滇重楼种子休眠机理研究

探讨滇重楼种子休眠机理,为打破种子休眠促进滇重楼实生育苗提供理论基础。采用重量法、胚率测定、ELISA等方法对种子吸水特性、萌发抑制物及种胚休眠与发育的内源机理进行了研究。结果表明,滇重楼种子休眠属于形态学-生理学休眠类型。滇重楼种胚发育不完全、种子中存在萌发抑制物质是种子休眠的主要原因。种子不存在吸水障碍,与休眠无关。内源激素ABA和GA3在滇重楼种子休眠与萌发过程中起着重要作用,ABA是引起休眠的关键因素,ABA含量的降低是滇重楼种胚发育的始动因子,GA3有助于种子的生理后熟。萌发抑制物的存在可能抑制了种胚发育,而与生理学后熟过程无关。在自然条件下,滇重楼生境中较长的低温时期可能是滇重楼种子具有较长时间休眠的外界原因。     

Response of Wheat Grain to ABA and Imbibition at Low Temperature

During after-ripening of wheat grains, embryo responsiveness to abscisic acid (ABA) decreases in parallel with the loss of grain dormancy. Dormant grains of Triticum aestivum L. line ‘Kitakei-1354’ that had lost almost half their dormancy due to chilling still respond to ABA like fully dormant grains. Imbibition a: low temperature appears to break the dormancy without change of embryo responsiveness to ABA. Gibberellin (GA) and ABA-regulated α-amylase synthesis of the embryos. This is amplified when the grains are imbibed at low temperature. Imbibition at low temperature appears to condition cells and tissues of the embryo for germination and α-amylase synthesis.     

The effects of cis-trans ABA on embryo germination and seed dormancy in wheat

Pre-harvest sprouting of wheat grain can cause economic losses especially in cultivars with low levels of seed dormancy. The aim of this study was to determine genotype differences in embryo sensitivity to germination in response to exogenous (+/–) cis-trans ABA treatments at different concentrations. Six white and four red seed-colored bread wheat genotypes that differed in dormancy were grown in a field near Swift Current, Saskatchewan in 2000 as a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The seed samples from this experiment were germinated in a controlled environment at 20 °C without light. The exogenous ABA treatments were 0 μM – whole seed (control), 0 μM-embryos, 25 μM – embryos and 50 μM – embryos. The ABA experiment was a factorial design with four randomized complete blocks with four ABA treatments in all combinations with the ten genotypes. A weighted (by day) germination index (WGI) was calculated for each genotype in each ABA treatment. Genotypes differed in response to ABA. The genotypes, ABA concentration and genotype by ABA concentration interaction effects were significant (p ≤ 0.05). Excised embryos showed significantly decreased dormancy in most of the experimental genotypes. The addition of exogenous ABA enhanced embryo dormancy of most genotypes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

木芙蓉种子萌发特性研究

对木芙蓉种子进行机械破损、不同药剂浸种等处理，结果表明：砂纸摩擦、丙酮浸种均可促进木芙蓉种子的萌发，以砂纸摩擦5min结合丙酮浸泡3h处理获得的效果最佳；木芙蓉种子对赤霉素不敏感；一年陈种子在发芽率上明显高于新种子。初步得出：种皮障碍是木芙蓉种子萌发的主要限制因素之一；木芙蓉种于需要后熟。     

The effect of germination temperature on seed dormancy in Croatian-grown winter wheats

The expression of seed dormancy related to germination temperature was studied in 25 wheat genotypes grown in the field at two locations near Zagreb and ?upanja in Croatia during 2008/2009 growing season. Germination tests were conducted at 15, 20 and 25?°C at harvest maturity (Time 1) as well as after 10?days (Time 2) and 15?months (Time 3) of seed after-ripening at room temperature, respectively. Significant (P?<?0.05) differences among locations (L), temperatures (T) and genotypes (G) as well as significant L?×?T, G?×?L, G?×?T and G?×?L?×?T interactions were observed for weighted germination index (WGI) at both Time 1 and Time 2. At Time 3 significant differences among genotypes for germination percentage were found only at the early stages of germination. The 25 wheat genotypes responded with decreasing WGI mean values (increasing dormancy) as temperature changed from 15 to 25?°C. The rate of dormancy increase with higher germination temperature varied among genotypes. Some genotypes, having similar values of WGI at 15?°C, significantly differed from each other at 25?°C and vice versa. This indicates that the range of germination temperatures included in the present study is useful when testing genotypes for their temperature-dependent dormancy potential. The number of genotypes with WGI values significantly different from the mean, as a measure of the power of germination test to detect differences in dormancy level among genotypes, as well as heritability estimates for WGIs were the highest at Time 1 for 15?°C and at Time 2 for 20?°C.     

Chromosomes responsible for sensitivity of embryo to abscisic acid and dormancy in wheat

The sensitivity of the embryo to abscisic acid (ABA) has been reported toplay an important role in seed dormancy. Using ditelocentric lines of wheatcv. Chinese Spring (CS, nondormant and ABA insensitive), F₂ seedsbetween monosomic lines of CS and a wheat line Kitakei-1354 (dormant,ABA sensitive) and deletion lines of CS chromosome 4A, germinability ofseeds and embryo-half seeds incubated in water and ABA were examined. The results indicated that the long arm of chromosome 4A carried majorgene(s) for the embryo sensitivity to ABA and dormancy. Chromosome2D might be also involved in the sensitivity to ABA.     

密花香薷种子形态及萌发特性研究

以密花香薷种子为试验材料,对种子的形态、种子质量、萌发特性进行了观测。结果表明:密花香薷的种子为近卵圆形,灰褐色,长2.123～2.705 mm,宽1.414～1.806 mm,千粒重2.808 g,生活力67.50%,净度88.23%,含水率13.18%。种子的种皮薄,不是造成种子发芽率低的原因;随着贮藏时间的延长,种子的发芽率逐渐提高,种子存在后熟现象;黑暗有利于种子的萌发;赤霉素和硝酸钾对打破种子休眠的最适浓度分别为7%和800 mg/L。     

Temperature effects on seed germination and expression of seed dormancy in wheat

Because preharvest sprouting decreases quantity and quality of wheat grain, researchers need effective protocols to assess response to preharvest sprouting conditions. The aim of this study was to determine which temperature gives the greatest difference in seed germination and expression of seed dormancy in 10 spring wheat genotypes. The genotypes were grown in the field near Swift Current, Saskatchewan in 2000 in a randomized complete block with four replicates. Seed samples were harvested at approximately 25% moisture content (wet weight basis) and dried to 12% moisture content with minimal after-ripening. Germination was under controlled environment at temperatures of 10, 15, 20 and 30 °C in darkness. A weighted germination index (WGI) was calculated. The analysis of WGI, for each temperature, showed highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) genotype effects on germination. Most genotypes decreased in WGI (increased dormancy) as temperature was increased from 10 to 30 °C. The greatest differences in seed germination tended to be at 15 °C and 20 °C. The level of seed dormancy depended on the genotype and germination temperature. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Geographical differentiation and diallel analysis of seed dormancy in barley

Seed dormancy is one of the most important parameters affecting the malting process and pre-harvest sprouting in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Variation of seed dormancy in 4365 cultivated and 177 wild barley (ssp. spontaneum) accessions derived from different regions of the world was investigated in Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan. Seed dormancy of each accession was estimated from their germination percentages at 0, 5, 10 and 15 weeks post-harvest after-ripening periods. All of the wild barley accessions showed less than 10% germination at 0 week after-ripening period. Level of seed dormancy in 4365 cultivated barley accessions showed a clear geographical differentiation. Seventy seven percent of Ethiopian accessions showed high germination percentages, while 86% of Japanese, Turkish and North African accessions showed low germination percentages at 0 week after-ripening period. A half diallel cross using eleven barley accessions with different level of dormancy revealed that seed dormancy was predominately controlled by additive gene effects. These results suggest that large genetic diversity for seed dormancy in barley is explained as different levels of additive accumulation of genetic factors. Barley varieties showing appropriate dormancy could be developed by crossing among barley germplasm accessions used in the present study.     

离体胚培养途径探索东北刺人参种子的休眠原因

为深入探索东北刺人参（Oplopanaxelatus Nakai）种子休眠的原因,在WPM培养基上对经过不同处理的东北刺人参种子胚进行离体萌发试验.结果表明：由于胚乳的存在,即使种胚已经完成了形态后熟,胚仍然不能萌发;种子胚在尚未分化完全时处于休眠状态,在离体条件下不能萌发;当胚完成分化以后,胚本身不是休眠的,在适宜的离体条件下能正常萌发,而且胚发育越接近成熟其萌发力就越强.在一定的范围内,外源激素对离体胚萌发有促进作用.     

Drought and high temperature increases preharvest sprouting tolerance in a genotype without grain dormancy

Preharvest sprouting is common in cereals, which lack grain dormancy when maturing grain is exposed to rainfall or high moisture conditions. Environmental conditions such as drought and high temperature during grain filling have a large effect on the expression of sprouting tolerance. A dormant (DM 2001) and non-dormant (Cunderdin) hard white spring wheat were exposed to drought or irrigated conditions and either low or high temperature during grain filling. Dormancy and embryo sensitivity to ABA were analysed throughout grain filling. The conclusions from this investigation were as follows; firstly DM 2001 was more dormant than Cunderdin, with a four-fold lower germination index (GI) at maturity. Secondly during grain ripening drought increased dormancy and overrides any increase in dormancy with low temperature. Finally embryo sensitivity can be induced in a non-dormant genotype to the extent where the non-dormant genotype in a hot dry environment can have the same phenotype as a dormant genotype grown in a cool wet environment. In summary drought during grain filling increases dormancy suggesting breeders need to avoid drought when screening for sprouting tolerance in order to maximise the chances of identifying genetic differences in grain dormancy and avoid any maturity by drought interactions.     

Exogenous Abscisic Acid Application During Grain Filling in Winter Wheat Improves Cold Tolerance of Offspring's Seedlings

Low temperature seriously depresses seed germination and seedling growth in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, wheat plants were sprayed with abscisic acid (ABA) and fluridone (inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis) at 19 days after anthesis (DAA) and repeated at 26 DAA. The seeds of those plants were harvested, and seed germination and offspring's seedling growth under low temperature were evaluated. The results showed that exogenous ABA application decreased seed weight and slightly reduced seed set and seed number per spike. Under low temperature, seeds from ABA‐treated plants showed reduced germination rate, germination index, growth of radicle and coleoptile, amylase activity and depressed starch degradation as compared with seeds from non‐ABA‐treated plants; however, activities of the antioxidant enzymes in both germinating seeds and seedling were enhanced from those exposed to exogenous ABA, resulting in much lowered malondialdehyde (MDA) and H₂O₂ concentrations and production rate. In addition, the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II was also enhanced in ABA‐treated offspring's seedlings. It is concluded that exogenous ABA treatment at later grain‐filling stage could be an effective approach to improve cold tolerance of the offspring during seed germinating and seedlings establishment in winter wheat.     

多花黄精种子萌发过程的形态和解剖研究

为解除多花黄精种子休眠、促进种子萌发,利用Nikon-SMZ 800体式显微镜观察多花黄精种子不同萌发时期的外观形态,采用石蜡切片法将多花黄精种子特殊部位制成切片,在Olympus-BX 61光学显微镜下观察其解剖结构,探究多花黄精种子萌发过程中的形态变化及解剖特征。结果表明,1)多花黄精种子萌发过程可分为:刚采摘、未萌发、刚萌发、小球茎形成、初生根茎形成和出苗6个阶段;2)成熟的多花黄精种子,其胚未分化出明显的子叶、胚芽和胚根,随着种子的萌发而分化成成熟胚;3)多花黄精种子的萌发伴随着胚乳的降解;4)多花黄精种子同时存在生理休眠和形态休眠,具有形态生理休眠特性。     

不同小麦品种(系)的存放种子活力比较研究

为发掘利用高活力小麦种质材料,揭示不同小麦品种间(系)的种子活力差异及其内在生理原因,本研究以置于常温种子库老化6年的180个小麦品种(系)的种子为材料进行了种子活力比较研究。结果表明:不同小麦品种(系)间发芽率存在显著差异,其中35个小麦品种(系)的种子完全失活、不能发芽,种子活力最高的3个品种分别为豫麦18(92%),西农3517(76%)和浏虎98(72%);测定了种子浸出液电导率、种子含水量和籽粒品质性状并与发芽率进行了相关分析,发现发芽率与电导率和籽粒淀粉含量呈极显著负相关,与含水量呈显著负相关,但与籽粒总蛋白质含量相关不显著;进一步对种子活力高低差异显著的6个品种(系)进行了种子萌发关键激素赤霉素(GA3)和脱落酸(ABA)的测定,发现3个高活力小麦品种(系)(豫麦18、西农3517、浏虎98)种子中GA3/ABA的比值均显著高于3个低活力品种(系)(西农2003、洛麦21和陕麦107)。本研究表明,种子活力性状在小麦种质资源中存在广泛变异,植物内源激素GA3和ABA的相对含量是影响种子活力高低的关键因素。     

Novel resistance to pre-harvest sprouting in Australian wheat from the wild relative Triticum tauschii

The diploid D-genome progenitor of hexaploid wheat, Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmahl., was screened to identify mechanisms for resistance to pre-harvest sprouting. A number of promising mechanisms were identified, and transferred to hexaploid wheat via wide-hybridisation. One identified mechanism, an inhibitory phenolic compound present in the bracts surrounding the grain, has been shown to function effectively in synthetic hexaploid wheats. A number of seed-borne dormancy mechanisms were also identified. Expression of embryo dormancy in synthetic hexaploid wheats was demonstrated when compared with non-dormant hexaploid wheat. Effects of the seed coat on dormancy were also studied, with the seed coat of synthetic hexaploids accelerating rather than inhibiting germination. Embryo dormancy was also demonstrated in two `direct-cross' hybrids. The results suggest that a combination of the described mechanisms may produce white wheats with resistance to pre-harvest sprouting adequate for most Australian climatic conditions. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Variation in dormancy duration of the U.K. wheat cultivar Hornet due to environmental conditions during grain development

Dormancy of wheat grains, the property conferring sprouting resistance, is affected by environmental conditions experienced during grain development. We investigated the hypothesis that short dormancy duration in U.K. wheat grain (thus a high risk of post-maturity sprouting) is related to weather conditions, i.e. high temperatures during grain development. Four wheat varieties were grown at four sites ranging from the far south to the far north of the country in the years 1995–1997,ensuring different temperature and rainfall conditions during grain development. This paper focuses on one variety, Hornet, which has a high sprouting resistance rating. Other varieties gave similar results. Serial laboratory germination tests (seven days, 20°C) at 100°C-dayintervals were used to measure dormancy duration, which was assessed from logistic curves fitted to the data. During the experiment the mean temperatures during grain development differed by over4°C, due to the site × year effect. Significant effects (p>0.05) of site and year (i.e. weather) on dormancy were found, when definitions of dormancy duration of D_A (number of days from anthesis to 50% germination in seven days at 20°C) or D_P (number of days from physiological maturity at 45% grain moisture to 50% germination) were used. Dormancy was markedly shorter in the hot, dry year 1995 compared to the cooler, wetter years 1996 and 1997. A relationship, as postulated by Belderok, between accumulated temperature during the dough stage of grain filling and dormancy duration was not found. However, a relationship of dormancy duration to the mean temperature during grain development was found, with short dormancy periods occurring after high mean temperatures were experienced. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

花生种子休眠解除过程中相关基因的表达分析

种子休眠性是花生重要的农艺性状,外源乙烯利能诱导花生种子休眠的解除,为了阐明乙烯利作用下花生种子休眠解除的分子机制,设置吸胀的休眠种子为对照,100 mg L–1乙烯利处理吸胀休眠种子后不同时间的样品(AE1、AE2、AE3)进行转录组分析,比较了花生种子休眠解除过程中ABA、GA、ETH、auxin相关基因的表达。结果表明,15个与GA、40个与ABA、60个与ETH、56个与auxin相关的unigenes在花生种子休眠解除过程中表现显著差异表达。荧光定量PCR结果显示,ABA合成关键基因Ah NCED2和代谢关键基因Ah CYP707A1在种子休眠解除过程中均受外源乙烯利诱导,表达差异显著;在休眠和无休眠种子吸胀萌发过程中,Ah NCED2和Ah CYP707A1的表达趋势不同,Ah NCED2对于种子休眠的维持发挥积极作用,而Ah CYP707A1对于种子休眠解除发挥积极作用。     

Relationship between sprouting in wheat and embryo response to endogenous inhibition

Summary Seed dormancy in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) is important for minimizing pre-harvest sprouting. To facilitate breeding cultivars that tolerate pre-harvest sprouting conditions, we assessed mode and magnitude of variation of seed dormancy among genotypes and investigated involvement of endogenous water-soluble inhibitor(s) in seed germination. Embryo bio-assays established that water-soluble inhibitor was ubiquitous among the wheat cultivars studied and did not diminish in quantity during after-ripening. Germination response of embryos was decreased by endogenous inhibitor, but the effect markedly declined as embryos aged at room temperature. Variation in dormancy among cultivars was primarily caused by differential response of their embryos to endogenous inhibitor. Gibberellic acid counteracted the initial inhibitory effect of endogenous inhibitor on germination but not the subsequent inhibitory effect on seedling growth. We concluded that pre-harvest sprouting resistance involves multiple factors, particularly embryo receptivity to endogenous inhibitor, and that variation in inhibitor quantity is not solely responsible for genotypic differences in susceptibility to pre-harvest sprouting. The possibility of additional approaches to breeding for pre-harvest sprouting resistance is indicated.Contribution no. 81-389-j, Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A.     

Identification of genomic regions associated with seed dormancy in white-grained wheat

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in developing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spikes is stimulated by cool and wet weather and leads to a decline in grain quality. A low level of harvest-time seed dormancy is a major factor for PHS, which generally is a larger problem in white-grained as compared to red-grained wheat. We have in this study analyzed seed dormancy levels at the 92nd Zadok growth stage of spike development in a doubled-haploid (DH) white wheat population and associated variation for the trait with regions on the wheat genome. The phenotypic data was generated by growing the parent lines Argent (non-dormant) and W98616 (dormant) and 151 lines of the DH population in the field during 2002 and 2003, at two locations each year, followed by assessment of harvest-time seed dormancy by germination tests. A genetic map of 2681 cM was constructed for the population upon genotyping 90 DH lines using 361 SSR, 292 AFLP, 252 DArT and 10 EST markers. Single marker analysis of the 90 genotyped lines associated regions on chromosomes 1A, 2B, 3A, 4A, 5B, 6B, and 7A with seed dormancy in at least two out of the four trials. All seven putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were contributed by alleles of the dormant parent, W98616. The strongest QTLs positioned on chromosomes 1A, 3A, 4A and 7A were confirmed by interval mapping and markers at these loci have potential use in marker-assisted selection of PHS resistant white-grained wheat.     

阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程中同工酶活性变化的研究

[目的]研究阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程中同工酶的活性及酶谱变化规律,为阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程生理调控机制的分析探讨奠定基础.[方法]以赤霉素浸种前、浸种后、培养10 d、种子露白、胚芽长至1 cm时各阶段的阳春砂种子为材料,测定其种子中过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,并采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)技术研究建立过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及酯酶(EST)同工酶的电泳酶谱.[结果]阳春砂种子在休眠和萌发过程中,POD、SOD、CAT和EST同工酶的活性及酶谱带的数量均发生了一定的变化,其中POD和SOD同工酶活性均呈先减弱后增强的趋势;CAT同工酶在萌发前期变化不明显,后期酶的活性增强,且酶的种类也增加;EST同工酶的酶活性呈先减弱后增强再减弱的变化趋势,且在种子露白时活性达到最强.[结论]阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程中同工酶谱的变化特点一定程度上可反应出种子休眠与萌发不同阶段的生理特性,这些同工酶基因的差异表达导致了阳春砂种子打破体眠和最终的萌发.