis pv.malvacearum)。革兰氏阳性细菌家族的成员也在不断壮大。国内学者在学名使用上存在落伍和不规范现象。论文对近年来植物病原细菌分类体系的变化进行了梳理,并呈现了新老拉丁文学名的变化过程。关注植物病原细菌分类学的变化,有助于我们的研究工作与国际接轨。     

Trypanosoma cruzi infection inhibited by peptides modeled from a fibronectin cell attachment domain

The mechanism by which Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas' disease, becomes attached to mammalian cells is not well understood. Fibronectin is thought to participate in the attachment, and in this study the region of fibronectin that interacts with the surface receptors of T. cruzi trypomastigotes was investigated by testing the binding of the amino acid sequence Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser, corresponding to the cell attachment site of fibronectin to T. cruzi trypomastigotes. Peptides with the sequence Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser, but not Arg-Phe-Asp-Ser, Arg-Phe-Asp-Ser-Ala-Ala-Arg-Phe-Asp, Ser-Lys-Pro, Glu-Ser-Gly, or Ala-Lys-Thr-Lys-Pro, bound to the parasite surface and inhibited cell invasion by the pathogen. Monoclonal antibodies to the cell attachment domain of fibronectin also inhibited cell infection by the parasite. The immunization of BALB/c mice with tetanus toxoid-conjugated peptide induced a significant protection against T. cruzi. The data support the notion that the sequence Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser of cell surface fibronectin acts as a recognition site for attachment of the parasites.     

Platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa: member of a family of Arg-Gly-Asp--specific adhesion receptors

Adhesive interactions of the platelet surface with plasma proteins such as fibrinogen and fibronectin play an important role in thrombosis and hemostasis. The binding of both of these proteins to platelets is inhibited by synthetic peptides containing the sequence Arg-Gly-Asp, which corresponds to the cell adhesion site in fibronectin and is also present in the alpha chain of fibrinogen. An affinity matrix made of an insolubilized heptapeptide containing the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence selectively binds the platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa from detergent extracts of platelets. When incorporated into liposome membranes, the isolated protein confers to the liposomes the ability to bind to surfaces coated with fibrinogen, fibronectin, and vitronectin but not to surfaces coated with thrombospondin or albumin. This platelet receptor is related to the previously identified fibronectin and vitronectin receptors in that it recognizes an Arg-Gly-Asp sequence but differs from the other receptors in its wider specificity toward various adhesive proteins. These results establish the existence of a family of adhesion receptors that recognize the sequence Arg-Gly-Asp.     

马尾松毛虫肠道细菌的分离鉴定与产蛋白酶细菌的筛选

为分离鉴定马尾松毛虫幼虫肠道细菌,从中挖掘产蛋白酶的肠道细菌资源。以马尾松毛虫(Dendrolimus punctatus)幼虫为材料,通过常规细菌培养方法体外获得部分肠道细菌,利用16S rDNA鉴定细菌种类,采用酪蛋白选择培养基筛选具有产蛋白酶能力的菌株,依据GB/T 23527—2009《蛋白酶制剂》的检测方法,测定蛋白酶活性。结果表明:从马尾松毛虫肠道分离出18个不同种类的非厌氧细菌,隶属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的亚硫酸杆菌属(Sulfurobacillus)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)、泛菌属(Pantoea)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)。经酪蛋白选择培养基筛选后共获得6株产蛋白酶细菌,均为芽孢杆菌。酶活性测定结果显示:这些产蛋白酶细菌均具有较高的产蛋白酶能力,尤其是菌株MW-39地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis),酶活性最高可达255.36 U·mL^-1;其次为MW-50解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)和MW-4枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),酶活性最高可分别达193.85 U·mL^-1和165.81 U·mL^-1。分析3个蛋白酶活性最高菌种的蛋白酶酶学特性,发现它们均具有一定的热稳定性和酸碱耐受性。单因素方差分析结果显示,在pH 5.0~9.0和30~50 ℃各菌株产生的蛋白酶活性相对较高,MW-39、MW-4和MW-50的蛋白酶最适pH分别为8.0、7.5、8.0,最适温度分别为45、40、40 ℃。本研究揭示了马尾松毛虫幼虫肠道多个细菌种类,丰富了产蛋白酶细菌资源,为进一步开发利用昆虫肠道产蛋白酶细菌资源提供了参考。     

用苹果酸通透酶基因的特异性引物进行酒酒球菌快速鉴定

以Oenococcus oeni苹果酸通透酶基因为目标基因,设计了1对特异性引物PmlepL/PmlepR进行酒酒球菌的快速鉴定研究。结果表明,直接以O.oeni的菌落为模板,通过PmlepL/PmlepR引物的PCR扩增,可得到苹果酸通透酶基因的特异性条带;用此特异性引物进行供试乳酸菌的PCR鉴定,所有O.oeni菌系均得到特异性条带,而供试的其他种类乳酸菌未扩增出目标带。引物PmlepL/PmlepR可用于O.oeni的快速PCR鉴定。     

Convergence of Campylobacter species: implications for bacterial evolution

The nature of species boundaries in bacteria remains controversial. In particular, the mechanisms of bacterial speciation and maintenance in the face of frequent genetic exchange are poorly understood. Here, we report patterns of genetic exchange that show two closely related zoonotic pathogenic species, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, are converging as a consequence of recent changes in gene flow. Population expansion into a novel ecological niche generated by human activity is the most probable explanation for the increase in genetic exchange between these species. Bacterial speciation can therefore occur by mechanisms analogous to those seen in metazoans, where genetic diversification and incipient speciation caused by ecological factors have been reported in several genera.     

Thrombospondin promotes cell-substratum adhesion

The physiological role of the platelet-secreted protein thrombospondin (TSP) is poorly understood, although it has been postulated to be involved in platelet aggregation and cellular adhesion. In this report, TSP isolated from human platelets was found to promote, in vitro, the cell-substratum adhesion of a variety of cells, including platelets, melanoma cells, muscle cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. The adhesion-promoting activity of TSP was species independent, specific, and not due to contamination by fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin, or platelet factor 4. The cell surface receptor for TSP is protein in nature and appears distinct from that for fibronectin.     

Polychlorinated biphenyl dechlorination in aquatic sediments

The polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) residues in the aquatic sediments from six PCB spill sites showed changes in PCB isomer and homolog (congener) distribution that indicated the occurrence of reductive dechlorination. The PCB dechlorinations exhibited several distinct congener selection patterns that indicated mediation by several different localized populations of anaerobic microorganisms. The higher (more heavily chlorinated) PCB congeners that were preferentially attacked by the observed dechlorination processes included all those that are either pharmacologically active or persistent in higher animals. All the lower (less heavily chlorinated) PCB congeners formed by the dechlorinations were species that are known to be oxidatively biodegradable by the bacteria of aerobic environments.     

Production of biologically active compounds by isolated lichenized fungi

Fungi which were separated from their lichenized associations and cultured independently produced several unusual and highly pigmented compounds. Certain of these compounds exhibited marked inhibitory activity against test strains of gram-positive bacteria and free-living molds; others showed a growth stimulatory effect on selected bacterial species.     

Mosses as Possible Sources of Antibiotics

An examination of 12 species of mosses has indicated that three produce substances capable of inhibiting the growth of various bacteria and other fungi. The method of extraction included several solvents. The extracts were not consistent in their antagonistic activity against the various species of microorganisms, nor were those that displayed antibiotic action always effective against the same organisms. Results indicate unstable products as well as physiological variation in the mosses.     

家蚕整合素β2的表达、纯化及其免疫功能

【目的】 分析家蚕（Bombyx mori）整合素β2的序列和结构特征及其在家蚕感染病原菌后血细胞中的表达变化,检测其重组蛋白对不同病原相关模式分子识别和病原菌的凝聚作用,为进一步探究家蚕整合素β2的蛋白功能打下基础。【方法】 利用生物信息学对整合素β2的序列和结构特征进行分析,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测家蚕分别注射大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）和金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）后整合素β2在血细胞中的表达变化。通过PCR技术扩增获得整合素β2完整的胞外域片段,构建至pET22b原核表达载体后转化至E.coli Rosetta(DE3)表达菌株。经IPTG诱导获得重组蛋白,利用Ni-NTA亲和层析得到纯化的体外重组蛋白,利用SDS-PAGE和Western blot对纯化获得的体外重组蛋白的纯度和质量进行检测。利用ELISA检测重组蛋白与两种不同病原相关分子模式LPS和PGN的结合情况,运用Western blot检测重组蛋白与不同病原微生物的结合情况,通过凝集试验检测重组蛋白对金黄色葡萄球菌的凝集能力,最后在个体水平探索重组蛋白在体内细菌清理中的作用。【结果】 家蚕整合素β2具有典型的β整合素亚基保守结构特征,即由一个较长的胞外域、一个单次跨膜结构域和一个较短的胞内域构成。家蚕整合素β2具有金属离子结合位点MIDAS、EGF结构域、半胱氨酸重复基序和NPxY等整合素典型的结构特征。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明家蚕在受到细菌感染后,整合素β2的表达发生显著变化。通过原核表达和蛋白纯化获得纯度较高的重组蛋白,SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测结果表明纯化的重组蛋白纯度较高,可以用于后续试验。ELISA试验表明重组蛋白对LPS和PGN等病原相关分子模式具有较强的结合能力。细菌结合试验结果显示重组蛋白能够结合多种细菌,但与革兰氏阳性菌的结合能力要高于革兰氏阴性菌。细菌凝聚试验结果显示重组蛋白在Ca ²⁺的存在下对金黄色葡萄球菌具有较强的凝聚作用。细菌清除试验证实重组蛋白可以有效促进机体对外源入侵细菌的清理作用。【结果】 整合素β2具有典型的整合素β亚基的结构特征,可能具有识别病原相关分子模式,如LPS和PGN等的能力,通过与细菌的直接结合而实现对入侵病原微生物的凝聚作用,从而增强有机体的免疫能力,推测在家蚕免疫反应中发挥重要作用。     

溶磷菌Pseudomonas sp.wj1的Pst系统鉴定及pstS基因功能分析

为明确溶磷菌wj1的无机磷酸盐(Pi)的转运机制,对溶磷菌wj1磷酸盐特异性转运系统(Pst)进行生物信息学分析并与土壤中常见细菌的Pst系统进行比较,通过亚克隆构建溶磷菌wj1pstS蛋白的原核表达系统,利用钼酸铵分光光度法测定诱导表达的pstS蛋白对磷酸盐的结合率。结果表明:溶磷菌wj1的Pst系统是由pstS、pstC、pstA、pstB和phoU 5个基因组成,且依次分布于染色体上,这种结构与土壤中常见细菌的大多数菌属相似。溶磷菌wj1的pstS蛋白位于细胞质外,是一种具有信号肽的可溶性蛋白,其空间结构是由2个球状结构域组成。与绿脓假单胞菌的pstS蛋白结构相比,溶磷菌wj1pstS蛋白的活性中心位于两个球状结构域的裂缝中,其中有9个氨基酸参与Pi特异性结合,1个氨基酸通过疏水作用维持蛋白与Pi的结合。溶磷菌wj1pstS蛋白在大肠杆菌中过量表达后,使得重组大肠杆菌的无机磷酸盐吸收率显著提高,表明溶磷菌wj1pstS蛋白具有结合Pi的能力,但菌浓度不变时Pi浓度的增加会抑制溶磷菌wj1pstS蛋白对Pi的结合。     

Microfluidic digital PCR enables multigene analysis of individual environmental bacteria

Gene inventory and metagenomic techniques have allowed rapid exploration of bacterial diversity and the potential physiologies present within microbial communities. However, it remains nontrivial to discover the identities of environmental bacteria carrying two or more genes of interest. We have used microfluidic digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify and analyze multiple, different genes obtained from single bacterial cells harvested from nature. A gene encoding a key enzyme involved in the mutualistic symbiosis occurring between termites and their gut microbiota was used as an experimental hook to discover the previously unknown ribosomal RNA-based species identity of several symbionts. The ability to systematically identify bacteria carrying a particular gene and to link any two or more genes of interest to single species residing in complex ecosystems opens up new opportunities for research on the environment.     

芭蕉属植物内生细菌磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)生物标记特性研究

【目的】分离、鉴定芭蕉属植物内生细菌,了解内生细菌的种群结构及其脂肪酸生物标记特性。【方法】采用平板分离纯化芭蕉、威廉斯蕉和野生蕉植株内生细菌,利用细菌脂肪酸鉴定技术进行鉴定。【结果】共获得内生细菌11属14种,野生蕉植株分离得到9种,威廉斯蕉植株7种,芭蕉植株3种。共检测到35个磷脂脂肪酸生物标记,这些生物标记分为4种类型,即(1)高频次分布:在14株细菌中出现10—14次,属于细菌总体类群(general)的生物标记。(2)中频次分布:在14株细菌中出现4—6次,可以用于代表细菌属类群(genus)识别生物标记。(3)低频次分布:在14株细菌中出现2—3次,可以用于指示特定细菌种间差异的生物标记。(4)微频次分布:仅在一种细菌种类出现,是细菌种(species)特征生物标记。利用磷脂脂肪酸生物标记分析内生细菌群落结构,可将14种细菌分为3类;运用多样性、丰富度、均匀度及优势度指数等生态学概念,分析了磷脂脂肪酸生物标记总量与各生态学参数之间的关系,结果表明,磷脂脂肪酸生物标记16:0、18:1W7C、14:0、12:0、18:0、17:0CYCLO的丰富度皆相对较高;磷脂脂肪酸生物标记的Response值总和较高,均匀度(J)较低,其Simpson优势度指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener(H1)、Brillouin(H2)、Mcintosh(H3)多样性指数也相对较高。【结论】芭蕉属植物内生细菌及其磷脂脂肪酸生物标记存在多样性。     

Escape of intracellular Shigella from autophagy

The degradation of undesirable cellular components or organelles, including invading microbes, by autophagy is crucial for cell survival. Here, Shigella, an invasive bacteria, was found to be able to escape autophagy by secreting IcsB by means of the type III secretion system. Mutant bacteria lacking IcsB were trapped by autophagy during multiplication within the host cells. IcsB did not directly inhibit autophagy. Rather, Shigella VirG, a protein required for intracellular actin-based motility, induced autophagy by binding to the autophagy protein, Atg5. In nonmutant Shigella, this binding is competitively inhibited by IcsB binding to VirG.     

撑×绿杂交竹叶部细菌多样性1）

通过固定标准地分季节采样,采用稀释平板分离,借助分子生物学方法研究了撑×绿杂交竹叶片附生细菌和内生细菌数量及种类的季节性动态变化、群落组成及叶部细菌和微环境的关系。在此基础上,将以上4个指标从病叶和健康叶上着重进行了对比分析,发现杂交竹病叶附生和内生细菌数量的年平均值都大于健康叶;夏、秋两季细菌的类群最多,其中以Bacillus cereus和Lysinibacillus fusiformi s的分离频率较高;无论是健康叶还是病叶,其附生和内生细菌的物种丰富度随季节变化较大,而且季节变化对内生细菌物种的丰富度影响显著;叶片生理指标表明健康叶附生细菌的数量随pH值的升高而增加,健康叶内生细菌和病叶附生细菌的数量与蛋白质质量分数相关性显著。     

芽胞杆菌系统分类研究最新进展

刘波等在"芽胞杆菌属及其近源属种名目录"中整理了截至2014年12月底已报道的芽胞杆菌种类,共计多达71属752种,但是,只收录了属名带"bacillus"词尾的5个科的相关属、种。在此基础上,本文对芽胞杆菌系统分类进行了扩展、补充和更新,突出了2015-2016年的最新研究进展:(1)整理了能形成芽胞并且带"bacillus"词尾的各属已报道的种的数量、分类地位变动情况、2015-2016年新发表的种类等;(2)补充了7科中能形成芽胞但是无"bacillus"词尾的属的分类情况;(3)整理了带"bacillus"词尾但不属于芽胞杆菌的属的分类地位。截至2016年12月底,芽胞杆菌目至少包括8科,即芽胞杆菌科(69属604种)、脂环酸芽胞杆菌科(6属46种)、类芽胞杆菌科(10属321种)、巴斯德代柄菌科(1属4种)、动球菌科(15属49种)、芽胞乳杆菌科(6属20种)、嗜热放线菌科(17属36种)和1个待建立的科(1属2种)。其中,有13个属的种类不能形成芽胞。因此,芽胞杆菌目中能形成芽胞的种类,共计8科,112属,1 078种。     

Solid-pse radioimmunoassay of protein biosynthesis

Solid-phase radioimmunoassay was used for measuring the rate of radioisotope incorporation into a single protein species. Radioactive antigen was measured by its binding to specific antiserum covalently linked to insoluble bromoacetylcellulose. The insoluble antigen-antibody complex was collected on filters for counting. The assay is performed in about 4 hours as compared with several days for methods based on the precipitin reaction.     

酿酒葡萄根区微生物特性研究

同一栽培条件下,以定植不同品种酿酒葡萄的土壤样品为分析材料,在开花期对葡萄根区细菌、放线菌、真菌分别进行分离培养和记数,并对根区细菌生理群的数量和微生物种群多样性进行分析.结果表明3个品种葡萄根区微生物的数量分布均以细菌占绝对优势,其次为放线菌、真菌.自生固氮菌、氨化细菌的数量规律为品丽珠（CF）＞黑比诺（PN）＞赤霞珠（CS）;无机磷细菌的数量规律为CF＞PN＞CS,且无机磷细菌的数量均明显大于有机磷细菌的数量.3个品种葡萄根区微生物在种群多样性方面也有差异,表现为PN、CS根区微生物种群多样性指数在数值上很接近,其中,CF根区细菌的种群多样性指数高于PN、CS的.