Short-term cyclic variations and diurnal variations of the venus upper atmosphere

Measurements of satellite drag obtained from the orbital decay of the Pioneer Venus orbiter on the nightside of Venus indicate an atomic oxygen atmosphere near 155 kilometers (an order of magnitude less dense than expected) with nighttime inferred exospheric temperatures averaging as low as 110 K. Densities at these altitudes decrease sharply from day to night, contrary to the predicted nighttime oxygen bulge. This decrease may be indicative of an unexpectedly weak transport across the evening terminator or a very strong heat sink at night that is possibly related to vertical eddy heat transport. Large periodic oscillations in density and inferred exospheric temperature are detected with a period of 5 to 6 days. We have subsequently discovered temperature variations of the same period in the stratosphere, which are tentatively interpreted as planetary-scale waves that may propagate upward producing the periodic variations in the thermosphere and exosphere. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the temperature oscillations associated with these waves apparently increases with altitude approximately as follows: 1 K (70 kilometers), 3 K (90 kilometers), 40 K (155 kilometers). Inferred nighttime exospheric temperatures are found to be asymmetric relative to midnight, minimizing on the morning side. The possibility of superrotation of the thermosphere, and exosphere is discussed.     

Equatorial X-ray Emissions: Implications for Jupiter's High Exospheric Temperatures

Observations with the High Resolution Imager on the Rontgensatellit reveal x-ray emissions from Jupiter's equatorial latitudes. The observed emissions probably result from the precipitation of energetic (>300 kiloelectron volts per atomic mass unit) sulfur and oxygen ions out of Jupiter's inner radiation belt. Model calculations of the energy deposition by such heavy ion precipitation and of the resulting atmospheric heating rates indicate that this energy source can contribute to the high exospheric temperatures(>800 kelvin at 0.01 microbar) measured by the Galileo probe's Atmospheric Structure Instrument. Low-latitude energetic particle precipitation must therefore be considered, in addition to other proposed mechanisms such as gravity waves and soft electron precipitation, as an important source of heat for Jupiter's thermosphere.     

Waves and turbulence in a tokamak fusion plasma

The tokamak is a prototype fusion device in which a toroidal Magnetic field is used to confine a hot plasma. Coherent waves, excited near the plasma edge, can be used to transport energy into the plasma in order to heat it to the temperatures required for thermonuclear fusion. In addition, tokamak plasmas are known to exhibit high levels of turbulent density fluctuations, which can transport particles and energy out of the plasma. Recently, experiments have been conducted to elucidate the nature of both the coherent waves and the turbulence. The experiments provide insight into a broad range of interesting linear and nonlinear plasma phenomena and into many of the processes that determine such practical things as plasma heating and confinement.     

Ocean dynamics and acoustic fluctuations in the fram strait marginal ice zone

Acoustic waves transmitted over a 100-kilometer path in the Fram Strait marginal ice zone undergo Doppler shifts and fluctuations around these shifts, the former due to quasi-steady motion of both acoustic source and receiver and the latter to unsteady motions of the water column and ice cover. Internal waves and differential Doppler shift usually account for such fluctuations in the deep temperate ocean but only partially explain the results obtained in the marginal ice zone. There the fluctuations are more energetic and may be caused alternatively or additionally by comparably energetic fluctuations in ice-edge eddies or other mesoscale motions.     

Origin and mechanism of large-scale climatic oscillations

Numerical experiments with a simplified thermodynamic model of the glacier-ocean-atmosphere global system have been performed. Characteristic regimes of the system are auto-oscillations with periods varying between 20,000 and 80,000 years. The longer climatic waves are generated by the influence of variations of the earth's orbital parameters. Computed changes of glacial area, temperature, sea level, and other climate characteristics have values within expected ranges. The transition from a relatively warm epoch (when continental ice sheets are absent) to conditions characteristic of the Pleistocene is modeled. The calculated curves show how weak temperature fluctuations have been followed by large-scale oscillations.     

Critical behavior of a trapped interacting Bose gas

The phase transition of Bose-Einstein condensation was studied in the critical regime, where fluctuations extend far beyond the length scale of thermal de Broglie waves. We used matter-wave interference to measure the correlation length of these critical fluctuations as a function of temperature. Observations of the diverging behavior of the correlation length above the critical temperature enabled us to determine the critical exponent of the correlation length for a trapped, weakly interacting Bose gas to be nu = 0.67 +/- 0.13. This measurement has direct implications for the understanding of second-order phase transitions.     

Plasma wave observations at comet giacobini-zinner

The plasma wave instrument on the International Cometary Explorer (ICE) detected bursts of strong ion acoustic waves almost continuously when the spacecraft was within 2 million kilometers of the nucleus of comet Giacobini-Zinner. Electromagnetic whistlers and low-level electron plasma oscillations were also observed in this vast region that appears to be associated with heavy ion pickup. As ICE came closer to the anticipated location of the bow shock, the electromagnetic and electrostatic wave levels increased significantly, but even in the midst of this turbulence the wave instrument detected structures with familiar bow shock characteristics that were well correlated with observations of localized electron heating phenomena. Just beyond the visible coma, broadband waves with amplitudes as high as any ever detected by the ICE plasma wave instrument were recorded. These waves may account for the significant electron heating observed in this region by the ICE plasma probe, and these observations of strong wave-particle interactions may provide answers to longstanding questions concerning ionization processes in the vicinity of the coma. Near closest approach, the plasma wave instrument detected broadband electrostatic noise and a changing pattern of weak electron plasma oscillations that yielded a density profile for the outer layers of the cold plasma tail. Near the tail axis the plasma wave instrument also detected a nonuniform flux of dust impacts, and a preliminary profile of the Giacobini-Zinner dust distribution for micrometer-sized particles is presented.     

热触发式流量／液位开关的研制

热触发式流量／液位开关是一种监控流量或液位变化的传感器，主要是在探头部分使用了测温元件以及一个用来加热测温元件的低功率加热经的响应时间可以小到２ｓ，于各种液体或气体，可以在一定的介质，压力，温度或粘率范围内使用。     

不同加热温度对兔肉肉质的影响

试验选择65、75、85、95℃4个加热梯度,一个未加热组作为对照,考察兔肉不同加热温度蒸煮损失、肉色、pH值及剪切力的变化情况。试验结果表明随温度升高蒸煮损失显著上升,pH值呈上升趋势但不同温度加热样品之间差异不显著;加热样品肉色与对照样品肉色差异显著,但是各加热组之间的肉色差异不大;剪切力有增大趋势,75℃加热组与85℃加热组差异不显著,其他各组均有明显差异。结论是,兔肉在加热温度不断升高的过程中,肉品质逐渐下降,不同的加热温度明显地对兔肉品质产生不同程度的影响。     

加热温度及时间对牛肉胶原蛋白特性及嫩度的影响

 【目的】通过研究不同加热温度和加热时间来探究胶原蛋白特性对嫩度的影响,为中国高熟度牛肉嫩度特性研究提供参考。【方法】将牛半腱肌肉在60、70、80、90和100℃水浴温度下分别加热30、60、90、120和150 min,通过测定剪切力、蒸煮损失、水分含量、质构特性、结缔组织机械强度、胶原蛋白含量及热溶解性、胶原蛋白共价交联以及扫描电镜等指标探究嫩度的变化规律,通过相关性分析得出影响嫩度的关键因素。【结果】随着加热温度的升高和加热时间的延长,牛半腱肌肉剪切力降低,蒸煮损失增大,水分含量降低;总胶原蛋白和不溶性胶原蛋白随着加热温度的升高其相对含量明显增加,随着加热时间的延长其相对含量变化不显著,可溶性胶原蛋白含量及热溶解性增加、羟赖氨酸吡啶啉（HP）相对含量上升、赖氨酸吡啶啉（LP）相对含量下降,黏着性增大,胶黏性、咀嚼性、凝聚性和回弹性减小。随着加热时间的延长,牛肉剪切力与蒸煮损失呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）;与水分含量、硬度、凝聚性、胶黏性、咀嚼性以及回弹性呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）;与总胶原蛋白、可溶性胶原蛋白、不溶性胶原蛋白含量、胶原蛋白热溶解性以及羟赖氨酸吡啶啉含量呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）。总胶原蛋白、不溶性胶原蛋白的含量与蒸煮损失呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）;羟赖氨酸吡啶啉与肌肉的黏着性和总胶原蛋白含量呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,与弹性、可溶性胶原蛋白以及不溶性胶原蛋白含量呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,与胶黏性和咀嚼性呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）,赖氨酸吡啶林与弹性呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）,与凝聚性呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,与回弹性呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。与加热温度相比,加热时间对牛肉嫩度的影响更为显著。牛肉嫩度与胶原蛋白含量及热溶解性、HP、蒸煮损失、水分含量、硬度、凝聚性、胶黏性、回弹性和咀嚼性有关;胶原蛋白含量及热溶解性与蒸煮损失和水分含量有关。肌肉的黏着性、弹性、回弹性、凝聚性、胶黏性和咀嚼性等均与共价交联有关,胶原蛋白热溶解性与共价交联无关。【结论】高熟度牛肉的食用品质很大程度上取决于加热时长与胶原蛋白特性,胶原蛋白特性对嫩度的影响随着加热时间的延长而增加。胶原蛋白含量与热溶解性以及共价交联量通过影响肉的质构特性来改善嫩度。随着加热时间的延长,胶原蛋白和共价交联相对含量增加,结缔组织强度增加从而削弱了肌纤维对嫩度的影响,使嫩度得到改善。     

驻马店近50年气候变化特征分析

利用线性趋势函数及Mann-Kendall突变检测分析法,分析了驻马店气象站气温及降水近50年的气候变化特征。结果表明,年平均气温与极端气温均呈上升趋势,最低气温的上升趋势尤为明显,年降水量以波动变化为主,略有增加。春季增温趋势较秋、冬季更为明显,夏季呈现出降温趋势;春、秋季降水呈减少趋势,秋季降水减少较春季更为明显;夏季降水增加最为显著。Mann-Kendall突变检测表明,近50年驻马店气温有明显的增暖趋势,20世纪90年代后期以来的增温是一突变现象;年降水量以波动变化为主。     

内置式发热实木复合地板的电热性能

通过红外热成像仪采集地板表面温度变化及温度分布数据,分析了不同发热材料及上基材厚度对发热实木复合地板电热性能的影响。结果表明:自限温发热带、发热电缆、碳晶电热膜及碳纤维纸等发热材料均具有良好的发热效果;但从保温性能上来讲,碳晶电热膜的保温效果较好。由碳晶电热膜制备的地板表面温度分布均匀,可优选碳晶电热膜作为内置式发热地板的发热材料。上基材厚度越大,发热材料距离地板表面就越远,板面温升速度越慢;而保暖效果则随着上基材厚度的增加而有所提高,且上基材厚度的增加,有利于温度传递均匀,使地板表面温度分布均匀,可优选上基材厚度为8 mm作为内置式发热地板的结构。     

端口开启方式对麦秆微波加热的影响

运用Comsol Multiphysics软件对3端口微波设备加热麦秆粉末进行建模和仿真,研究微波设备开启单个端口和多个端口组合对麦秆粉末升温的影响.对微波设备右侧端口、右侧和左侧端口开启、3端口共同开启的仿真加热情况进行验证,发现测温点的升温曲线与仿真一致.3个端口对麦秆粉末分别单独加热时,热点会出现在不同的位置,并...     

Modeling 100,000-year climate fluctuations in pre-pleistocene time series

A number of pre-Pleistocene climate records exhibit significant fluctuations at the 100,000-year (100-ky) eccentricity period, before the time of such fluctuations in global ice volume. The origin of these fluctuations has been obscure. Results reported here from a modeling study suggest that such a response can occur over low-latitude land areas involved in monsoon fluctuations. The twice yearly passage of the sun across the equator and the seasonal timing of perihelion interact to increase both 100-ky and 400-ky power in the modeled temperature field. The magnitude of the temperature response is sufficiently large to leave an imprint on the geologic record, and simulated fluctuations resemble those found in records of Triassic lake levels.     

Artificial airglow excited by high-power radio waves

High-power electromagnetic waves beamed into the ionosphere from ground-based transmitters illuminate the night sky with enhanced airglow. The recent development of a new intensified, charge coupled-device imager made it possible to record optical emissions during ionospheric heating. Clouds of enhanced airglow are associated with large-scale plasma density cavities that are generated by the heater beam. Trapping and focusing of electromagnetic waves in these cavities produces accelerated electrons that collisionally excite oxygen atoms, which emit light at visible wavelengths. Convection of plasma across magnetic field lines is the primary source for horizontal motion of the cavities and the airglow enhancements. During ionospheric heating experiments, quasi-cyclic formation, convection, dissipation and reappearance of the cavites comprise a major source of long-term variability in plasma densities during ionospheric heating experiments.     

Probing single molecule dynamics

The room temperature dynamics of single sulforhodamine 101 molecules dispersed on a glass surface are investigated on two different time scales with near-field optics. On the 10(-2)- to 10(2)-second time scale, intensity fluctuations in the emission from single molecules are examined with polarization measurements, providing insight into their spectroscopic properties. On the nanosecond time scale, the fluorescence lifetimes of single molecules are measured, and their excited-state energy transfer to the aluminum coating of the near-field probe is characterized. A movie of the time-resolved emission demonstrates the feasibility of fluorescence lifetime imaging with single molecule sensitivity, picosecond temporal resolution, and a spatial resolving power beyond the diffraction limit.     

射频加热烫漂对苹果片理化性质和微观结构的影响

烫漂是苹果乃至果蔬加工业中的一个重要步骤。采用中试型射频加热系统,在不同极板间距下对苹果片进行射频加热,测定射频加热升温曲线和均匀性,测定 颜色、质构、多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性和重量的变化,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察射频加热过程中苹果片的微观结构,揭示苹果片射频加热烫漂过程中理化 特性变化的机理。结果表明：115 mm时升温速度最快而125 mm下升温最慢,从22℃升到95℃,分别需95 s和140 s;苹果片呈现中间温度高,边缘温度低的现象 。苹果片射频加热的PPO相对酶活是射频加热温度和持续时间的双重作用。随着烫漂温度的升高护色效果变好,苹果片硬度随着烫漂温度的升高而减小。苹果片 细胞破坏程度随着烫漂温度的升高而增大,升温速度越快苹果片细胞破坏越小。苹果片最佳的射频加热条件为极板间距105 mm下加热101 s。     

收割机提升搅龙中干燥稻谷的CFD-DEM数值模拟

针对联合收割机刚收获的稻谷由于含水率较大而易霉变的问题,提出了利用远红外联合热风将稻谷在收割谷物提升搅龙中直接干燥的方法。设计了红外加热器安装在搅龙中心的内加热和安装在搅龙外筒上的外加热2种方案,采用CFD-DEM耦合方法对稻谷运动、传热传质过程以及搅龙内的流场进行了仿真分析,并采用外筒加热方案试验对仿真结果进行了验证。结果表明：模拟值和试验值变化趋势一致,最大相对误差仅为8.34%,试验和仿真结果基本吻合;在不同搅龙转速、热风温度、热风风速和喂入量条件下,外加热方案脱水速率比内加热方案至少快2.91%,说明外加热方案干燥效果优于内加热方案;谷粒的升温随着搅龙转速、热风速度和喂入量的增大而减小,随着热风温度的增大而增大;谷粒脱水速率随着搅龙转速和喂入量的增大而减小,随着热风温度和热风速度的增大而增大。上述研究结果为联合收割机谷物提升搅龙中集成干燥装置的设计及干燥过程的优化提供了理论依据。     

Nearly singular magnetic fluctuations in the normal state of a high-Tc cuprate superconductor

Polarized and unpolarized neutron scattering was used to measure the wave vector- and frequency-dependent magnetic fluctuations in the normal state (from the superconducting transition temperature, Tc = 35 kelvin, up to 350 kelvin) of single crystals of La1.86Sr0.14CuO4. The peaks that dominate the fluctuations have amplitudes that decrease as T-2 and widths that increase in proportion to the thermal energy, kBT (where kB is Boltzmann's constant), and energy transfer added in quadrature. The nearly singular fluctuations are consistent with a nearby quantum critical point.     

加热对鸡胸肉肌原纤维蛋白结构与凝胶特性的影响

【目的】研究加热温度对肌原纤维蛋白二级结构和凝胶特性的影响,并探讨肌原纤维蛋白二级结构与凝胶特性之间的内在关系。【方法】将活AA鸡20只（40日龄）屠宰,取鸡胸肉在-18℃下储存,用于提取鸡胸肉肌原纤维蛋白。用圆二色谱（CD）研究加热过程中肌原纤维蛋白二级结构(α-螺旋,β-折叠,β-转角和无规则卷曲)的变化;使用流变仪测定加热温度对肌原纤维蛋白的流变性质参数储能模量G’和相位角正切值 (Tanδ)的影响;将肌原纤维蛋白在不同温度下制备成凝胶,运用质构仪研究成胶温度对凝胶硬度和弹性的影响;用低场核磁共振仪（NMR）测定不同加热温度下成胶的肌原纤维蛋白凝胶的弛豫时间T2,以此研究不同温度下制得凝胶的水分布特性。利用SPSS17.0对所得的数据进行相关性分析等处理,以便阐明加热温度与肌原纤维蛋白二级结构及其凝胶特性的关系。【结果】加热温度显著影响肌原纤维蛋白的二级结构。随着加热温度升高,肌原纤维蛋白二级结构中α-螺旋含量逐渐降低。在30℃时α-螺旋含量为95.77%,加热温度在30-40℃以及70-80℃之间时α-螺旋含量变化很小,在40-70℃之间显著下降（P＜0.05）,到80℃时下降到45.05%。 β-折叠含量在30-45℃之间随温度上升缓慢增加,在40-70℃之间显著增加（P＜0.05）,超过70℃后含量仅略有增加;在30-80℃加热范围内,β-折叠含量从0.20%增加到12.65%。α-螺旋含量降低代表蛋白质分子展开程度增加,而β-折叠含量增加代表蛋白质分子间聚集程度增加。加热温度影响肌原纤维蛋白的流变性、质构特性和水分布特性。G’开始增加时的温度为42℃,表明肌原纤维蛋白在此温度下开始胶凝。在42-50℃之间,G’迅速增加到峰值177 Pa,之后G’迅速下降 (50-55℃),在55-75℃范围内G’再次快速增加;肌原纤维蛋白凝胶硬度在40-75℃内随温度上升而显著增大,在75℃时硬度达到最大值51.4 g。凝胶弹性在55℃达到弹性最大值0.754;在NMR图谱中T2有 3个峰,其中T22表示不可移动水,肌原纤维蛋白成胶温度在40-60℃内的凝胶T22值随加热温度上升从403.7 ms降到265.6 ms,即T22向快弛豫方向移动,表明随着温度的升高,水分子移动性降低。经相关性分析发现,加热温度、β-折叠含量与凝胶G’和凝胶硬度呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,相关系数均高于0.849,说明加热引起了蛋白质分子展开、聚集、并导致蛋白质分子胶凝、凝胶的G’及硬度显著变化。α-螺旋、β-折叠含量与凝胶的弹性和T22之间相关性不显著（P＞0.05）。综合分析加热温度对α-螺旋含量、β-折叠含量和G’的影响,发现加热温度超过40℃时,加热同时导致肌原纤维分子展开、分子间聚集和胶凝;并发现展开后的肌原纤维蛋白分子部分重排成β-折叠结构是导致凝胶G’增加的关键因素;分析加热温度对β-折叠含量和凝胶硬度的影响,发现β-折叠结构含量增加也是导致凝胶硬度增加的关键因素。【结论】肌原纤维蛋白从30℃加热到80℃时,其α-螺旋含量显著下降,β-折叠含量显著提高,加热引起蛋白质二级结构发生重大变化,肌原纤维蛋白在42℃开始胶凝。凝胶硬度在75℃时达最大值51.4 g。加热温度、β-折叠含量与凝胶的G’和硬度呈极显著正相关,加热过程中β-折叠含量增加是导致凝胶G’和硬度增加的关键。