绿洲生态系统的群落特征——以荒漠河岸林生态系统为例

以胡杨为代表的荒漠河岸林生态系统的群落组成及结构特征 ,反映了干旱区天然绿洲的独特景观。它们主要依靠洪水泛滥形成的有利自然地理环境而生存 ,气候背景及地形地貌所影响的水盐、水热的时空分布差异 ,是群落演替的主要原因。绿洲的生态安全受区域地质背景和地貌格局的控制 ,也受到气候条件的制约。自然界的各种物理的、化学的和生物的相互作用 ,对于绿洲的发育和发展具有决定性的作用 ,人类的社会经济活动对绿洲的演化起着加速和促进的作用。应以保护生物多样性为核心 ,以水资源的合理利用为出发点 ,保证生态用水 ,遵循生态学原理和群落演替规律 ,进行绿洲系统的生态建设。     

新农药标签和说明书管理办法主要从哪些方面考虑？

农药标签和说明书是指导农业技术人员、指导我们的指导工作者,特别是指导农民科学合理的选购农药,科学合理的使用农药最重要的信息。甚至可以说唯一的工具。我们登记评审的农药,从很多的方面：毒理的、残留的、药效的、环境的、生物的,我们把最重要的信息用简洁的、通俗的方式标注在标签上,农业部领导曾经说过农药登记评审是我们对企业的承诺,而标签是企业对我们农民的承诺。所以说标签很重要,现在我们的农药管理条例对于标签的规定,只标注了标签应该标注的主要内容,     

气传微生物的隔离、检疫与地理分布

微生物异常惊人的繁殖能力总是使人议论纷纷,而真菌的孢子形成尤为显著。孢子的消耗必定是巨大的,全世界几乎到处都有真菌栖息。在适当的地理与气候条件下,一个新鲜健壮的基物一定会迅速地被落到它上边来的孢子当中的合适孢子所侵染。在农作物病理学中,我们研究了由于人类活动造成的短暂的不平衡系统,——大量定期复壮的感病“人工”农作物的纯系的植物,尤其易遭寄生物的攻击。在这些情况下,传播的梯度是显而易见的,而我们的隔离与检疫的方法在限制一种植物病原物发展时能起到重大的作用。     

甘肃干旱区土地利用历史研究

中国甘肃境内的土地利用,是伴随着甘肃历代王朝的更替而变化的。从汉初以前的畜牧业兼少量农业生产的利用方式,到两汉时期的以农业为主,魏晋时期大力支持畜牧业的发展以及在明清时期又注重农业生产等一系列变化,即在不同的朝代,土地利用的方式以执政者按照当时对畜牧业、农业发展的必要性和以当时的边防和粮食需求而定。从汉代以前时期开始,按照时间序列,以土地利用活动及其导致的土地覆盖变化为研究对象,综合运用历史地理学、考古学等研究方法阐述了不同朝代所属的土地利用方式以及到了现代的多元化的土地利用方式。纵观历史时期的土地利用方式,因地制宜的制定特定的发展农业、畜牧业的良好政策,既可以保证该地区土地的可持续利用,同时可以有效地避免对生态环境的破坏。     

水稻抗病性的研究 Ⅲ、水稻黄黑状态对白叶枯病的反应

水稻黄黑状态对白叶枯病的反应显著不同,由于施用氮肥[(NH_4)_2SO_4]多而表现黑的稻株,较少肥而表现黄的稻株易于感病。植物成分的分析,证明黑的状态的稻株叶片中游离氨基酸的含量高,尤其是以门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸和门冬酰胺的差异最明显,但是糖和多元酚的含量则较低。糖的含量高低主要决定于还原糖的多少。稻株中多元酚的含量随着发育阶段而不同,苗期低,中期高,后期又减少。在生长后期,植株上部叶片中多元酚的含量高于老的叶片。试验结果初步指出稻株中游离氨基酸的量高和多元酚的量低,与稻株的易于感病有一定的关系,但是抗病机制的分析还须要对病菌和水稻的生理进行深入的研究。     

棉花的水分状况及草炭处理后的变化

本文对棉花的水分状况及草炭处理下的变化进行了研究。棉花蒸腾作用的日进程为平缓的单峰型，叶片正反面的蒸腾作用速率和气孔扩散阻力都存在着明显的差异。环境因子如光照，相对湿度等对棉花的水分状况有影响。棉花的水分状况对环境条件变化的敏感性在施加了草炭的处理后得到了改善。试验表明，草炭的施用改善了棉花的水分状况，提高了棉花的水分利用效率，对棉花的生长是有促进作用的。     

苏联在果园内以苹果蠹蛾为主的综合防治

为了综合防治所有的病虫害而在果园中所采取的综合防治系统的成功与否主要取决子为防治苹果蠹蛾而采取的综合防治措施的合理性。在这里,确定苹果蠹蛾的防治期有很重要的意义。如果防治的时间不适宜,不仅使防治的效果下降,而且也由于消失了有益的昆虫和对环境的污染而产生有害的结     

半干旱区农户对干旱恢复力的定量分析——以甘肃省榆中县为例

选取我国干旱半干旱地区的一个主要的气候驱动因子—干旱作为系统的一个扰动,首先分析了对于干旱恢复力研究的现状,其次选择一种定量化的方法,选取甘肃省榆中县的三个典型乡镇作为研究对象,分别计算了三个乡镇的332户农户的干旱恢复力水平。结果显示,自然经济条件较好的中部川区的恢复力水平最高,南部山区的恢复力其次,最低的是北山的干旱区域。进一步对干旱恢复力指数(DRI)的结果与所选取的各变量进行皮尔森相关分析,得出DRI与农户的文化程度、劳动力数和有效灌溉面积三个变量的相关性最高,即这三个变量最能够影响农户的干旱恢复力。     

水稻品种抗病性和抗虫性鉴定简报

最近十多年来,湖南省由于耕作制度的改变,双季稻、三熟制面积的不断扩大,随之而来的水稻早播早植以及矮秆多穗型品种的推广,和多肥密植的栽培,稻谷的产量有很大的增长,但病虫的种类和为害程度也发生了变化。有些病虫由次要的或不重要的上升为主要的,发生的频率也增加了。历史上在湘西、湘南山区发生的稻瘟病,仍为那些山区的主要病害,     

论技术开发中如何利用农牧民的知识与智慧

价值链分析法是研究农村开发问题的有效手段。文中通过价值链分析方法构成要素之一的人力资源管理,对技术开发的可能性进行了分析和探讨。经研究证明了根据不具备利害关系的农牧民提出的想法和点子进行技术开发的有效性。以下两种结果是基于农牧民的知识与智慧进行技术开发的成功案例。在黑龙江省盐碱土壤改良中采用了来自水田地区的技术点子。具体内容是通过稻壳防止毛细管作用,种植苜蓿。在内蒙古将牧民的技术点子运用在蔬菜栽培方面。具体内容为利用畜粪发酵热的有机蔬菜种植栽培系统的开发。研究还发现,在构建广域的资源循环系统的过程中对于表现出非协助态度的农牧民,行为经济学的解决方法较有效。研究结果中,有一项有机水稻栽培系统是根据半干旱地区的农牧民提出的技术点子进行设计的,内容为利用羊粪浮力的省力型有机物质投入方法。本研究的研究结论证明了在面对复杂的地域问题研究时,促进包括不具备厉害关系的各地农牧民的参与,及时发现并积极发挥其创意点子的重要性。     

Surveys of cereal diseases and pests in the Netherlands. 3. Monographella nivalis and Fusarium spp. in winter wheat fields and seed lots

Data from surveys of winter wheat fields in the period 1974–1986 and of seed lots in the period 1962–1986 and identifications of diseases on plant samples were compiled to describe the occurrence of snow mould (Monographella nivalis) andFusarium spp. On average,M. nivalis dominated overFusarium spp. The complex ofFusarium spp. constituted mainly ofF. culmorum, followed byF. avenaceum andF. graminearum. M. nivalis was dominant in May on stem-bases and in July on leaves and leaf sheaths. On seedsM. nivalis predominated only in years with low temperatures in July and August.Average brown footrot infection in the field was 4% tillers in May and 5% culms in July. Brown footrot intensity in July was high in cropping seasons with high precipitation in October and with low temperatures in October, November and December. In July during the early eighties, an average of 8% of leaves and 6% of flag leaf sheaths were infected byM. nivalis. Average ear blight incidence was 1.2% glumes infected. Seed contamination by these pathogens averaged 16% in the years 1962–1986. The contamination was high in years with high precipitation in June, July and August. Aspects of cv. resistance and yield loss are illustrated.     

Effect of azole fungicide mixtures,alternations and dose on azole sensitivity in the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici

The evolution of fungicide resistance in the cereal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici is a serious threat to the sustainability and profitability of wheat production in Europe. Application of azole fungicides has been shown to affect fitness of Z. tritici variants differentially, so it has been hypothesized that combinations of azoles could slow the evolution of resistance. This work assessed the effects of dose, mixtures and alternations of two azoles on selection for isolates with reduced sensitivity and on disease control. Naturally infected field trials were carried out at six sites across Ireland and the sensitivity of Z. tritici isolates monitored pre‐ and post‐treatment. Epoxiconazole and metconazole were applied as solo products, in alternation with each other, and as a pre‐formulated mixture. Full and half label doses were tested. Isolates were partially cross‐resistant to the two azoles, with a common azole resistance principal component accounting for 75% of the variation between isolates. Selection for isolates with reduced azole sensitivity was correlated with disease control. Decreased doses were related to decreases in sensitivity but the effect was barely significant (P = 0·1) and control was reduced. Single applications of an active ingredient (a.i.) caused smaller decreases in sensitivity than double applications. Shifts in sensitivity to the a.i. applied to a plot were greater than to the a.i. not applied, and the decrease in sensitivity was greater to the a.i. applied at the second timing. These results confirm the need to mix a.i.s with different modes of action.     

Note: Tachinid parasitoids of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ancyrosoma leucogrammes</Emphasis> and notes on parasitization rates of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Clytiomya dupuisi</Emphasis>

The study deals with the tachinid parasitoids ofAncyrosoma leucogrammes (Gmelin) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae):Clytiomya dupuisi Kugler,Clytiomya sola (Rondani) andGymnosoma clavatum (Rohdendorf) (Diptera: Tachinidae). All species are recorded for the first time as parasitoids ofA. leucogrammes, andC. dupuisi was reared for the first time from a host. The parasitization rates ofC. dupuisi on adults ofA. leucogrammes varied from 7% to 9% between 1994 and 1999.C. sola andG. clavatum were reared in only small numbers. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 10, 2003.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Natural occurrence of citrinin in rice grains and its biocontrol byTrichoderma hamatum

Paddy rice was sampled from El-Sharkia, El-Gharbia, El-Dakahlia and Kafr El-Shekh governorates, Egypt. Of the 30 samples taken, ten were contaminated with the mycotoxin citrinin. An average of 6.79 × 10⁴ fungal spores per gram rice was found. The isolated fungi represented 47 species and 28 genera. The predominant genera wereAspergillus, Cladosporium andPenicillium. Aspergilli were represented by 22 species;Aspergillus niger andA. flavus had the highest occurrence.Penicillium viridicatum produced the highest amount of citrinin on glucose ammonium nitrate salts broth and rice grains, and hence this isolate was selected as a good producer of citrinin in this study. The presence ofTrichoderma hamatum reduced the amount of citrinin produced byP. viridicatum compared with its respective control. The excessive growth ofT. hamatum onP. viridicatum was increased with time. Viability ofP. viridicatum conidia decreased byT. hamatum with an increase in the incubation period. Chitinases and 1,3-β-glucanase enzyme activity ofT. hamatum increased with extending the incubation period onP. viridicatum mycelia up to maximum values at 72 and 84 h, respectively.T. hamatum led to a decrease in the production of citrinin byP. viridicatum on rice grains compared with the respective control values. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2004.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Improved chemical control ofCapnodis tenebrionis andC. carbonaria in stone-fruit plantations in Israel

Nine compounds and three modes of applications were tested to improve the control of twoCapnodis spp.,C. tenebrionis L. and C.carbonaria Klug (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), in local stone-fruit plantations. The best result was obtained by azinphos-methyl applied as a foliar spray. Suitable chemicals for dusting were methiocarb, azinphos-methyl and carbosulfan applied to the stem in late spring or prior to fruit harvest. Soil application of imidacloprid as a systemic insecticide is successful for protection of young plantations and nurseries. C.tenebrionis was less susceptible thanC. carbonaria to the tested insecticides.     

Fungi on roots and stem bases of asparagus in the Netherlands: species and pathogenicity

A survey was made to identify the most important soilborne fungal pathogens of asparagus crops in the Netherlands. Ten plants were selected from each of five fields with a young (1–4 y) first planting, five fields with an old (6–13 y) first planting and five fields with a young replanting. The analysis included fungi present in the stem base and the roots of plants with symptoms of foot and root rot or showing growth decline without specific disease symptoms. Isolates of each species were tested for pathogenicity to asparagus on aseptically grown plantlets on Knop's agar. Symptoms were caused byFusarium oxysporum, F. culmorum, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium verrucosum var.cyclopium, Cylindrocarpon didymum, Phialophora malorum, Phoma terrestris andAcremonium strictum. F. oxysporum was by far the most common species and was isolated from 80% of the plants. Not all of its isolates were pathogenic to asparagus. Symptoms were caused by 67%, 78% and 93% of the isolates obtained from young first plantings, old first plantings and replantings, respectively.F. culmorum was isolated from 31% of the plants. Two other notorious pathogens of asparagus,F. moniliforme andF. proliferatum, did not occur in our samples.Species causing symptoms in the vitro test that were found on more than 5% of the plants were additionally tested for their pathogenicity in pot experiments.F. oxysporum f.sp.asparagi caused severe foot and root rot, significantly reduced root weights and killed most of the plants.F. culmorum caused lesions on the stem base often resulting in death of the plant.P. terrestris, a fungus only once reported as a pathogen of asparagus, caused an extensive root rot, mainly of secondary roots that became reddish. The fungus was isolated in only a few samples and is not to be regarded as an important pathogen in Dutch asparagus crops.P. malorum caused many small brown lesions on the stem base and incidentally also on the upper part of small main roots. This is the first report of its pathogenicity to asparagus. The fungus is one of the organisms inciting spear rust and it reduced crop quality rather than crop yield.P. verrucosum var.cyclopium andC. didymum did not cause symptoms in pot experiments.Because of its predominance on plants with foot and root rot and its high virulence,F. oxysporum f.sp.asparagi was considered to be the main soilborne pathogen of asparagus in the Netherlands.     

Contribution to the taxonomy and pathogenicity of fungicolous Verticillium species. II. Pathogenicity

In recent years in the Netherlands a second mushroom species,Agaricus bitorquis, which prefers higher temperatures thanA. bisporus and is less susceptible to certain diseases, is often commercially grown.Verticillium fungicola var.fungicola, the causal agent of dry bubble, is responsible for considerable damage in crops ofA. bisporus. InA. bitorquis, however, dry bubble has hardly been noticed, but brown spots due toV. fungicola var.aleophilum resulted in inferior mushroom quality. The latter variety also caused brown spots ina. bisporus, but to a minor degree. In variety Les Miz 60 ofA. bisporus, however, it also induced fruit-body deformation in a way different from dry bubble. Verticillium psalliotae, isolated fromA. bitorquis in England, induced more confluent brown spots inA. bitorquis. In the netherlands, where moreA. bitorquis is grown than in other countries,V. psalliotae has not yet been encountered in crops ofA. bitorquis. V. psalliotae, which has a high temperature optimum for mycelial growth, likeV. fungicola var.aleophilum andA. bitorquis, did not infectA. bisporus in our trials.Artificial infection ofA. bisporus orA. bitorquis could not be accomplished with the following related and/or fungicolous fungi:Verticillium lamellicola, V. fungicola var.flavidum, V. biguttatum, Nectriopsis tubariicola, Acremonium crotocinigenum andAphanocladium album.Samenvatting Vooral in Nederland wordt sinds een aantal jaren naastAgaricus bisporus ook de warmteminnende champignonsoortAgaricus bitorquis geteeld, die minder vatbaar is voor bepaalde ziekten. TerwijlVerticillium fungicola varfungicola in de teelt vanA. bisporus droge mollen en daardoor veel schade veroorzaakt, komen in de teelt vanA. bitorquis geen droge mollen voor maar wel bruine vlekken, die tot kwaliteitsverlies en dus schade leiden. De vlekken bleken veroorzaakt te worden doorV. fungicola var.aleophilum. Deze schimmel veroorzaakte ook inA. bisporus bruine vlekken, hoewel in minder ernstige mate, maar in het ras Les Miz 60 vanA. bisporus bovendien misvormde champignons, die wel op droge mollen leken, maar daaraan niet gelijk waren.OokV. psalliotae, in Engeland geïsoleerd vanA. bitorquis met vlekken, veroorzaakte wat meer samenvloeiende, bruine vlekken inA. bitorquis. In Nederland, waar meerA. bitorquis geteeld wordt dan in andere landen, isV. psalliotae nog niet aangetroffen in teelten vanA. bitorquis. InA. bisporus kon geen kunstmatige infectie worden verkregen metV. psalliotae, die net alsV. fungicola var.aleophilum enA. bitorquis warmteminnend genoemd zou kunnen worden.Met de volgendeVerticillium-achtige of van paddestoelen geïsoleerde schimmels kon evenmin op kunstmatige wijze een infectie worden opgeroepen inA. bisporus ofA. bitorquis: Verticillium lamellicola, V. fungicola var.flavidum, V. biguttatum, Nectriopsis tubariicola, Acremonium crotocinigenum enAphanocladium album.