开花期低温胁迫对四川攀西稻区水稻开花结实的影响

以3种籼稻品种和3种粳稻品种为试验材料, 利用人工气候室在开花期进行低温胁迫处理, 研究了低温胁迫对攀西稻区籼、粳稻开花和结实及两者间关系的影响。结果表明, 开花期低温胁迫下籼稻和粳稻的开花习性、花药和花粉特性和结实表现不同。常规粳稻开花对低温有较高的耐冷性。低温胁迫下籼稻品种(组合)花药体积、花药开裂率、可育花粉率、柱头着花粉数和柱头花粉萌发率较对照降低幅度均比粳稻品种(组合)大; 籼稻品种(组合)各产量构成因素较对照降低幅度比粳稻品种(组合)大。相关分析表明, 结实与水稻花药和花粉主要性状有密切关系。开花期低温胁迫影响花药和花粉发育成熟, 使花药不能正常开裂、散粉不足, 可育花粉率和柱头花粉萌发率降低, 直接影响受精结实, 成为结实率降低的主要原因之一。     

澳洲坚果花粉保存及生活力测定

为研究澳洲坚果花粉最佳保存方法,为人工授粉提高产量及杂交育种亲本组合提供理论依据,以澳洲坚果品种D的花粉为材料,采用自然干燥,干燥皿干燥,40 ℃烘箱干燥3种干燥方式,分别干燥2 h,6 h,10 h,24 h,并在低温（4 ℃）条件下保存5 d、10 d、15 d、20 d、25 d、30 d,以琼脂培养法测定花粉萌发率。结果表明：自然干燥和干燥皿干燥方式下花粉萌发率差异不显著,但两者均极显著高于40 ℃烘箱干燥方式下的花粉萌发率;自然干燥下4个干燥时间在保存了20 d内的花粉萌发力均能用于人工授粉;干燥皿干燥2 h、6 h保存20 d内的花粉萌发率均在15%以上,可以在生产中应用;40 ℃烘箱干燥方式处理下,所有干燥时间和保存时间的花粉萌发力均在15%以下,对于人工授粉没有价值;在低温（4 ℃）保存下,澳洲坚果花粉萌发率以自然干燥方式下干燥2 h保存5 d最佳,为42.24%;但是综合考虑外界环境调控的容易程度,在生产中选择干燥皿干燥方式为最佳。     

机械采粉、授粉对水稻花粉活力和异交结实的影响

研究了机械采粉、授粉及低温贮藏对水稻花粉活力的影响以及机械授粉技术与异交结实的关系,结果表明:机械采粉明显降低花粉活力,在培养基上萌发率为33.2～36.7%,而人工采粉萌发率为55.7%;机收花粉低温贮藏15天后,萌发率降为15.6%,而人工采粉萌发率为23.7%.授粉液以5%蔗糖十2ppm GA_3 100ppm CaCl_2 100ppm NH_4H_2PO_4效果较好,在无自然授粉情况下,喷施含花粉授粉液给母本,结实率可达7.0%～13.0%.     

机械采粉,授粉对水稻花粉活力异交结实的影响

研究了机械采粉、授粉及低温贮藏对水稻花粉活力的影响以及机械授粉技术与异交结实的关系，结果表明：机械采粉明显降低花粉活力，在培养基上萌发率为３３．２－３６．７％，而人工采粉萌发率为５５．７％；机收花粉低温贮藏１５天后，萌发率降为１５．６％，而人工采粉萌发率为２３．７％。     

4个美洲黑杨无性系花粉的贮藏与萌发特性

花粉萌发以及花粉管的伸长是植物能够结实的基础,是植物杂交育种成败的关键.本研究以美洲黑杨4个无性系花粉为试验材料,研究其在不同贮藏条件下花粉生活力的变化情况.结果表明:因切枝水培温度过高(30℃),S 3412和S 3265无性系新鲜花粉的生活力已经为0,而S 3114和S 3804无性系所在的水培温度为20℃,新鲜花粉的萌发率较高,分别为48.02％、31.18％.常温贮藏过程中,S 3114和S 3804无性系花粉生活力下降极快,2d后花粉全部丧失生活力,因此杨树花粉不宜在常温下贮藏;在冷藏(4)和冷冻(-20℃)条件下,花粉生活力下降较常温贮藏时缓慢,尤以-20℃贮藏条件下生活力要高些.两种低温条件下,S 3114花粉生活力均可保持10d,S 3804可保持4d.     

不同贮藏条件对贵州小桐子花粉活力的影响

为了实现贵州小桐子花粉的长期贮藏,实现小桐子的高产、稳产,采用TTC法测定花粉活力、培养液培养测定花粉萌发率,研究了室温(20℃)、室温干燥(20℃)、低温(4℃)、低温冷冻(-20℃)及超低温真空冷冻(-80℃)5种贮藏条件对小桐子花粉活力及萌发率的影响.结果表明,20℃室温贮藏和20℃室温干燥贮藏条件下保存的花粉活力及花粉萌发率仅能维持20d和30d,4℃低温可以贮藏60d,-20℃低温冷冻可以贮藏180d,-80℃超低温真空冷冻条件下贮藏360d后,花粉活力可以保持48.62％,花粉萌发率还可以保持45.33％,完全可用于花粉贮藏和种子小年时的人工辅助授粉.     

不同因素对西瓜花粉生活力的影响

通过花粉培养、显微镜观察的方法,研究了不同温度、营养、保藏条件对花粉生活力的影响,结果表明,西瓜花粉萌发适宜温度为18~38℃,上限温度为48℃,下限温度8℃,在较高生长温度条件下形成的花粉生活力较强;低温处理时间越长,对花粉发芽越不利;8℃低温、干燥条件有利花粉短期保存;营养充足的大型花蕾花粉萌发较好。     

温度对白魔芋花粉功能及自交结实的影响

研究温度对白魔芋散粉、花粉萌发、活力保持及自交结实的影响,以离体萌发法测定花粉萌发率,以培养箱法测定恒温自交结实率,以野外套袋法测定自然自交结实率。结果显示:最佳散粉温度22~26℃,18℃低温下可正常散粉,而34~38℃高温下80%以上花株花粉囊无法正常开裂;高浓度钙可加快花粉管的生长;花粉在18、22、26、30、34、38℃下的萌发率分别为8.78%、33.17%、54.90%、38.83%、29.10%、6.98%;花粉在38、34、30、26、22、18℃贮藏下分别在4、4、12、12、25、55 h内丧失活性。恒温培养中仅26℃下有4.35%的自交存活率,野外套袋中日平均温度为23.7℃时有2.94%的自交存活率。白魔芋的散粉培养及离体萌发最佳温度为26℃,温度过高或过低均影响授粉结实率。及时采集花粉、控制温度、调节湿度、适当灌溉均能提高授粉结实率。     

春季低温对小麦花粉育性及粒数形成的影响

小麦拔节后遭遇春季低温,每穗粒数下降,产量降低。为探明春季低温引起每穗粒数减少的生理原因,以春性小麦扬麦16和半冬性小麦徐麦30为供试品种,研究小麦倒二叶出生期(昼夜5℃/–3℃)、孕穗期(昼夜8℃/–1℃)和开花期(昼夜12℃/4℃)分别进行低温处理对小麦花粉育性及每穗粒数形成的影响。结果表明:倒二叶出生期和孕穗期低温均导致2个小麦品种在二胞花粉期和三胞花粉期花药中的多糖物质淀粉和蛋白质的代谢异常,绒毡层解体延迟;孕穗期低温还造成花粉母细胞减数分裂中染色体配对异常、出现微核等情况,影响正常雄配子体形成;花粉败育率表现为倒二叶出生期低温处理>孕穗期低温处理>开花期低温处理,徐麦30败育率高于扬麦16;3个时期低温均显著降低了2个小麦品种结实小穗数、每小穗结实粒数和每穗粒数,以倒二叶出生期低温处理穗粒数降低的幅度最大。相关分析表明,春季低温引起花粉母细胞减数分裂异常、绒毡层延迟解体、花药营养物质供给不足导致的花粉育性下降,是春季低温导致小麦每穗粒数减少的主要原因。     

47个果梅品种开花生物学特性和花粉萌发率比较

为在生产上保护果梅正常开花,保障优质高产稳产提供理论参考,以及为进一步开展花粉萌发率研究和杂交育种工作奠定基础,笔者对47个不同的中外果梅品种开花生物学特性进行调查研究,包括花香、不完全花比例及花粉量的调查,同时测定花粉的萌发率,并对各组数据进行相关的统计学分析。结果表明：在所调查的品种中,中国品种整体上比日本品种香气浓郁;不完全花比例一般占总花量的1.17%~59.65%;不同果梅品种间花粉量有很大差异,变化值0~1265;品种间花粉萌发率存在很大差异,最高84.76%,最低为0;花粉量与花粉萌发率之间存在显著的相关性。不完全花比例高、花期易受低温危害是造成果梅产量低而不稳的主要原因。试验表明,不同果梅品种不完全花比例、花粉量以及花粉萌发率存在显著差异。     

水稻品种生殖生长期耐冷性及其低温胁迫下MADS-box基因表达差异分析

选用来自中国不同稻作生态的4个特殊常规水稻品种:辐恢838(普通籼稻)、月亮谷(云南高海拔籼稻)、C418(普通粳稻)和丽粳11号(云南高寒粳稻),于减数分裂期和开花期分别低温(16℃)处理5d后又恢复5d,研究低温下生殖生长期的冷胁迫效应(花粉育性,结实率,百粒重下降程度)及相关MADS-box基因差异表达情况。结果表明:四个品种生殖生长期耐冷性由低到高排列依次是:辐恢838相似文献   

In vitro pollen germination and tube growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and its relation with plant growth

Summary In vitro pollen germination at 10°C, 14°C and 22°C of four groups of two pure line tomato varieties was compared with their plant growth at 19°C D/10°C N under controlled environmental conditions. Generally, pollen germination was slow at 10°C but after 6 h the percentage of germination was similar to that at 22°C. Maximum germination was obtained at 14°C already after 4 h. The longest pollen tubes occurred at 22°C. The two varieties within each group differed significantly from each other for percentage of pollen germination. For one group, this difference was greater at 10°C than at 22°C. The varieties in two groups also differed significantly for pollen tube growth. These differences in pollen tube growth rate were greater at 22°C than at 10°C. There was no clear relationship between pollen germination, pollen tube growth and plant growth in any of the four pairs of varieties. The results are discussed with regard to the possibility of pollen selection at low temperature in order to improve the efficiency of breeding for growth at low temperature.     

Hybrid Tea-rose pollen. I. Germination and storage

Summary Germination and storage trials were carried out with pollen of several rose varieties. The pollen grains germinated well in a 15% sucrose solution with 40 ppm boric acid. Staining the pollen with a 0.1% tetrazolium solution and standardizing the degree of colour at which the pollen grains are counted as viable, provided a good viability estimate, simpler to carry out than in vitro germination. Germination capacity and staining ability of the pollen were greatly impeded-about halved-by dehydration during storage in desiccators at low humidity. This effect could be corrected by humidifying the pollen beforehand for about one hour, though this pre-treatment increased the percentage of germinated pollen grains more than the percentage stained. There was no difference between the two percentages in fresh or in deep-frozen pollen.Pollen stored at 1°C and high relative humidity soon lost its germination capacity: between 0 and 20% humidity a considerable proportion of the pollen remained viable for 9 months and longer. Storage for the same period in vacuum-sealed glass tubes at –24°C maintained viability as well or better and would probably prolong it further. Some of the cold-stored pollen induced a reasonable seed set after one year, a low seed set was obtained even after two years of storage at 1°C and low humidity.     

Genetical and morphological characterization of cold tolerance at fertilization stage in rice

Cold temperature during the reproductive phase leads to seed sterility, which reduces yield and decreases the grain quality of rice. The fertilization stage, ranging from pollen maturation to the completion of fertilization, is sensitive to unsuitable temperature. Improving cold tolerance at the fertilization stage (CTF) is an important objective of rice breeding program in cold temperature areas. In this study, we characterized fertilization behavior under cold temperature to define the phenotype of CTF and identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for CTF. A wide variation in CTF levels has been identified among local cultivars in Hokkaido, which is one of the most northern regions for rice cultivation in the world. Clear varietal differences in pollen germination, and pollen tube elongation due to cold temperature have been observed. These differences may confer a degree of CTF among this population. We conducted QTL analysis for CTF using 120 backcrossed inbred lines derived from a cross between Eikei88223 (vigorous CTF) and Suisei (very weak CTF). Three QTLs for CTF were identified. A clear effect by QTL, qCTF7, for increasing the level of CTF was validated using advanced progeny. These results will facilitate marker-assist selection for desirable QTLs for CTF in rice breeding program.     

耐盐性不同水稻品种根系对盐胁迫的响应差异及其机理研究

为阐明耐盐性不同的水稻品种根系和产量对盐胁迫的响应及其生理特性,以4个耐盐水稻品种和2个盐敏感水稻品种为材料,设置4个不同的盐浓度处理(0.0、1.0、2.0和2.5g/kg)。结果表明,与盐敏感水稻品种相比,耐盐水稻品种能够耐受更高浓度的盐胁迫(2.5g/kg),且减产幅度较小。耐盐水稻品种具有较高的产量,得益于其较高的总颖花量和结实率,且总颖花量对产量的影响最大。与盐敏感水稻品种相比,在分蘖中期、穗分化期和抽穗后15d,耐盐水稻品种在盐胁迫下具有更大的根系总吸收表面积和活跃吸收表面积,更高的根系氧化力,更有优势的根长、根直径和根表面积,较低的过氧化氢含量,较高的脱落酸含量以及更强的固定Na⁺的能力。上述结果表明,分蘖中期、穗分化期和抽穗后15d根系生理性状和形态性状差异会影响水稻产量构成因素中的总颖花量和结实率,进而影响产量,且根干重与根长对总颖花量和结实率的影响最大。这也证实了较发达的根系是水稻具有较强耐盐性的生理基础。耐盐水稻良好的根系生理和形态性状是获得高产的基础。该研究结果对水稻耐盐生理机制研究与水稻耐盐育种有借鉴意义。     

Breeding tomato for pollen tolerance to low temperatures by gametophytic selection

Haploid selection for traits related to pollen cold tolerance in tomato was performed in segregating populations derived from a Lycopersicon esculentum × L. pennellii hybrid. BC₁ populations were obtained by combining normal and low temperature treatments on two stages of pollen development: pollen formation, and germination and pollen tube growth. F₁ hybrids were cultivated under low and normal temperatures and their pollen was used to pollinate L. esculentum plants at low and normal temperatures. The four BC₁ populations obtained were tested for the quality and quantity of pollen produced at low temperatures. The population obtained by cold treatment at both stages had a significantly improved pollen germination ability at low temperatures. The two other coldselected BC₁ populations showed no differences compared with the unselected BC population. A second cycle of pollen selection, corresponding to BC₂, was applied in order to test its persistence in the subsequent generations and the possibility to further improve the character. This second cycle showed no improvement although some plants retained the high pollen germination ability at low temperatures that was observed in the first cycle. Hence, gametophytic selection of some characters related with tomato pollen performance may be feasible, at least for the first cycle of selection.     

不同水稻种质资源重要农艺性状与发芽期耐寒性鉴定研究

对106份水稻材料的12个农艺性状进行两年（2018-2019年）田间测定,比较分析不同材料间的性状及多样性指数差异,以低温处理下的发芽率为标准对水稻种质资源发芽期耐寒性进行评价。结果表明,12个农艺性状中,除了千粒重、茎粗和每穗总粒数外,其他9个性状的遗传多样性指数均小于2.00;单株产量、每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数的变异系数分别为22.08%、21.89%和22.25%,谷粒宽变异系数最小,为7.90%。共筛选出23份特异种质资源,其中大穗型品种9个,高单株产量型品种4个,籽粒细长型品种10个。聚类分析可将106份水稻材料分为3个类群,类群Ⅰ、类群Ⅱ和类群Ⅲ占比分别为15.1%、47.2%和37.7%。通过主成分分析可将12个农艺性状指标转换为5个主成分因子（PC1~PC5）,得到84.19%的累计贡献率。利用综合指标值（PC1~PC5）和相关公式得到相应模糊隶属函数和权重,最终获得综合评价种质资源农艺性状的D值,排名前10名的种质资源为77D、万恢355-2、宜恢1577、南恢533、176-15、丰788、万恢86、杨福6号、蜀恢527和176-6。低温胁迫导致水稻种子发芽率降低,种质间的发芽率存在显著差异,其中176-6、176-15、桂99和糯稻89-1发芽期耐寒性强,为1级耐寒种质。筛选到的耐寒种质和综合性状优良的种质可为培育适宜直播的新品种提供材料。     

Impact of Humidity on Temperature-Induced Grain Sterility in Rice (Oryza sativa L)

High temperature‐induced grain sterility in rice is becoming a serious problem in tropical rice‐growing ecosystems. We studied the mechanism of high temperature‐induced grain sterility of different rice (Oryza sativa L) cultivars at two relative humidity (RH) levels. Four varieties of Indica and Japonica rice were exposed to over 85 % RH and 60 % RH at 36/30 °C, 34/30 °C, 32/24 °C and 30/24 °C day/night air temperatures from late booting to maturity inside sunlit phytotrons. Increasing both air temperature and RH significantly increased spikelet sterility while high temperature‐induced sterility decreased significantly with decreasing RH. Neither Indica nor Japonica rice types were superior to the other in the response of their spikelets to increased air temperature and RH. Increased spikelet sterility was due to increased pollen grain sterility which reduced deposition of viable pollen grains on stigma. Reduction in sterility with decreased RH was more due to decreased spikelet temperature than to air temperature. Thus the impact of RH should be considered when interpreting the effect of high temperature on grain sterility. Spikelet fertility was curvilinearly related to spikelet temperature. Grain sterility increased when spikelet temperature increased over 30 °C while it became completely sterile at 36 °C. The ability of a variety to decrease its spikelet temperature with decreasing RH could be considered as avoidance while the variability in spikelet sterility among varieties at a given spikelet temperature could be considered as true tolerance.     

新疆‘晚丰’巴旦木花粉萌发培养基组分的筛选

为提高人工授粉中巴旦木的产量,本研究采用花粉离体培养法,筛选新疆‘晚丰’巴旦木品种花粉萌发中不同培养基组分的配方施用量,研究不同培养基配方组分对花粉萌发的影响。实验中在培养基内添加尿素、硼酸、氯化钙、吲哚乙酸、赤霉素和蔗糖,均能促进花粉萌发和花粉管生长,在一定范围内,花粉萌发率和花粉管长度均随培养基配方组份量的增加而增加,但超过一定添加量时,促进作用逐渐减弱并出现抑制作用。研究结果显示:添加0.1%尿素、0.01%硼酸、0.005%氯化钙、0.0001%吲哚乙酸、0.0015%赤霉素和10%蔗糖时,新疆‘晚丰’巴旦木品种花粉萌发率最高,花粉管长度也达到最大值。本研究结果为实践生产中人工授粉和相关研究提供参考和理论依据,也为进一步顺利进行亲和授粉研究提供前期理论基础。