黄花蒿脂肪酸的成分研究

采用气相色谱法首次对新疆喀什地区黄花蒿属一年生草本植物黄花蒿的脂肪酸成分进行了分析,探讨了脂肪酸成分的可利用性,对黄花蒿药用,饲用价值进行了评价。     

水分胁迫下白沙蒿幼苗抗性与其膜脂构成关系研究

以0,5%,15%,25%聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)对白沙蒿进行水分胁迫处理,研究其对胁迫的生理响应。结果表明,随着胁迫程度的加强,白沙蒿叶片相对含水量明显降低,叶片膜脂脂肪酸各组分含量发生明显变化,水分胁迫白沙蒿幼苗导致叶片膜脂脂肪酸的合成趋向饱和化。5%,15% PEG胁迫下膜脂趋向饱和化有利于减少不饱和脂肪酸的过氧化作用,减弱因膜脂过氧化所引起的对细胞膜系统的伤害;25%PEG处理下的膜脂过饱和化导致膜功能损伤。棕榈油酸、亚油酸在白沙蒿抵御水分胁迫过程中发挥维持一定膜脂不饱和度的重要作用。白沙蒿体内重要的渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量在水分胁迫过程中虽然明显增加,但不能阻止膜脂过氧化作用对细胞的伤害。     

珍珠龙鱼的营养成分测定及其饵料生物营养价值评价

试验测定了珍珠龙鱼(Scleropages jardini)肌肉的主要营养成分(蛋白质、脂肪、水分、灰分、钙、磷)的含量及氨基酸及脂肪酸的组成。结果表明,珍珠龙鱼的蛋白质含量较高,占干重的80%。肌肉中氨基酸含量丰富1,0种必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的50.85%,且含有丰富的高不饱和脂肪酸。同时,以珍珠龙鱼的营养组成为参照,对水丝蚓、黄粉虫和麦穗鱼等龙鱼常用的饵料生物的营养成分进行测定及评价,通过测定各种饵料生物的化学评分(CS)、氨基酸评分(AAS)、必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)等,分析评价出麦穗鱼是这三种饵料生物中最适合珍珠龙鱼的饵料。     

荷那龙罗非鱼体内不同组织脂肪酸组成的差异分析

实验以荷那龙罗非鱼(Oreochromis hornorum)为研究对象,在自然正常的养殖条件下,随机的抽取15尾荷那龙罗非鱼,取背侧肌、肝胰脏、肠和内脏脂肪组织四个组织的样,来分析不同组织的脂肪酸组成差异。结果发现:四个组织中所含脂肪酸种类最多的为内脏脂肪组织,其次是肝胰脏和肠,最后是肌肉;几种组织中含量最高的均为16和18碳的脂肪酸。在荷那龙罗非鱼的内脏脂肪组织中,含量最高的为油酸(C18:1)、亚油酸(C18:2)、亚麻酸(C18:3);EPA和DHA在肌肉中含量最高;肠组织中含有最高的饱和脂肪酸(SFA),其次是肌肉;单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)在内脏脂肪组织中含量最高;多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)在肌肉中含量最高。     

饲粮中添加黄花蒿乙醇提取物对奶牛产奶性能及乳脂中共轭亚油酸含量的影响

本文旨在研究饲粮中添加黄花蒿乙醇提取物对奶牛产奶性能及乳脂中共轭亚油酸(CLA)含量的影响。试验选取体重(600±29)kg、胎次2~3胎、泌乳期(158±3)d及泌乳量(22.8±1.8)kg/d的泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛15头,采用完全随机区组设计分为3组,每组5头,进行为期40 d的饲养试验,其中1~9 d为预试期,10~40 d为正试期。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验1组和试验2组分别在基础饲粮中添加96和160 g/(d·头)的黄花蒿乙醇提取物。结果表明:整个试验期间,2个试验组的产奶量(第24、31和40天)、乳脂率、乳脂产量、乳蛋白率、乳蛋白产量、非脂固形物含量以及乳脂中的饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、短链脂肪酸、中链脂肪酸和长链脂肪酸含量与对照组相比均无显著差异(P0.05);2个试验组的乳脂中CLA含量分别比对照组提高了30.7%和38.6%,其中试验2组与对照组差异显著(P0.05)。由此得出,饲粮中添加适量的黄花蒿乙醇提取物对奶牛产奶性能没有明显影响,但可以提高其乳脂中CLA含量,从而优化乳脂中脂肪酸的比例。     

黑沙蒿乙醇粗提物对奶山羊体外试验CLA含量及C18不饱和脂肪酸生物氢化率的影响

采用体外试验研究添加不同浓度的菊科黑沙蒿乙醇粗提物对瘤胃微生物体外发酵脂肪酸生物氢化、CLA含量及其前体物trans-11C18:1含量的影响。黑沙蒿乙醇粗提物添加的剂量分别是0(对照组)、3、30、300及3000mg/L。培养时间分别是2、6及24h。在每个采样时间点、每个添加量均设3个重复。试验结果表明,添加黑沙蒿乙醇粗提物有降低C18不饱和脂肪酸生物氢化率的趋势,有增加CLA生成前体物trans-11C18:1脂肪酸含量的趋势,有增加CLA含量的趋势。     

黑沙蒿乙醇粗提物对奶山羊体外试验CLA含量及C18不饱和脂肪酸生物氢化率的影响

采用体外试验研究添加不同浓度的菊科黑沙蒿乙醇粗提物对瘤胃微生物体外发酵脂肪酸生物氢化、CLA含量及其前体物trans-11C18∶1含量的影响.黑沙蒿乙醇粗提物添加的剂量分别是0(对照组)、3、30、300及3 000 mg/L.培养时间分别是2、6及24h.在每个采样时间点、每个添加量均设3个重复.试验结果表明,添加黑沙蒿乙醇粗提物有降低C18不饱和脂肪酸生物氢化率的趋势,有增加CLA生成前体物trans-11C18∶1脂肪酸含量的趋势,有增加CLA含量的趋势.     

黄花蒿提取物对奶山羊乳腺动静脉血脂肪酸组成的影响

本试验旨在研究黄花蒿乙醇提取物对奶山羊乳腺阴外动脉血和乳静脉血中共轭亚油酸(CLA)等脂肪酸含量的影响.选用9只健康、体重(38±3) kg的泌乳期[泌乳天数(210±15)d]关中奶山羊,随机分为3组,每组3只羊,对照组、Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组奶山羊分别饲喂0、7.26和12.10 g/d黄花蒿乙醇提取物.经预试期30 d后,分...     

饲料DHA/EPA比例对虎龙斑幼鱼生长、肌肉脂肪酸组成和肝脏脂肪代谢的影响

实验旨在探讨DHA/EPA比例对虎龙斑幼鱼生长、脂肪酸组成及脂肪代谢的影响。配制DHA/EPA比例为0.54、0.97、1.51、2.01、2.41和2.85的6组饲料,选择初重(20.8±0.03)g的虎龙斑幼鱼随机放入18个玻璃缸(每个组3个平行),实验周期42 d。结果表明,鱼体增重率和饲料系数未受DHA/EPA比例显著影响(P0.05)。鱼体肌肉脂肪酸含量和组成受到DHA/EPA比例的影响。饲料最低DHA/EPA比例组(0.54)肝脏脂滴沉积、脂肪酸合成酶和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶基因表达显著上调(P0.05),过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α、激素敏感性脂肪酶基因表达显著下调(P0.05)。研究表明,DHA/EPA比例影响虎龙斑幼鱼肌肉脂肪酸组成,且适宜DHA/EPA比例对于维持鱼体肝脏脂肪代谢至关重要。     

土壤微生物对黄花蒿凋落物或青蒿素的响应

黄花蒿主要通过植株残体向土壤释放化感物质,影响土壤肥力和生产力。本试验开展了土壤微生物对黄花蒿凋落物和青蒿素的响应研究。结果表明,在土壤中添加黄花蒿凋落物和青蒿素,真菌数量增加,但显著降低放线菌、自生固氮菌、硝化细菌和亚硝化细菌的数量,不利于土壤有机质矿化,生物固氮和硝化作用。黄花蒿凋落物和青蒿素降低微生物熵,增大代谢熵,说明土壤微生物代谢受到干扰,活性降低。此外,黄花蒿凋落物和青蒿素还使土壤微生物标记性磷脂脂肪酸总量和种类以及细菌、放线菌和原生动物标记性磷脂脂肪酸减少,选择性地抑制了土壤微生物的繁殖生长。在黄花蒿凋落物、青蒿素和对照(不加凋落物和青蒿素)的土壤中,微生物种群结构差异显著,黄花蒿凋落物和青蒿素降低微生物多样性和均匀度指数。因此,在大规模集约化种植黄花蒿的过程中,进入土壤的凋落物抑制有益微生物生长繁殖,改变土壤微生物群落结构,种群减少,密度降低,这可能是黄花蒿抑制后茬和周围植物生长,进而造成减产的重要原因之一。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -