Evaporation and redistribution of salts in a silt loam soil as affected by tillage induced soil mulch

Soil water evaporation, redistribution of surface applied salts and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity were determined in field plots of a silt loam soil kept either untilled or tilled to a depth of 5 cm 2–3 days following irrigation. The hydraulic gradients measured were comparatively steeper and the zone of zero flux during drying occurred at greater depths in untilled than tilled soil. Tillage induced soil mulch reduced evaporation losses; its effectiveness, however, decreased during high external evaporative demand conditions. Some empirical relations to determine evaporation utilizing more easily accesible parameters, such as surface soil water content or suction and U.S. open-pan evaporation, were established for predictive purposes. Due to reduction in upward movement of water, shallow tillage resulted in decrease in upward movement of salts and thus, increased the efficiency of leaching during intermittent ponding. The empirical relationship describing the leaching process showed a net saving of 12.7% in water required to attain 70% removal of surface accumulated salts. Increase in unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of soil due to salinization was also observed.     

土壤初始含水率对坡面降雨入渗及土壤水分再分布的影响

在防止土壤侵蚀和雨后抑制蒸发的条件下，利用室内人工降雨试验，研究了土壤初始含水率对坡面降雨入渗、湿润锋运移及土壤水分再分布规律的影响。结果表明：初始含水率越高，产流越快，平均入渗率越小，达到稳定入渗率的时间也越短；当初始含水率均匀分布时，降雨入渗和再分布过程中湿润锋面平行坡面垂直向下整体运移，坡面降雨入渗过程可以简化为一维；当初始含水率非均匀分布时，初始含水率越高，再分布过程中湿润锋的运移速率越大，但在降雨入渗过程中，湿润锋的运移速率与土体的湿润程度和范围有一定的关系；坡面上方来水(径流)虽然对湿润锋运移速率影响不大，但对入渗有一定的促进作用；再分布过程中，土壤水分有沿坡向下运移的趋势。     

Simulation of heat and moisture transfer through a surface residue—soil system

A simulation model suitable for describing the dynamic aspects of mass and energy transfer in a soil—residue—atmosphere system has been developed and used to determine soil heat and water budgets. The model has been programmed in BASIC and uses numerical methods suitable for microcomputer applications. It displays a fundamental coupling of the surface residue to the soil—atmosphere system, and uses network analysis to describe heat and moisture transfer. Short-wave and long-wave radiative transfer, changes in energy status, rainfall interception by the residue, infiltration, redistribution, evaporation, and drainage are all accounted for. Daily input requirements include global short-wave radiation, maximum and minimum air temperatures, average wind speed, precipitation, and temperature and water content deep within the soil. General site, residue, and soil characteristics are also needed.Surface residues are treated as a thin layer with uniform horizontal distribution and residue loading rate is 3000 kg ha⁻¹. Application of the model to energy and water budget studies using environmental data recorded at Pullman, WA during 1981/82 is discussed. Simulation results indicate that for the Pullman conditions surface residues decreased evaporation by roughly 36% when compared with simulations of bare soil evaporation. Monthly trends, however, indicate that the effectiveness of residues in conserving soil moisture decreases as the length of rain-free periods increases.     

浅地下水埋深条件下土壤水盐动态BP网络模型研究

针对浅地下水埋深条件下作物生育期内根系层土壤水盐动态模拟中存在的问题,将人工神经网络引入水盐动态的模拟和预报中,建立了根系活动层0～60 cm和0～100 cm深度内土壤水盐动态的BP网络模型。结果表明,以生育时段初平均土壤含水率、平均土壤盐分指标、地下水水位埋深、地下水盐分指标、时段内水面蒸发量、降雨量(包括灌水量)、生育期日序列7个因素为输入因子,以生育时段末平均土壤水分、平均土壤盐分指标为输出因子的BP网络模型可有效表征土壤水盐动态及其影响因素之间的内在复杂关系,并且有较高的精度。该研究为分析浅地下水埋深条件下作物生育期内土壤水盐动态规律的分析提供了一种有效可行的方法,是对传统土壤水盐动态研究的补充。     

覆土浅埋滴灌玉米田双作物系数模型参数全局敏感性分析

为深刻了解双作物系数模型参数对覆土浅埋滴灌玉米田蒸散发耗水结构及水分传输过程的影响,采用拓展傅里叶幅度敏感性检验法对模型参数进行全局敏感性分析,筛选出敏感参数,提高调参校准的效率和精准度。结果表明:参数±10%变化时,全生育期土壤蒸发量、作物蒸腾量、蒸散发耗水量最大值较最小值分别高18.72%、25.37%、19.9%。土壤蒸发是表土水分的消耗过程,总量在最大、最小值条件下1 m土层日贮水量动态接近,而作物蒸腾是消耗整个根系层内土壤水,总量变化对1 m土层水分消耗的影响较大。土壤蒸发总量的敏感参数为土壤表层可蒸发水量、生长中期基础作物系数,其全局敏感性指数为0.662、0.321,是不敏感参数均值的33.6~69.4倍。作物蒸腾总量的敏感参数为根系不受水分胁迫的临界土壤贮水量、生长中期基础作物系数、田间持水量,其敏感性指数为0.569、0.485、0.455,是不敏感参数均值的34.5~43倍。敏感参数与蒸发蒸腾的关系为:表土完全湿润后,其可蒸发水量决定干燥过程土壤蒸发量,二者正相关。中期基础作物系数影响蒸发系数,总蒸发量与其负相关。根系不受水分胁迫的临界土壤贮水量越高,玉米根区易利用的水量区间越窄,根系越早发生水分胁迫,作物蒸腾受限,总蒸腾量与其负相关。中期基础作物系数与总蒸腾量正相关,对其影响程度远高于初期、后期基础作物系数。田间持水量高的土壤能在灌溉、降雨量较大时存贮更多水分用于作物蒸腾,总蒸腾量与其正相关。     

基于SIMDualKc模型估算西北旱区冬小麦蒸散量及土壤蒸发量

为研究西北旱区冬小麦蒸散和土壤蒸发规律,以及土壤蒸发比例与其影响因子的关系,利用2 a冬小麦小区控水试验实测数据,对SIMDual Kc模型进行了参数校正和验证,对比大型称重式蒸渗仪的实测蒸散量值(或水量平衡法计算值)与模型模拟值。用建立的模型模拟精度评价标准对模拟值和实测值的误差进行评价。用经参数校验的模型模拟冬小麦农田土壤蒸发,并与微型蒸渗仪的实测值进行对比。基于通径分析方法研究气象因子(最低气温、最高气温、平均相对湿度、2 m处风速、太阳辐射量)和作物因子(地面覆盖度)与土壤蒸发比例的关系。结果表明,该研究建立的模型模拟精度评价标准能够较为全面地评价模型精度;SIMDual Kc模型可以较好地模拟西北旱区不同灌溉制度下冬小麦蒸散量和土壤蒸发量的变化过程,且在模拟长时段累积值时具有较高精度;拔节-灌浆期是冬小麦的需水关键期,冬小麦全生育期土壤蒸发比例呈现出生长中期生长后期快速生长后期生长初期的规律;灌水仅在短时间内影响土壤蒸发,地面覆盖度是影响土壤蒸发的最主要因子;在实测数据不充足的情况下,可以将地面覆盖度和蒸散量作为输入变量,用该研究确定的土壤蒸发比例与地面覆盖度的回归模型计算土壤蒸发量,该模型在计算不同水分条件下冬小麦农田土壤蒸发量时表现出较高的计算精度,决定系数在0.721~0.902之间,可以作为计算土壤蒸发量的简便方法。研究可为西北旱区冬小麦农田节水和灌溉决策提供理论依据。     

均质土壤一维非饱和流动通用程序

本文建立了一个非饱和土壤水一维流动的数值计算模型,用以模拟均质土壤、地下水埋藏很深,且在不同的初始条件与边界条件下的水分运动。可用来计算土壤剖面入渗、蒸发、蒸腾和再分配以及当这些现象交替出现时的水分运动过程。程序用FORTRAN语言编写,在M-150计算机上实现,并经室内试验初步检验。用该程序计算了几个算例:(1)稳定蒸发与波动蒸发的比较;(2)稳定降雨入渗土壤水分变化状况;(3)小麦生育期土壤剖面水分变化。     

利用放射性I131和S35研究松沙土土体和地下水盐分的运动

盐碱土表土盐分积累的来源,不仅与地下水埋深及其矿化度有关,而且与土体盐分再分配有关。本试验是利用放射性I¹³¹(NaI¹³¹)和S³⁵(Na₂S³⁵O₄)的示踪方法,探讨在含盐地下水正常补给情况下,土体和地下水盐分运行的一些规律,有助于全面了解表土积盐的过程。     

A model of ammonia volatilization from applied urea. V. The effects of steady-state drainage and evaporation

Rachhpal-Singh & Nye's model of ammonia volatilization is expanded to account for the effects of steady-state water movement by drainage or evaporation when the soil does not dry out to any great extent. The model shows how upward movement of water during evaporation increases volatilization by carrying urea-derived NH₄⁺ and HCO₃^? ions upward, thereby increasing the concentration of ammonia gas at the surface. Conversely, water drainage reduces volatilization by carrying the dissolved solutes into the soil. The model is used to assess the effects on volatilization of evaporating conditions and of irrigation or rainfall.     

以水面蒸发量为参考推求土壤实际蒸发量的数学模型

为了准确估算土壤在实际条件下的蒸发量,该文以水面蒸发量为参考,结合能量平衡方程及微气象学方法,推导计算土壤实际蒸发量的数学模型.结果表明所建模型所需参数为水面及蒸发土壤表面的日最高温度和日平均温度、水面日蒸发量、风速等.模型的验证结果表明计算的土壤蒸发量与实测蒸发量比较吻合(R2=0.90).模型所引入的参考蒸发面使其避开了土壤蒸发复杂的物理本质,从而使得对土壤蒸发的计算变得简单易行.     

The utility of Burns’s equation to describe solute movement through soil under various boundary and initial conditions

Burns’s equation for describing solute movement through soil is attractive because it is simple and predicts adequately in many instances. However, the assumptions implicit in it are not inconsistent with preferential solute flow. We have explored the consequences of this by leaching initially resident chloride and surface-applied tritium and nitrate through 250-mm-long intact cores of a silt loam soil. The applied flow rates of 3 and 5 mm h^?1 (realistic rainfall intensities) produced unsaturated soil conditions, except near the base where free water dripped out. Burns’s equation described the movement of the three solutes fairly successfully with the water content parameter having values between 0.29 and 0.48, similar to the actual volumetric water content of 0.47. The leaching of resident chloride to 450-mm-deep mole drains in the field was also successfully simulated using Burns’s equation. However, simulation of the leaching of bromide applied to the soil surface as a solid salt was problematic. This resulted from uncertainty as to whether to treat the application as a pulse input to the flux or resident concentration. The observed behaviour fell about midway between the simulations for these contrasting initial conditions.     

梯田蓄水效益估算方法探讨

[目的]综合考虑梯田土壤性质、梯田形态及降雨雨型的差异,构建梯田蓄水保水效益的估算方法及框架。[方法]运用土壤水库计算模型与入渗模型,探讨蓄满产流和超渗产流模式下梯田土壤水分的预测方法;基于Richards方程,分析不同田坎边界的土壤水分入渗二维分异。在此基础上,进一步对前峰型、均匀型、后峰型、阶梯型4种降雨雨型下产生的单一产流模式或2种产流模式均存在时土壤水分运动进行情景分析。[结果](1)提出梯田蓄水效益分布式估算方法,计算单个梯田田块土壤最大蓄水容量(W_M);(2)对不同田坎类型的梯田而言,浆砌石坎梯田防侧渗效果最好,土坎梯田防侧渗效果最差,且孔隙大、密度小、修筑时间短的新土坎梯田比修筑时间长的土坎梯田在发生侧渗时损失水分更多;(3)得出不同雨型下蓄满产流的临界时间(t)。[结论]该估算方法可大幅度降低对野外设施、设备的依赖程度,降低投入成本,借助野外调查采样,基于模型模拟估算梯田蓄水效益。此外,该方法可根据单个梯田田块蓄水效益分布式计算数据,在区域尺度上估算梯田蓄水保水效益,以期为不同区域梯田的蓄水效益估算提供参考。     

室内模拟降雨条件下土壤水分入渗及再分布试验

降雨入渗对城市绿化、防洪排涝、农业生产等方面有着重要的意义。采用室内模拟降雨,使用时域反射仪采集相关数据,从土壤含水率变化特征和湿润锋运移特点等方面,研究了在垂向一维条件下不同雨强降雨对水分入渗的影响,探讨在降雨条件下土壤水分的再分布情况,从而确定试验所用砂壤土保水性最优土层范围。结果表明：降雨结束后,土壤水分的再分布主要受土水势控制,随着时间的延长,蒸发作用逐渐占据主导地位;试验所用砂壤土的最佳保水性土层深度为20～35 cm,可为植物的选栽提供参考。     

Two models for the leaching of a non-reactive solute to a mole drain

Two models of solute leaching to a mole-pipe drainage system are described. The first model is research-oriented. It simplifies two-dimensional water and solute flow to a mole drain by dividing the soil between the mid-mole plane and the mole into notional compartments. Solute movement between compartments is assumed to occur by convection and mechanical dispersion. Within each compartment a mobile and immobile solute phase is defined, with diffusion occurring between them. Rainfall intensity (over approximately hourly intervals) and basic soil hydraulic data are needed as inputs. An explicit finite-difference solution to the water and solute mass-balance and flux equations is used. The second simpler model is management-oriented. It uses daily time steps, and assumes the soil solution behaves as if it were well-mixed system. It requires only daily rainfall and evaporation data, the drainage coefficient of the mole-pipe system, and the soil macroporosity as inputs. In both models a source/sink term accounts for additions of solute in rainfall and fertilizer, and extraction by plant uptake. The models were used to simulate leaching losses of chloride to a mole-pipe drainage system in a silt loam under pasture, following the application of potassium chloride to the soil surface. The first model simulated leaching better immediately after ertilizer application, and during bypass flow induced by heavy rain. However, both models were able to simulate the measured losses over a 2-year period equally well.     

The wetting and drying of a grazed and ungrazed clay soil

A 4 year field experiment clearly demonstrates the role played by desiccation cracks in the redistribution of rainfall during the autumn re-wetting of a Windsor Series clay soil. Where topsoil structure is damaged by the trampling of grazing animals, cracks are well developed and a portion of rain water is diverted down them, by-passing the topsoil. Redistribution takes place from two centres, the bottom of the cracks and the surface. But where structure is unaffected by trampling, the soil accommodates seasonal shrinkage without cracking and redistribution is by diffusion from the surface only. Summer evaporation is shown to be linearly related to Penman's potential evapotranspiration over a wide range of soil moisture deficits, and simple constants are provided to correct E_T to obtain E_A. The M.A.F.F. method of estimating evapotranspiration is shown to be too conservative and fails to identify the October maximum soil moisture deficit common in this soil.     

表层有效土壤水分参数化及冠层下土面蒸发模拟

通过观测田间微气象数据、土壤表层水分变化状况及荞麦作物冠层下土面蒸发等资料,引进一个表面体积含水率的函数,构建了基于表层有效土壤水分的土壤蒸发模型。该模型包含了土面蒸发的2个过程:水蒸气从土壤孔隙中扩散到地表面及水蒸气由地表面传输到大气中。模型中表层有效土壤水分参数不仅取决于表层土壤含水状况,而且受风速影响。采用波文比能量平衡法及微型蒸发器观测荞麦地实际蒸腾蒸发量及冠层下土面蒸发的变化规律,并验证模型精度。结果表明,所构建模型可以成功预测冠层下土面蒸发,其平均相对误差为13.5%。该研究对于实现土壤蒸发及作物蒸腾的分离估算,减少无效水分消耗具有重要意义。     

非饱和土壤一维水分入渗与再分布的解析解法

Soil infiltration and redistribution are important processes in field water cycle, and it is necessary to develop a simple model to describe the processes. In this study, an algebraic solution for one-dimensional water infiltration and redistribution without evaporation in unsaturated soil was developed based on Richards equation. The algebraic solution had three parameters, namely, the saturated water conductivity, the comprehensive shape coefflcient of the soil water content distribution, and the soil suction allocation coefficient. To analyze the physical features of these parameters, a relationship between the Green-Ampt model and the algebraic solution was established. The three parameters were estimated based on experimental observations, whereas the soil water content and the water infiltration duration were calculated using the algebraic solution. The calculated soil water content and infiltration duration were compared with the experimental observations, and the results indicated that the algebraic solution accurately described the unsaturated soil water flow processes.     

不同微咸水灌水量条件下覆砂措施对土壤水盐运移的影响

采用室内土柱模拟试验,对比研究了不同微咸水灌水量条件下覆砂与不覆砂对土壤水盐分布和运移的影响,以期为压砂地合理利用微咸水提供理论支持。结果表明,与不覆砂相比,覆砂增加了土壤水分下渗深度,最大增加深度可达8 cm;减少了试验期间土壤水分累计蒸发量,低、中、高3个灌水量分别减少了74%、54%和21%,减少幅度随灌水量增加有降低的趋势。在土壤水分再分布过程中,土壤剖面出现明显分界点,覆砂提高了分界点处土壤水分含量,增加量为2%~5%;保蓄了上层土壤水分含量,尤其是低灌水量时,不覆砂处理0~20 cm土壤水分含量在试验期间减少幅度达到34%,而覆砂处理仅减少了16.9%;增加了下层土壤水分含量。同时,覆砂明显抑制了表层土壤盐分累积,抑制幅度达到92.4%~95.2%;提高了土壤剖面盐分峰值处盐分含量,提高幅度在11.02%~37.55%;盐分峰值的位置随着试验时间延长不断向下运移。表明,微咸水灌溉条件下,覆砂措施通过减少土壤水分蒸发和增加土壤水分入渗而抑制表层土壤盐分累积,促进土壤盐分向下层运动。     

Effects of agricultural practices on hydraulic properties and water movement in soils in Brittany (France)

The intensive agricultural use of soils in the Brittany region (western France) has increased the need for a better understanding of soil water dynamics. The aim of the present study is to compare quantitatively the differences produced by two agricultural practices on soil hydraulic properties (water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity) as well as the infiltration and drainage fluxes in the soils. This study was carried out on two experimental plots managed in the same way for 22 years. The two practices were continuous maize fertilized with mineral fertilizer, denoted as MX, and pasture within a ray-grass/maize rotation (3/1 year) with organic fertilization (pig slurry), denoted as PR. The study consisted of measuring soil physical properties in the laboratory and in the field, and estimating water infiltration in the soil of the two plots by recording water pressure heads after simulation of 2-h artificial rainfall with an intensity of 17 mm/h. We applied the van Genuchten model to describe the water retention and hydraulic conductivity curves (θ(h) and K(h)) for each soil horizon of the two plots. Hydrus-2D and ID softwares were used to construct a numerical model of water movement in the two soils. This model was used to quantify the infiltration rate, deep drainage and actual evaporation fluxes during the artificial rainfall experiment.The vertical influence of agricultural practices in both plots appears to be limited to the uppermost 35 cm. Deeper in the B horizon, there are only very slight differences in the hydraulic properties between the two plots. In the top soil horizons (H1–H5 and H6), the two soil properties mostly affected by practices are the hydraulic conductivity and the α parameter of the van Genuchten model. At the lowest pressure head studied here (−1.5 kPa), hydraulic conductivity in a given horizon differs by more than one order of magnitude between the two plots. The model reproduces quite satisfactorily the observed pressure heads in plot PR at all depths, in the rainy period as well as in the water redistribution period (efficiency >0.77). Results are less good for the MX plot, with efficiency ranging from 0.49 to 0.84 depending on the horizon. The different sources of simulation errors are identified and discussed. For the MX plot, the soil water movement model succeeds in reproducing the infiltration excess runoff observed in the field, allowing us to calculate that it accounts for 9% of the applied rainfall. No surface runoff or ponding appears in the PR plot during the artificial rainfall experiment. In the PR plot, the simulated deep drainage flux increases more rapidly than in the MX plot. The lower hydraulic conductivity in the top soil horizon of the MX plot compared with the PR plot appears to reduce the infiltration rate as well as the deep drainage flux. It also decreases the upward flow of water to the soil surface when the water content in the top soil layer is depleted by evaporation flux. The model simulation could be improved by a more precise representation of the soil structure, particularly the location, size and frequency of clods as well as the variability of hydraulic properties. However, we need to strike a balance between improving the quality of the simulation even further and the practical constraints and efforts involved in measuring the soil hydraulic properties.     

松嫩平原西部盐渍荒漠化机理研究

选择松嫩平原西部盐碱化程度最高的大安市叉干镇明乐村,研究碱斑地的蒸散过程、土壤水分入渗过程,以及盐分运移和水盐平衡规律,进一步探讨该地区盐渍荒漠化的形成机理。结果表明:碱斑地没有植被覆盖,蒸散过程以土壤蒸发为主,水分运动带动盐分大量向土表积累;碱斑地土壤水分入渗率低,下行盐分远远小于上行盐分。土壤表层盐分累积的结果,使得该地区的草地景观退化,碱斑地面积增加,导致盐渍荒漠化程度加剧。