干旱胁迫下抑制光呼吸对‘赤霞珠’葡萄光抑制的影响

选用葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)品种‘赤霞珠’(Cabernet Sauvignon)的2年生盆栽苗，进行不同程度的干旱处理20d及随后连续3d的光呼吸抑制剂异烟肼(INH)处理后，测定其PSII最大光化学量子产量(Fv／Fm)、实际光化学效率(ФPSII)及净光合速率(Pn)，并计算其总光合电子传递(Jr)、羧化电子传递(Jc)、加氧电子传递(Jo)及光呼吸速率(Pr)，发现赤霞珠葡萄在干旱胁迫下能够有效调动其光保护机制以避免严重光抑制的发生，而INH抑制光呼吸后，光抑制程度则明显加重，从而证明干旱胁迫下光呼吸对赤霞珠葡萄的光保护机制起重要作用。     

外源褪黑素对臭氧胁迫下‘赤霞珠’葡萄叶片光合作用的影响

以盆栽‘赤霞珠’葡萄为试验材料,浇施浓度为100 nmol·L~(-1)的外源褪黑素(melatonin)后,在110 n L·L~(-1)臭氧浓度胁迫下,测定葡萄叶片气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线,并结合叶绿素荧光淬灭分析葡萄叶片光合性能的变化。结果表明:浇施褪黑素提高了臭氧胁迫下叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素的含量以及叶绿素a/b的比值,提高了叶片净光合速率(P_n)和叶片单位面积有活性反应中心的数量(RC/CSm),以及捕获的激子将电子传递到Q_A以后的其他电子受体的概率(Ψ_o),从而缓解了臭氧胁迫下的光抑制程度。结论:外源褪黑素缓解了臭氧胁迫下葡萄叶片叶绿素的降解,通过调节光系统的能量分配,缓解了臭氧胁迫对光合作用的伤害。     

水分胁迫对'赤霞珠'葡萄不同叶龄叶片糖含量及相关代谢酶活性的影响

以三年生'赤霞珠'葡萄为试材,通过控制灌溉量,以黎明前叶片水势(ψb)反映胁迫程度,设置无水分胁迫、中度水分胁迫和重度水分胁迫3个处理,研究了'赤霞珠'葡萄新梢基部(叶1)、下部(叶2)、中部(叶3)、中上部(叶4)、上部(叶5)叶片的糖含量及其相关代谢酶活性,以期明确水分胁迫对'赤霞珠'葡萄不同叶龄叶片糖含量及其相关代谢酶活性的影响.结果 表明:中度水分胁迫处理下,葡萄新梢不同叶龄叶片蔗糖、可溶性糖含量均高于对照组,处理前期还原糖含量低于对照组;处理中后期还原糖含量高于对照组;重度水分胁迫处理下,葡萄新梢不同叶龄叶片蔗糖含量低于对照组、还原糖含量高于对照组;在处理前期,叶3～5可溶性糖含量高于对照组,后期各叶龄叶片可溶性糖含量逐渐低于对照组;中度水分胁迫可以提高叶3～5叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性,而重度水分胁迫降低了不同叶龄叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS);水分胁迫可以提高叶3～5叶片中性转化酶(NI)活性、不同叶龄叶片蔗糖合成酶(SS)和酸性转化酶(AI)活性;中度水分胁迫有利于不同叶龄叶片糖分的积累及相关代谢酶活性的提高.     

低温胁迫对葡萄保护酶和氧自由基的影响

选取3种抗寒性不同的葡萄品种(贝达(砧木)＞赤霞珠＞梅鹿辄)1 a 生枝条为供试材料,分别在-15℃,5℃,25℃下处理24 h,在处理0、3、6、9、12、24 h后,分别测量了叶片中3种保护酶的活性和氧自由基生成速率的变化.结果表明:低温处理后,保护酶SOD、POD、CAT的活性均呈现先降低再升高后降低的变化趋势.贝达的保护酶活性高,且下降缓慢,梅鹿辄的保护酶活性低,下降迅速;氧自由基产生速率的变化趋势基本为先上升后下降,其中贝达的氧自由基产生速率最低,梅鹿辄的氧自由基产生速率最高.说明低温胁迫下葡萄1 a生枝条的保护酶活性变化和氧自由基产生速率与其品种的抗寒性之间存在相关性.     

水分胁迫下葡萄叶片脯氨酸和可溶性总糖积累与叶龄的关系

测定1年生葡萄的不同叶龄叶片中脯氨酸和可溶性总糖的含量,结果表明:水分胁迫使幼龄叶片的脯氨酸和可溶性总糖含量增加,而减少了在成熟叶片中的含量。说明水分胁迫导致渗透调节物质由老组织向幼嫩组织运输并积累,从而提高了幼嫩组织的干旱适应能力。     

低温胁迫对葡萄砧木枝条抗寒性的影响

2013年进行了低温胁迫对葡萄砧木枝条抗寒性的影响试验。以8种葡萄砧木为试材,采用组织褐变法和恢复生长法,测定葡萄砧木在低温(-2、-15、-20、-25、-30、-35℃)胁迫下枝条韧皮部和木质部的褐变率、扦插愈伤、萌芽和生根率进行了观测。结果表明:各砧木品种的枝条韧皮部和木质部褐变程度均随温度的降低而逐渐加重,枝条不同组织的抗寒力差异明显,即木质部韧皮部。各低温胁迫下贝达枝条韧皮部和木质部褐变率最低,101和5BB韧皮部和木质部褐变率高;贝达、110R和188等萌芽及生根率始终处于较高水平,3309C始终处于较低水平。各砧木品种枯死率除3309C在-30℃,188在-25℃全部枯死,贝达、101、5BB和5C均在-35℃枯死率达100%。综合评价得出,贝达砧木抗寒性最强,3309C、110R、SO4、5C抗寒性较强,188、101和5BB抗寒性较弱;各品种能抵御的临界最低温度为-20℃。     

日光温室延后栽培‘红地球’葡萄喷施尿素对叶片及果实糖含量的影响

以日光温室延后栽培的‘红地球’葡萄为试验材料,在果实转色前叶面喷施尿素,以清水为对照,分别在喷施后10、20、30、40 d测定功能叶面积、叶绿素相对含量、蔗糖含量、葡萄糖含量、果糖和淀粉含量,以及果实可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量。结果表明:叶面喷施不同浓度的尿素均可促进叶片增长,增加叶片中叶绿素相对含量,其中喷施0.75%尿素可延缓生育后期叶片叶绿素的降解;喷施尿素可促进叶片中碳水化合物的积累,0.5%和0.75%尿素处理后,叶片蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖在较长时间内保持较高的水平,喷施后40 d时3种糖含量为对照的1.2倍以上;喷施尿素增加了叶片中淀粉的积累,喷施0.75%尿素后,在生育后期叶片淀粉含量显著增加,达8.0 mg/g。喷施尿素后果实中糖酸含量变化明显,喷施后40 d,0.5%和0.75%尿素对果实可溶性固形物含量的增加最显著,但喷施0.75%尿素显著增加了同时期果实中可滴定酸含量。喷施0.5%尿素显著增加了果实大小、单粒重及穗重。因此,建议在‘红地球’葡萄果实转色前叶面喷施0.5%尿素溶液,可改善果实品质。     

干旱胁迫下抑制光呼吸对‘赤霞珠''''葡萄光抑制的影响吵

选用葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)品种'赤霞珠'(Cabernet Sauvignon)的2年生盆栽苗,进行不同程度的干旱处理20 d及随后连续3 d的光呼吸抑制剂异烟肼(INH)处理后,测定其PSII最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(?PSII)及净光合速率(Pn),并计算其总光合电子传递(J T)、羧化电子传递(J C)、加氧电子传递(J O)及光呼吸速率(Pr),发现赤霞珠葡萄在干旱胁迫下能够有效调动其光保护机制以避免严重光抑制的发生,而INH抑制光呼吸后,光抑制程度则明显加重,从而证明干旱胁迫下光呼吸对赤霞珠葡萄的光保护机制起重要作用.     

不同砧木对‘赤霞珠’葡萄生长发育的影响

【目的】探究不同砧木对‘赤霞珠’葡萄树体生长、果实发育、着色效果等的影响差异。【方法】选择‘SO4’‘5BB’‘3309C’和‘101-14M’4个砧木与‘赤霞珠’葡萄进行绿枝嫁接,对初期结果植株的新梢生长情况、果粒质量、糖酸含量以及果实着色指标动态变化等进行实时测定。【结果】供试砧木品种均可促进‘赤霞珠’葡萄新梢生长,提高果粒质量,以‘赤霞珠’/‘3309C’(CS/3309C)效果较为明显。各个处理的净光合速率日变化均呈双峰曲线。供试砧木均可显著提高‘赤霞珠’葡萄净光合速率,亦可改变其峰值出现时间。果实生长发育过程中,砧木‘SO4’可显著延缓果实可溶性固形物、还原糖含量的积累,可滴定酸含量较其他处理偏高。各处理果实颜色指标L、a、b、h、c值变化趋势一致,CS/SO4的h值较其他处理显著偏高。【结论】供试砧木均可提高‘赤霞珠’葡萄生长势、果实质量以及净光合速率;砧木‘SO4’可延迟‘赤霞珠’葡萄成熟约20 d。     

水分胁迫对赤霞珠葡萄果实品质和甲氧基吡嗪含量的影响

【目的】探究水分胁迫下赤霞珠葡萄果实品质形成及甲氧基吡嗪(MPs)含量的差异。【方法】以9年生赤霞珠为试验材料,对其坐果期至采收期进行9个不同程度的水分胁迫,测定果实品质和MPs含量。【结果】果实中MPs在转色前合成,中度和重度水分胁迫可显著抑制积累,转色后开始降解,且不同种类MPs降解速度不同。完全转色到收获期,2-甲氧基吡嗪(MOMP)和3-甲基-2-甲氧基吡嗪(MEMP)已经降解至检出线以下。在转色前采用中度水分胁迫,转色后采用重度水分胁迫(T5),采收期葡萄果实3-仲丁基-2-甲氧基吡嗪(SBMP)、3-异丙基-2-甲氧基吡嗪(IPMP)和3-异丁基-2-甲氧基吡嗪(IBMP)含量分别比对照降低47.27%、48.18%和44.94%。同时,T5处理下葡萄果实中可溶性固形物含量没有显著升高,总酚、总花色苷和单宁含量分别比对照提高了6.99%、31.17%和20.80%。【结论】坐果期至转色期采用中度水分胁迫处理、转色期至采收期采用重度水分胁迫处理可降低MPs含量,且有利于优质葡萄果实和葡萄酒的产生,研究结果为贺兰山东麓赤霞珠葡萄栽培和水资源高效利用提供理论参考。     

14个欧亚种红色酿酒葡萄品种(品系)的花色苷组成和含量分析

【目的】对14个欧亚种红色酿酒葡萄品种(品系)的花色苷组成和含量进行分析,以探究利用花色苷作为化学指纹来区分品种。【方法】以北京市海淀区中国农业大学上庄实验站的14个欧亚种红色酿酒葡萄品种(品系)为材料,利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-MS)方法检测其果皮中的花色苷组成和含量,对不同葡萄品种中各种花色苷类型进行比较,并基于各单体花色苷含量进行聚类分析和主成分分析。【结果】共检测到21种花色苷,‘西拉’花色苷含量最高;‘黑比诺115’的二甲花翠素-3-葡萄糖苷相对含量最高,且不含酰化类花色苷;‘丹魄’是花翠素-3-葡萄糖苷、甲基花翠素-3-葡萄糖苷相对含量较高的品种。从酰化花色苷的相对含量可以看出,乙酰化和香豆酰化花色苷相对含量高于咖啡酰化类,‘马贝克’‘西拉’酰化花色苷相对含量高于其他品种;‘品丽珠’和‘内比奥罗’的乙酰化花色苷相对含量最高;‘马贝克’的香豆酰化花色苷含量最高;‘蒙特布查诺’的咖啡酰化类花色苷含量最高。聚类分析表明,供试的14个品种(品系)可以被分为2大类,第1大类是‘黑比诺115’,第2大类包括‘马贝克’和其他品种。主成分分析将‘黑比诺115’和‘多塞托’分在第1象限,‘蒙特布查诺’和‘丹魄’分在第2象限,第3象限是‘比诺塔吉’‘内比奥罗’‘西拉’和‘马贝克’,‘品丽珠’和‘美乐’的各个品系都在第4象限。【结论】不同品种单体花色苷所占比例有明显差异,供试的14个葡萄品种(品系)主成分分析结果与聚类分类结果基本一致,花色苷可以作为化学指纹区分14个欧亚种红色酿酒葡萄品种(品系)。     

成熟度对‘红地球’葡萄氨基酸营养价值的影响

【目的】探明不同成熟度对‘红地球’葡萄氨基酸营养价值的影响。【方法】以不同成熟度(盛花期后88~123 d)的‘红地球’葡萄为试材,测定果实氨基酸含量。同时,以鸡蛋蛋白质为标准蛋白,WHO/FAO氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,进行氨基酸营养价值评估。【结果】‘红地球’葡萄至少包含18种氨基酸,包括8种必需氨基酸、2种儿童必需氨基酸。氨基酸含量随着采摘期变化而变化,其中必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、儿童必需氨基酸、药用氨基酸、支链氨基酸、增香与着色氨基酸、伯胺基氨基酸、特殊功效氨基酸含量(w,后同)分别为557.3~659.7、1 176.3~1 690.8、326.8~703.8、1 130.0~1 644.1、231.7~285.3、926.1~1 404.8、1 126.0~1 609.0、1 032.9~1 510.7 mg·kg^-1,组间差异显著(p <0.05),在完全成熟期Ⅰ达到峰值;精氨酸、天门冬氨酸和谷氨酸等风味氨基酸含量与其味觉阈值的比值分别介于2.62~6.31、4.50~5.47和4.64~6.09,随着采摘期的延长呈先升后降变化趋势。氨基酸评分、化学评分和氨基酸比值系数分依次为11.33~14.07、18.32~4.43、49.70~57.04。苯丙氨酸等8种氨基酸含量相对不足,赖氨酸和苏氨酸含量相对过剩。【结论】不同成熟度对‘红地球’葡萄氨基酸含量及其营养价值影响显著。     

丛枝菌根真菌对葡萄幼苗抗旱性的影响研究

研究了丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对葡萄幼苗水分代谢及抗旱性的影响,结果表明:正常供水条件和干旱条件下AMF都能影响葡萄苗的水分代谢,改善叶片水分状况,增强蒸腾作用,从而增强其抗旱能力;而干旱胁迫下AMF改善葡萄苗水分状况的作用明显强于正常供水条件下,表明AMF在逆境条件下作用更明显;通过对葡萄苗膜保护系统的影响研究,发现AMF能增强葡萄苗叶片膜保护酶活性,降低植株叶片膜脂过氧化程度,从而缓解干旱对质膜透性的破坏,增强葡萄植株的抗旱性。     

Berry anthocyanin content of Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivated under rain-shelter systems with different coloured plastic films

Covering vineyards with rain-shelters is an effective viticulture practice to protect grapes from adverse environments, and the rain-shelter can influence radiometric properties, canopy microclimate, and grape berry quality. We investigated the effect of rain-shelter cultivation covered with different coloured plastic films on canopy microclimate and anthocyanins in the skins of Cabernet Sauvignon grape berries through comparison with open-field cultivation (control) of two vintages (2013 and 2014) in northern China. The results show that the highest average temperature and lowest relative humidity were presented by the grape canopies in the open-field cultivation, followed by the colourless, blue, purple, yellow, and red film. Higher infrared radiation was recorded in control plants. The content of sugar in the berries under rain-shelter cultivation (except colourless film in 2013) was significantly higher than that of the control. The concentrations of most anthocyanins were significantly decreased under the yellow and colourless films in the two vintages. The red and purple films increased the concentration of 3?,5?-substituted, methoxylated, and acylated anthocyanins in the grapes in both vintages. The results suggest that the application of such films may be useful for the production of high-quality wine grapes in warm temperate climates with dry winter and hot summer regions.     

Sana Physiological responses of two grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars to CycocelTM treatment during drought

The plant growth regulator Cycocel^TM [(2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride] can be used to produce drought tolerance in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) due to a reduction in the ratio between vegetative growth and fruit production. To evaluate the physiological responses of two grapevine cultivars to drought and Cycocel^TM treatment, a factorial experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. The factors included irrigation frequency (at 5-, 10-, or 15-day intervals corresponding to no, mild, or severe drought stress), Cycocel^TM concentration (0, 500, or 1000 mg l^–1), and cultivar (‘Rasheh’ or ‘Bidane-Sefid’). Stomatal conductance (g_s) the net rate of CO₂ assimilation (A_net), the rate of transpiration (T_r), and chlorophyll a and b concentrations decreased in plants exposed to mild or severe water-deficit stress, whereas carotenoid, proline, and total soluble sugar concentrations increased compared to plants with no drought stress. The relative water content (RWC) of leaves declined only under severe drought stress. A reduction in intercellular CO₂ concentrations (C_i) occurred under mild drought stress; however, under severe drought stress, C_i values increased. Under mild drought stress, the reduction in the net rate of photosynthesis was related to stomatal closure, whereas under severe drought stress, non-stomatal factors were dominant. Water-use efficiency (WUE) improved under mild drought stress relative to non-stressed plants, but under severe drought, it declined. Foliar applications of Cycocel^TM resulted in increased A_net, g_s, T_r, and WUE values, as well as proline and soluble sugar concentrations. ‘Rasheh’ was more tolerant to drought stress than was ‘Bidane-Sefid’. Foliar applications of Cycocel^TM, particularly at 1000 mg l^–1, mitigated the negative effects of drought stress by increasing A_net, WUE, RWC, compatible solute concentrations, such as proline, soluble sugar, and chlorophyll a and b concentrations.     

Response of health-promoting bioactive compounds and related enzyme activities of table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) to deficit irrigation in greenhouse

Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) containsabundant secondary metabolites that are beneficial to humanhealth. Previous studies reported that deficit irrigation alters fruitcomposition, however, the mechanisms underlying the responseof health-promoting bioactive compounds to deficit irrigation indifferent phenological stages and those of associated metabolismrelatedenzymes remain unclear. Continual maintain irrigation (CI),deficit irrigation throughout growth seasons (DI), deficit irrigationbefore (ED) and after (LD) fruit set were performed for investigatingthe response of bioactive compounds and related enzyme activitiesin grape berries to deficit irrigation. Resveratrol, anthocyanins,phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in grape berries were increase in DI, ED and LD treatments,whereas proanthocyanidins and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) weresignificantly increased in CI treatment. Significant differenceswere observed between the groups with respect to resveratrol,anthocyanins and PAL activity. Grapevine evapotranspirationwere decreased in ED and LD treatments, with water useefficiency increased. Principal component analysis showed a clearseparation among four treatments, and the LD had the highesttotal membership function value. Changes of bioactive compoundscontent can be attributed to PAL activity. Deficit irrigation after fruitset can promote the production of functional and superior qualitytable grape in greenhouse.     

Effect of methyl jasmonate on resveratrol production in organs and cell suspension cultures of two Iranian grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars

Summary

Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy stilbene) is a polyphenolic compound that prevents cancer, as well as heart and vascular diseases in humans. In our previous study, this compound was extracted primarily from the fruit of 147 Iranian grapevine cultivars and determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Among these cultivars, the two most desirable (‘Rajabi Sefid Shiraz’ and ‘Keshmeshi Ghermez’) were selected for the present study and the amounts of resveratrol in their leaves and fruit were measured. Levels of resveratrol in the fruit of both cultivars were higher than in their leaves, and samples treated with 1.0 mM methyl jasmonate produced more resveratrol than the untreated controls. Leaf or fruit callus and cell suspension cultures of both cultivars were established and the levels of resveratrol produced were determined. Calli were produced from leaf and fruit explants after 4 weeks and 6 weeks in culture, respectively. Cells derived from calli of both types of explant were then established in suspension culture after three sub-cultures and also produced resveratrol. Cell suspensions were treated with 0.1 mM methyl jasmonate 6 d after the third sub-culture, when they had entered the exponential growth stage. The levels of resveratrol produced by methyl jasmonate-treated cells were significantly higher than those in plant organs or in untreated control cells.     

Photosynthetic and physiological responses to high temperature in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) leaves during the seedling stage

To study the effects of high temperature (HT) on grape growth, a controlled experiment with grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., cv. Hongti) was conducted from July to October, 2015. The HT treatments were 34, 36, 38, and 40°C, with 28°C as control. The changes to photosynthetic pigment characteristics, antioxidant enzyme activities, and relative water content (RWC) under different HTs were investigated. Severe chlorosis was observed during the late stages of HT treatment. Chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), photosynthetic rate at irradiation saturation (P_max), light saturation point (LSP), apparent quantum efficiency (AQE), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity in grape leaves increased at first, and then decreased under high-temperature stress (HTS), but the light compensation point acted contrary to the LSP. The carotenoid, malondialdehyde and relative electrical conductivity (REC) increased under HTS; and the Chl/carotenoid ratio and RWC were contrary to the REC. The results suggested that grapes subjected to 38°C for 4 d decreased their RWC, but Chl a, Chl b, P_max, AQE, LSP, SOD, POD, and CAT reached their maximums. Therefore, the high-temperature limit of Hongti was 38°C and the duration time was 4 d.     

紫香无核胚培养技术研究

以紫香无核为母本,黎明无核、克瑞森无核、京早晶分别为父本杂交,对杂交胚珠进行培养挽救。结果表明:在授粉后52d接种,3个杂交组合的胚珠均达到最大发育率和最大萌发率;胚珠发育阶段采用ER培养基培养的发育率比用Nitsch培养基的高,但在Nitsch接种的萌发率却比ER的都高;低温(7℃)处理的胚萌发率高于常温(24℃)培养的萌发率。     

Biochemical changes in micropropagated grape (Vitis vinifera L.) plantlets due to arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation during ex vitro acclimatization

Improved establishment of mycorrhizal tissue culture derived plantlets during acclimatization (Stage IV) is commonly attributed to the enhanced vegetative growth as a resultant of different morphological and in vivo changes. These changes are early and better cuticle development, high biomass accumulation, enhanced physiological changes, improved mineral nutrition, especially phosphorus and micronutrients, etc. However, improvement in establishment of micropropagated plantlets during acclimatization may not only be limited to these mechanisms. In the present investigation, biochemical status of micropropagated grape plantlets in response to six single and a mixed strains of arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) during hardening were studied under glasshouse conditions. The histochemical studies revealed that the mycorrhizal inoculation resulted in accumulation of different biochemicals in the plant system such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, phenol and enzymes like polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and nitrate reductase (NR). The mycorrhizal plantlets showed enhanced survival and improved tolerance against stresses experienced during weaning phase. The mycorrhizal plants also exhibited improved physiological and nutritional status and had higher relative water content (RWC) and photosynthetic rate. These plantlets also accumulated higher N, P, Mg and Fe concentrations, which may primarily be as a result of biochemical changes brought about by mycorrhizal association. Mycorrhizal plantlets also showed better hardening under glasshouse conditions. The result suggests that the biochemical changes brought about by mycorrhization were helpful in mitigating different stresses experienced by the tissue culture plants during hardening, which determine their performance later in field.