供硫和丛枝菌根真菌对洋葱生长和品质的影响

以珍珠岩为植物的生长基质盆栽试验,分别供给0.1、1.75和4 mmol/L三个不同硫水平的Long Ashton营养液,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus versiform对洋葱（Allium cepa L.）生长和品质的影响。结果表明,接种丛枝菌根真菌显著的改善了宿主植物的磷营养水平,促进了洋葱的生长;而硫处理对洋葱生长的影响差异不显著,但随着供硫水平的提高植株地上部全硫含量和有机硫含量显著增加。接种菌根真菌对洋葱硫营养的影响受外界供硫水平的影响,在供硫0.1 mmol/L时降低了洋葱植株的硫含量;而在供硫1.75和4 mmol/L时显著改善了洋葱的硫营养状况,宿主植物的酶解丙酮酸（enzyme produced pyruvic acid, EPY）的含量也显著增加。说明丛枝菌根真菌能够帮助宿主植物吸收外界环境中硫营养成分,改善洋葱的硫营养状况及品质。     

钼污染对丛枝菌根和球囊霉素的影响

丛枝菌根作为地球上最广泛的共生体,在各种逆境环境中发挥着重要作用.基于不同钼污染程度的钼矿区,分析了钼污染对丛枝菌根真菌侵染、繁殖及其分泌球囊霉素能力的影响.结果 表明,在4个不同钼污染级别的土壤中,丛枝菌根真菌与植物共生关系的形成未受到钼污染的影响,平均菌根侵染频度为50.64％.洛阳钼矿区土壤的平均孢子密度为19....     

AM菌对三叶草吸收、累积重金属的影响

采用4室根箱培养系统,探讨了Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 4种重金属复合污染土壤中,丛枝菌根菌对三叶草生长及吸收、累积重金属的作用,结果表明:重金属Cu 100mg/kg、Zn 600mg/kg、Pb 300mg/kg、Cd 10mg/kg的复合污染对三叶草生物量影响较小,但土壤重金属处理使丛枝菌根菌Glomus intraradices和Glomus caledonium对三叶草的侵染率分别降低53%和56%,菌种G.intraradice的菌丝密度降低73%;接种菌根真菌能明显减少重金属复合污染土壤中三叶草对Cu、Cd和Pb的吸收,并强化根系在限制重金属Pb和Cd向地上部运输中的作用,地上部Pb和Cd含量分别下降24.2%~55.3%和65%~97.9%,使三叶草地上部Cd和Pb含量均低于我国牧草重金属安全含量,提高了三叶草可食部分的质量;不同菌根真菌对三叶草吸收、累积及分配重金属的影响有明显差异,Glomus intraradices对减少三叶草对重金属的吸收及其在地上部可食部分的累积的作用大于Glomus caledonium。丛枝菌根菌对于强化三叶草根系对重金属的固持作用,调节生态系统中重金属的生物循环,减轻重金属对食物链的污染风险方面起着重要作用。     

不同施肥量条件下AM真菌对烟苗生长及营养状况的影响

试验设置不同施肥量,于播种期分别接种根内球囊霉菌(Glomus intraradices Smith和Schenck,BEG193)和幼套球囊霉菌(Glomuse etunicatum Becker和Gerdemann,BEG168),探索了利用烤烟漂浮育苗技术生产菌根化烟苗和培育壮苗的可能性。结果表明:随着养分供应量的减少,AM真菌的侵染率提高,BEG193的侵染率高于BEG168。减施肥料总体上抑制烟苗生长,使烟苗生物量降低;但接种AM真菌显著促进烟苗生长,烟苗平均生物量比不接种的处理增加了74.38%(BEG168)和48.32%(BEG193)。接种BEG168使烟苗氮、磷、钾含量显著增加;接种BEG193主要是提高了烟苗含磷量。在施肥量减少75%辅以少量追肥的情况下,接种BEG168之后,烟苗生长状况和磷、钾含量超过或与常规施肥的非菌根苗相似。因此,在集约化烤烟漂浮育苗过程中,可采用接种AM真菌BEG168的方式培育壮苗,同时降低施肥量,减轻废弃营养液产生的环境污染。此外,接种AM真菌显著提高基质中的酸性磷酸酶活性,菌根苗基质中的磷酸酶活性随施肥量的降低而逐渐升高。因此,接种AM真菌有益于基质中有机磷的吸收利用,这可能是菌根烟苗含磷量提高的重要原因之一。     

菌根与根瘤菌联合应用对复垦矿区根际土壤环境的改良后效

为了进一步确定微生物复垦对土壤的持续修复能力,在神东矿区活鸡兔开采沉陷试验基地,接种丛枝菌根真菌和大豆根瘤菌改良农用地土壤,已取得了较好的微生物复垦效果,经过2 a的退耕撂荒以后,对微生物复垦后效进行系统地研究。研究结果表明,撂荒后,接菌小区根外菌丝密度、根系侵染率和pH值均显著高于对照小区,分别比对照提高了90%、52%和1.3%;接菌小区细菌数量、微生物总量、有效磷含量、电导率和酸性磷酸酶活性也明显高于对照小区,但差异不显著。撂荒后与撂荒前相比,土壤呈退化趋势,但接菌小区菌丝密度几乎增加了1倍,差异显著,同时侵染率、细菌数量和酸性磷酸酶活性均明显升高,差异不显著;而在对照小区中,菌丝密度稍有增加,侵染率、细菌数量和酸性磷酸酶活性均明显降低,且差异不显著。利用丛枝菌根真菌与大豆根瘤菌联合作为绿色环保肥料,能够有效改善根际土壤环境,减轻土壤的退化程度,在弃耕状态下也能发挥良好的效用,对土地贫瘠的开采沉陷地进行生态修复具有重大意义。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对脱毒马铃薯微型薯生长及产量的影响

在大田条件下采用混合菌种(Glomus mosseas+Glomus intraradices)作为接种剂,研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌对脱毒马铃薯微型薯菌根侵染、磷吸收和产量的影响。结果表明,接种菌根真菌,马铃薯菌根侵染率增加73.3%,植株吸磷量增加15.4%,块茎产量增加8.0%。上述结果证明,在大田条件下,接种菌根真菌能侵染马铃薯根部,促进植株对磷的吸收,从而增加产量。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对施磷石膏云烟87的生长以及砷污染的影响

【目的】丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)能够促进作物养分的吸收及生长,且对土壤砷污染有一定的抗性。磷石膏(phosphogypsum,PG)因含有丰富的磷、硫等养分可以为作物生长提供必要的养分,同时也可能带来砷污染的风险。【方法】为了探讨接种AMF对云烟87生长的影响以及磷石膏农用可能引起的砷污染风险,通过盆栽模拟试验研究了不同PG添加量(0和40 g/kg以PG0、PG40表示)和接种不同AMF[不接种None mycorrhizal(NM)、接种G.mosseae丛枝菌根真菌(GM)、接种G.aggregatum丛枝菌根真菌(GA)]对云烟87苗期生长及其磷、硫、砷吸收的影响。【结果】试验结果表明:无论接种与否,PG40处理的云烟87植株磷含量、吸收量及吸收效率均显著增加,其地上部硫含量及吸收量也显著增加;除NM处理外,添加PG均显著增加了云烟87根系的硫含量、硫吸收量及吸收效率,并显著增加了其植株的生物量。相同PG添加水平下,与NM处理相比,接种GM显著增加了云烟87根系的磷、硫吸收效率和植株的磷、硫含量及吸收量,另外,GM处理显著降低了其地上部砷含量及吸收量但显著增加了其植株的磷砷吸收比。在PG0处理下,接种GA显著增加了云烟87植株的磷含量及吸收量,并显著增加了其地上部硫含量及吸收量。在PG40处理下,接种GA显著增加了云烟87根系的硫含量和吸收量以及植株的生物量。无论是否添加PG,接种GA不同程度地降低了云烟87地上部砷含量和吸收量从而增加了其地上部的磷砷吸收比。【结论】在所有复合处理中,以添加磷石膏40 g/kg和接种GM对云烟87生长的促进效果较好,对施用磷石膏造成的砷污染有一定程度的抵御作用。     

三种土壤上六种丛枝菌根真菌生长特征和接种效应

以分离于华北、华中和华南3个生态区及法国引进的丛枝菌根真菌为试验菌株,采用三室根箱培养的方法,研究了它们在华北、华中和华南3种典型土壤褐土、棕壤和红壤上的菌根形成、接种效应、磷吸收贡献和根外菌物量情况。结果表明,6种菌株在上述指标上存在显著的种间或生态型差异,土壤与菌株间存在显著的交互作用。6种菌株在3种土壤上都能与玉米形成菌根,在褐土和棕壤上大多数菌株在分离地所在地区土壤类型上的菌根侵染率较高,说明其对该土壤条件的适应性较强;在红壤强酸性土壤条件抑制了菌根真菌的侵染。菌株BEG168、BEG167、BEG151、BEG221和BEG141在褐土上,BEG151和BEG221在棕壤上,BEG168和BEG150在红壤上显著提高了玉米的生物量。在褐土和棕壤上,除BEG150外,BEG168、BEG167、BEG151、BEG221和BEG141能显著促进宿主吸磷;而在红壤上,BEG168和BEG141显著促进了宿主吸磷。若以真菌的根外菌物量作为衡量AM真菌菌株土壤生态适应性的指标,BEG141和BEG167是生态适应性强的菌株,为广幅生态型菌株;菌株BEG168和BEG151次之,前者在棕壤上适应性高,后者在红壤上适应性高。BEG150和BEG221生态适应性较窄,仅适应红壤或褐土,为窄幅生态型菌株。Glomus.etunicatum的两个生态型BEG168和BEG221在土壤生态适应性上差异很大,前者在两种土壤上收集到菌物量,而后者只在褐土上收集到菌物量。土壤条件可以决定丛枝菌根真菌的生长状况和功能。     

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on rhizosphere organic acid content and microbial activity of trifoliate orange under different low P conditions

ABSTRACT

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can improve plant phosphorus (P) uptake; however, information about how AM fungi affect rhizosphere organic acid and microbial activity to alleviate citrus low P stress is limited. Here, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of AM fungi (Rhizophagus intraradices, Ri) inoculation on rhizosphere organic acid content, microbial biomass (MB) and enzyme activity of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) seedlings grown under three low P conditions. The results showed that mycorrhizal seedlings all recorded higher P concentrations, plant biomass and better root morphology with more lateral and fine roots, but lower root mass ratios, irrespective of P conditions. Mycorrhizal P absorption contribution did not differ significantly among three P conditions. Mycorrhizal seedling rhizosphere soil exhibited lower organic acid content, soil organic P content and ratio of MB-carbon (C)/MB-P, but higher MB and enzyme activity. Additionally, the main organic acids showed a negative relationship with mycorrhizal colonization rate and hyphal length; however, phosphatase and phytase activity had a significantly positive relationship with MB. Therefore, the results suggest that AM fungi inoculation may help citrus to efficiently utilize organic P source by improving microbial activity under low available P conditions.     

Effects of soil application of olive mill wastewaters on the structure and function of the community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Recycling of olive mill wastewaters (OMW) into agricultural soils is a controversial issue since benefits to soil fertility should counterbalance potential short-term toxicity effects. We investigated the short-term effects of OMW on the soil-plant system, regarding the diversity, structure and root colonization capacity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and the respective growth response of Vicia faba L, commonly used as green manure in olive-tree plantations. A compartmentalized pot system was used that allowed the establishment of an AM fungal community in one compartment (feeder) and the application of three OMW dose levels in an adjacent second compartment (receiver). At 0, 10, and 30 days after OMW treatment (DAT), V. faba pre-germinated seeds were seeded in the receiver compartment. At harvest, shoot and root dry weights, AM fungal root colonization, soil hyphal length and P availability were recorded in the receiver compartment. In addition, OMW effects on AM fungal diversity in plant roots were studied by DGGE. A transient effect of OMW application was observed; plant growth and AM fungal colonization were initially inhibited, whereas soil hyphal length was stimulated, but in most cases differences were absent when seeding was performed 30 DAT. Similarly, changes induced in the structure of the root AM fungal community were of transient nature. Cloning and sequencing of all the major DGGE bands showed that roots were colonized by Glomus spp. The transient effects of OMW on the structure and function of AM fungi could be attributed to OMW-derived phytoxicity to V. faba plants or to an indirect effect via alteration of soil nutritional status. The high OMW dose significantly increased soil P availability in the presence of AM fungi, suggesting efficient involvement of AM fungi in organic-P minerilization. Overall our results indicate that soil application of OMW would cause transient changes in the AM fungal colonization of V. faba plants, which, would not impair their long-term plant growth promoting ability.     

铅胁迫下接种AM真菌对龙葵根际土壤微生物群落代谢特征的影响

为从微生态角度探索接种AM真菌对铅污染根际土壤微生物群落代谢特征的影响,以摩西管柄囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae）和幼套近明囊霉（Claroideoglomus etunicatum）为接种菌剂,在温室盆栽条件下以Pb⁴⁺含量为0 mg·kg^-1、200 mg·kg^-1、400 mg·kg^-1和800 mg·kg^-1土壤种植龙葵（Solanum nigrum）10周后采集根际土壤,采用Biolog微平板法测定龙葵根际土壤微生物群落的代谢变化。结果表明：1）微生物平均代谢活性（AWCD）随铅浓度增加呈降—升—降趋势;接种AM真菌显著提高了铅胁迫下根际土壤微生物的AWCD值,仅中浓度（400 mg·kg^-1）下未达显著差异。2）中浓度铅处理能显著提高根际土壤微生物对糖类及其衍生物、氨基酸类、脂肪酸和脂类及代谢产物类四大类碳源底物利用能力;接种AM真菌,高浓度（800 mg·kg^-1）铅处理显著提高了根际土壤微生物对氨基酸类底物的利用能力。3）铅胁迫下接种AM真菌提高了根际土壤微生物多样性指数,在中浓度下丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数均达显著水平。4）主成分分析显示,代谢产物类在PC1和PC2中种类最多,分别为6种和4种;糖类及其衍生物在PC3中种类最多（5种）。5）在铅胁迫和接种AM真菌共同作用下,微生物碳源利用主要受铅浓度调节,并且二者对微生物碳源利用具有显著交互效应。综上可知,接种AM真菌能够提高铅胁迫下龙葵根际土壤微生物多样性指数,增强根际土壤微生物对碳源底物的利用能力。该研究为进一步探究AM真菌强化植物联合修复技术提供了依据。     

The combined effects of earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a calcareous soil spiked with cadmium

Earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to independently affect soil microbial and biochemical properties, in particular soil microbial biomass (SMB) and enzymes. However, less information is available about their interactive effects, particularly in soils contaminated with heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd). The amount of soil microbial biomass C (MBC), the rate of soil respiration (SRR) and the activities of urease and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured in a calcareous soil artificially spiked with Cd (10 and 20 mg Cd kg⁻¹), inoculated with earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus L.), and AMF (Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae species) under maize (Zea mays L.) crop for 60 days. Results showed that the quantity of MBC, SRR and enzyme activities decreased with increasing Cd levels as a result of the elevated exchangeable Cd concentration. Earthworm addition increased soil exchangeable Cd levels, while AMF and their interaction with earthworms had no influence on this fraction of Cd. Earthworm activity resulted in no change in soil MBC, while inoculation with both AMF species significantly enhanced soil MBC contents. However, the presence of earthworms lowered soil MBC when inoculated with G. mosseae fungi, showing an interaction between the two organisms. Soil enzyme activities and SRR values tended to increase considerably with the inoculation of both earthworms and AMF. Nevertheless, earthworm activity did not affect ALP activity when inoculated with G. mosseae fungi, while the presence of earthworm enhanced urease activity only with G. intraradices species. The increases in enzyme activities and SRR were better ascribed to changes in soil organic carbon (OC), MBC and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents. In summary, results demonstrated that the influence of earthworms alone on Cd availability is more important than that of AMF in Cd-polluted soils; and that the interaction effects between these organisms on soil microorganism are much more important than on Cd availability. Thus, the presence of both earthworms and AMF could alleviate Cd effects on soil microbial life.     

Effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization at nursery-stage on growth and nutrition in wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) after transplanting under different soil fertility and water regimes

In order to analyze the effectiveness of colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) at the nursery stage on the growth and nutrient concentration of wetland rice after transplanting, the experiments were conducted under glasshouse conditions using two types of soil, namely (i) sterilized paddy soil (PS) and (ii) sterilized paddy soil diluted with sterilized Andosol subsoil 5 times (DS) under two water regimes, (i) flooded conditions changed to non-flooded conditions 30 d before harvest (F-NF) and (ii) continuous flooding (CF) up to harvest. Treatments consisting of mycorrhizal inoculation (+AMF) and non-inoculation ( — AMF) were applied only at the nursery stage when the seedlings were produced under dry nursery (60% moisture of maximum water holding capacity) conditions.

Seedlings grown in PS showed a significantly higher biomass yield and nutrient concentrations than in DS. At 90 and 105 d after transplanting, the mycorrhizal plants showed a higher biomass than non-mycorrhizal plants in PS whereas there were no differences in DS except for roots. Mycorrhizal colonization at the transplanting stage was higher in DS than in PS. However, after transplanting opposite results were obtained, the level in PS being relatively higher than in DS. Grain yield and P concentration of unhulled grain and shoots in PS were higher in the +AMF treatments than in the -AMF treatments under both water regimes. Contents of micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn) were higher in the +AMF plants than in the -AMF ones at all growth stages up to maturation irrespective of soil fertility and water regimes. These results suggest that AMF inoculation at the nursery-stage was beneficial for wetland rice after transplanting to flooded conditions in terms of growth promotion and increase of nutrient concentrations.     

土著AMF与氮形态对辣椒||菜豆间作系统植株氮利用及其影响因素研究

近年来设施辣椒连作障碍日益突出,其中氮肥的大量不合理施用和高残留是限制辣椒高产、优质栽培的主要因素之一。研究土著丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)与间作体系强化蔬菜对不同形态氮(N)的利用并结合土壤菌丝密度、N形态及酶活性的反馈作用,可为设施土壤N素的高效利用和降低土壤N残留提供依据。本研究采用盆栽试验,设置辣椒||菜豆间作和各自单作种植模式,不同AMF处理[不接种(NM)、接种土著AMF]和不同形态N处理[不施N(N0)、无机氮(碳酸氢铵120mg·kg~(-1),ION)和有机氮(谷氨酰胺120 mg·kg~(-1),ON)],探讨了设施条件下接种土著AMF、施用不同形态N与间作对辣椒、菜豆根围土壤菌根建成、酶活性及N利用的影响。结果表明,与NM相比,接种土著AMF使设施辣椒、菜豆植株生物量及N吸收量显著增加(除菜豆单作-ON处理),显著降低土壤NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N含量。无论施用何种形态N,均显著增加辣椒、菜豆植株生物量(除菜豆单作-AMF处理)及N吸收量,表现为ONION。与单作-ON-AMF处理相比,间作-ON-AMF处理下的辣椒N吸收量显著增加39.9%、菜豆N吸收量显著增加93.0%。对N利用影响因子的分析结果表明,间作协同接种土著AMF较大程度上增加了土壤有机质含量及蛋白酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶活性。相关性分析显示,辣椒、菜豆植株N吸收量与AMF侵染率呈极显著正相关关系,而土壤NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量则与AMF侵染率呈现一定的负相关关系。此外,土壤蛋白酶、脲酶和硝酸还原酶活性与辣椒、菜豆植株N吸收量呈正相关关系。可见,所有复合处理中,以间作体系接种土著AMF与施用适量有机氮的组合明显促进了设施辣椒、菜豆生长和N素利用。     

Direct and indirect influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on abundance and community structure of ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea in soil microcosms

Both arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and ammonia oxidizers are important soil microbial groups in regulating soil N cycling. However, knowledge of their interactions, especially the direct influences of AM fungi on ammonia oxidizers is very limited to date. In the present study, a controlled microcosm experiment was established to examine the effects of AM fungi and N supply level on the abundance and community structure of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) in the rhizosphere of alfalfa plants (Medicago sativa L.) inoculated with AM fungus Glomus intraradices. Effects were studied using combined approaches of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The results showed that inoculation with AM fungi significantly increased the plant dry weights, total N and P uptake. Concomitantly, AM fungi significantly decreased the amoA gene copy numbers of AOA and AOB in the root compartment (RC) but not in the hyphal compartment (HC). Moreover, AM fungi induced some changes in AOA community structure in HC and RC, while only marginal variations in AOA composition were observed to respond to N supply level in HC. Neither RC nor HC showed significant differences in AOB composition irrespective of experimental treatments. The experimental results suggested that AM fungi could directly shape AOA composition, but more likely exerted indirect influences on AOA and AOB abundance via the plant pathway. In general, AM fungi may play an important role in mediating ammonia oxidizers, but the AOA community appeared to be more sensitive than the AOB community to AM fungi.     

丛枝菌根真菌对镉胁迫下芦竹生长、光合特性和矿质营养的影响

为揭示丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)对芦竹耐镉(Cd)胁迫的作用及其机理,采用大棚盆栽试验,利用丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae,FM)、根内根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices,RI)、地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme,GV)进行接种试验,研究了在Cd胁迫下接种AMF对芦竹生长、光合特性、矿质营养的影响。结果表明:AMF能够显著改善Cd胁迫下芦竹的生长状况,与对照相比,接种处理芦竹的株高增加19.09%～27.98%,叶长增加12.18%～31.06%,叶绿素相对含量SPAD值增加8.55%～9.36%,地上和根系生物量分别增加20.08%～31.41%、12.24%～24.12%,最大净光合速率增加7.08%～32.12%,芦竹根系全磷含量增加30.26%～46.05%。接种处理后芦竹地上Cd含量介于68～105.97 mg/kg,显著高于对照处理(42.20mg/kg),根系Cd含量介于110.67～221.47 mg/kg,显著高于对照处理(46....     

生物炭和AM真菌配施对连作辣椒生长和土壤养分的影响

研究生物炭和丛枝菌根(arbuscularmycorrhizal,AM)真菌对连作辣椒生长和土壤养分的影响,可为辣椒连作土壤改良和新型肥料的开发提供理论依据。采用温室盆栽试验,设置4个生物炭添加水平(0、1%、2%、3%), 2个接菌水平[接菌(+AM)和不接菌(-AM)]。辣椒生长60 d后收获并测定其生理指标、土壤酶活性及土壤养分含量。结果表明,施加生物炭和接种AM真菌处理促进了连作辣椒的生长,提高了辣椒叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶绿素含量。接种AM真菌对辣椒的促生效果弱于生物炭,而生物炭和AM真菌配施的促生效果最佳。接种AM真菌促进辣椒对P吸收的效果优于生物炭;但对于K吸收来说,施加生物炭的效果优于接菌。生物炭(3%)和AM真菌配施条件下,辣椒根部N、P、K含量分别较对照(0生物炭和-AM处理)显著提高74.04%、106.42%和78.82%。生物炭(3%)与AM真菌配施处理菌根侵染效果最佳,侵染率高达58.96%,较0生物炭+AM处理提高41.59%。土壤pH随生物炭添加量的增加呈增加趋势,但差异不显著。土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性随生物炭添加量的增加呈增加趋势,且差异显著,接种AM真菌处理对其影响不显著。土壤速效钾、有效磷、有机质含量随生物炭添加量的增加而增加,接种AM真菌对土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量(CEC)无显著影响。土壤速效钾、有效磷、碱解氮含量均在生物炭(3%)和AM真菌配施条件下达最大。与单一处理相比,生物炭和AM真菌配施在促进连作辣椒生长、改善连作土壤养分方面具有显著的协同增效作用,尤其是3%生物炭与AM真菌配施条件下效果最佳。     

Bt基因导入对侵染丛枝菌根真菌的玉米生长生理及磷转运基因表达的影响

为了分析Bt玉米与常规玉米对接种丛枝菌根真菌响应的异同,本文在接种摩西球囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)和不接种的条件下,对比分析了两个Bt玉米品种‘5422Bt1’(Bt11)和‘5422CBCL’(Mon810)以及同源常规玉米品种‘5422’根系中丛枝菌根真菌侵染率、磷转运基因的表达量、生长和养分利用状况。结果表明:生长50 d和80 d时,Bt玉米‘5422Bt1’和‘5422CBCL’根系丛枝菌根真菌侵染率显著高于常规玉米‘5422’,分别比‘5422’高13.54%、11.24%和9.83%、6.70%;50 d取样时,接菌和不接菌处理玉米‘5422Bt1’、‘5422CBCL’和‘5422’根系内的磷转运基因表达量均没有显著差异;接菌和不接菌处理下玉米‘5422Bt1’的干重显著高于‘5422CBCL’相应的处理,而与‘5422’没有显著差异;80 d取样时,不接菌处理玉米‘5422Bt1’的根长、根表面积和根体积显著高于‘5422’和‘5422CBCL’不接菌处理。Bt基因的导入主要影响了两个Bt玉米品种(‘5422Bt1’和‘5422CBCL’)苗期(50 d)和成熟期(80 d)的氮素吸收利用,与常规玉米品种‘5422’相比,合成Bt蛋白消耗了部分氮素和磷;3个玉米品种对接种AMF的响应不同,接菌处理提高了‘5422Bt1’和‘5422CBCL’苗期(50 d)和成熟期(80 d)的氮素吸收利用。在磷养分条件满足玉米生长需要的条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌对Bt玉米磷转运基因表达量和磷的吸收利用没有显著影响。Bt基因的导入以及接种F.mosseae对Bt玉米生长和养分利用的影响与不同转化事件形成的品种特性相关。     

根瘤菌和AM真菌对紫花苜蓿结瘤和产质量的影响

了解酸性土壤条件下紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)接种中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium medicae,SM)和丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)的作用,有益于扩大西南地区牧草种植,促进牧业发展。选择当地典型、有代表性的酸性黄壤,设置不接种(CK)、接种SM(SM)、接种AMF(AMF)、混合接种(SM+AMF)四个处理,通过微区试验研究SM与AMF对紫花苜蓿生长、品质、根系结瘤和植株养分吸收等的影响。结果表明:在SM+AMF处理中,菌根真菌感染率和结瘤数分别较单接种提高,但根瘤单重显著减少,固氮效率和吸磷能力增加,其牧草产量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分、氮、磷、钾、钙、镁积累量均显著高于其他处理,表现出SM与AMF的协同效应。与CK相比,SM或AMF处理均促进苜蓿生长,提高牧草产量,改善品质,但SM和AMF处理之间无显著差异。在SM处理中,地上部氮含量和氮、磷、钾积累量高于CK,植株氮积累量高于AMF。在AMF处理中,其根系活力显著高于SM处理,有益于养分吸收,可解释植株磷、钾、钙、镁含量和积累量高于SM的原因。因此,SM和AM...