外来海洋物种入侵风险评估体系的构建

为了评估外来海洋物种入侵的风险,根据外来海洋物种入侵特点,在文献分析和专家咨询的基础上,采用层次分析和三角模糊数数值标度计算权重的方法,设计5个一级指标和20个二级指标,构建了外来海洋物种入侵风险评估体系。利用该评估体系对7种（类）典型海洋外来种进行了风险评估。评估结果表明,互花米草和对虾白斑病毒为极高风险等级;沙筛贝、米氏凯伦藻和帕金虫为高风险等级,罗非鱼为中风险等级;大菱鲆为低风险等级。由于传统层次分析法的“1～9标度”方法不能精确地反映人的实际思维,从而影响最终的判定结果,本评估体系借鉴了三角模糊数表示的改进方法来计算权重值,并对一级指标和二级指标的相对权重均进行了权重设计,得出的结果更加精确地反映了人的实际思维。外来海洋物种入侵风险评估体系的建立将为外来海洋物种入侵风险管理提供决策依据和参考。     

中国水生外来物种入侵现状和对策

水生外来物种入侵是指某物种在某水域生态系统中原来没有,通过人为有意或无意活动从其它生态系统中引入,一旦该物种在当地形成自己繁殖,并对当地生态或者经济造成破坏,该物种就构成了水生外来物政策导航责任编辑肖乐种入侵。入侵种可能是水生植物或者动物,也可能是一种病毒或细菌。水生外来物种一旦入侵成功,将对当地水生物种的种类、种群结构、食物链结构、生物多样性等产生一系列的影响,威胁渔业生产、经济和生态安全。我国水生外来物种入侵现状我国水生外来物种入侵的总体状况近20年来,随着水产养殖、水簇产业的发展以及资源增殖放流的需…     

保护土著水生物维护湖泊水生态环境安全

近些年,由于水产养殖增产、环境保护、工程安全的需要,从国外引进及国内地区间引植水生生物,加之放生行为日趋普遍、数量逐步增加,这在达到引进、引植目的的同时,也在不同程度上对引入地的生态环境、物种构成产生了不同程度的影响。本文通过分析当前我国外来水生物种入侵的现状及危害,提出保护土著水生物种、抑制外来物种的建议。     

生物入侵对水生生物多样性的影响及管理对策探讨

生物入侵已经对生态系统稳定构成了严重的威胁,我国的水域面积辽阔,水生生物品种丰富,但是近年来外来水生生物物种引发多起生态灾害,我们必须在充分认识外来有害生物危害的基础上,制订相应的预防和控制措施。     

引进外来物种的环境风险评价初探——以美国斑点叉尾鮰为例

随着我国经济的发展以及全球经济一体化,使得国际贸易往来越来越频繁,为外来物种迁移、传播、扩散创造了条件,对当地生态安全带来了较大的影响,一旦发生生物入侵,将对社会与环境造成巨大的损失。以从美国引进的斑点又尾鮰为例,从生物学特征、相关试验情况、生态安全的影响、风险管理等方面进行了环境风险评估,并提出了风险防范管理措施。     

引进外来物种的环境风险评价初探——以美国斑点叉尾(魚回)为例

随着我国经济的发展以及全球经济一体化,使得国际贸易往来越来越频繁,为外来物种迁移、传播、扩散创造了条件,对当地生态安全带来了较大的影响,一旦发生生物入侵,将对社会与环境造成巨大的损失.以从美国引进的斑点叉尾(魚回)为例,从生物学特征、相关试验情况、生态安全的影响、风险管理等方面进行了环境风险评估,并提出了风险防范管理措施.     

水生生物入侵现状及防治对策

<正>生物入侵(biological invasion)是指生物由原生存地经自然或人为的途径侵入到另一个新环境,对入侵地的生物多样性、农林牧渔业生产以及人类健康造成经济损失或生态灾难的过程。水生生物入侵是生物入侵的一部分,主要涉及物种为水生生物,作用区域为海洋、江河、湖畔、滩涂等水域。随着全球经济一体化步伐的加快,我国的生物入侵态势严峻,入侵的生物种类和造成的损失都呈上升趋势,在经济发展和生态保护等领域造成了严重的负面影响。     

莱州湾泥螺生态安全风险评估——基于AHP的YAAHP软件实现

以莱州湾西岸外来物种泥螺为例,运用YAAHP软件,采用层次分析法(AHP)对其生态安全风险进行了评估。以泥螺完整的生物入侵过程为依据,针对各阶段的关键特性,综合考虑外来物种的生物学、生活史特征、人为干扰影响因素、入侵地的生态系统状况等方面来选取评估指标,设计6个一级指标,30个二级指标,设定了"可以引种"、"引种具有一定风险"和"禁止引种"3个风险分级标准,构建了风险评价指标框架。通过对历史文献资料的分析、专家评分以及必要的调查实验等方法,对风险评估层次结构模型各项指标进行权重赋值。软件分析的结果显示,"具有一定风险"的权重值最高,为0.507 6,其次为"可以引种",权重值为0.352 2,而"禁止引种"的权重值仅为0.140 2,因此,得出的最终方案为引种具有一定的风险。本研究对占权重值较高的传入风险、定殖风险和扩散风险3项指标进行了灵敏度分析,结果表明,3种指标的权重只影响评估结果的"具有一定风险"和"可以引种"的排列顺序,而不会影响"禁止引种"。因此建议,切勿盲目扩大泥螺的养殖规模,引入之后必须加强监督和管理。     

浅谈几种外来鲑形目物种

简述了我国常见的4种外来鲑形目物种大西洋鲑、虹鳟、金鳟和美洲红点鲑形态特征、生物习性、分布和养殖概况、扩散风险及防控建议等，对其形态差异性进行了对比。指出，外来水生生物在自然水域的繁衍和种群扩张会对本土原生物种、种群结构、群落结构及食物链产生系列连锁影响，威胁本土水域生态系统的安全和稳定。提出，应进一步健全外来物种海关监管机制，建立外来物种引种评估规范，制定外来水生生物放生、弃养处理办法，深化国际合作，建立跨界水域生态系统保护协作机制。最终实现合理利用外来物种、保护国门生物安全、国内生态和种质资源安全的目标。     

2002年我国南美白对虾养殖及病害情况综述（下）

2.建立完善引种和跨区域移动的风险分析制度随着水产养殖的发展,养殖品种交换日益频繁,水生生物活体移动带来的生物污染、病害传播的风险越来越大。如20世纪中国引进大米草后大片的沿海滩涂贝类养殖区遭到毁灭性的破坏、福寿螺引进后给稻田作物造成灾害、红螯螯虾在湖泊中泛滥等等,对此人为不能加以控制。南美白对虾引进导致桃拉综合症(TS)的发生、流行将严重危害我国对虾养殖。因此,开展水生动物活体移动的风险管理工作十分必要。水生动物活体移动的风险评估是防范引种风险的重要手段。发达国家对活体移动有严格的限制,建立了完善的行政审…     

闽南地区水产品中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)

根据2013年1月和7月对闽南沿海地区(厦门、漳州、泉州)水产品中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)的调查,探讨该地区不同类型水产品中PAEs的残留水平和分布特征,并对PAEs的污染状况及其生态风险进行了评价。结果显示,海水鱼类PAEs总量为2.45×102?1.13×103 µg/kg(湿重,下同),均值为6.78× 102 µg/kg;淡水鱼类PAEs含量范围为4.36×102?1.37×103 µg/kg,均值为8.73×102 µg/kg;虾类PAEs含量范围为3.22×102?1.27×103 µg/kg,均值为7.76×102 µg/kg;蟹类PAEs含量范围为6.17×102?1.20× 103 µg/kg,均值为7.91×102 µg/kg;贝类PAEs含量范围为9.77×102?1.35×103 µg/kg,均值为1.22×103 µg/kg。所有水产品中均未检测出邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)和邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯(DNOP)残留,其他4种PAEs的残留量按邻苯二甲酸二-(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)的顺序递减。PAEs在不同类型水产品中均有不同程度的残留,表明环境中PAEs在水产品体内的富集已是一个较为普遍的现象。针对食用水产品进入人体的DEHP和DBP,进行健康风险评价,结果显示,该地区水产品中的接触风险指数ERI均小于1,表明闽南地区通过食用水产品途径暴露于PAEs的接触风险是可接受的。     

Inhibition of embryo development of the Mytilus galloprovincialis marine mussel by organic pollutants; assessment of risk for its extensive culture in the Galician Rias

This study evaluates the risk posed by selected organic pollutants on the culture of the marine mussel in the Galician coast (NW Iberian Peninsula), which depends on collection of natural seed in densely populated coastal areas. With this aim toxicity tests were carried out with embryos of the Mytilus galloprovincialis mussel, and the toxicity of the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and the biocides TBT, chlorpyrifos and lindane was quantified in terms of median effective concentration (EC₅₀) and toxicity threshold (EC₁₀ and LOEC), using embryogenesis success as end point. The EC₁₀ and EC₅₀ values were 161 and 377 ng/L for TBT, 79 and 154 µg/L for chlorpyrifos, 495 and 2353 µg/L for SDS, 1.41 and 1.99 mg/L for lindane. Toxicity thresholds for mussel embryos from this study and crustacean larvae from the literature were compared to environmental concentrations in coastal waters, either directly measured or estimated from mussel bioaccumulation data, in an attempt to evaluate the risk posed by those pollutants to these commercial species. It was concluded that SDS and, especially, chlorpyrifos and lindane, do not pose a threat to these commercial resources. In contrast, TBT risk quotients derived either from actual seawater measurements or mussel bioaccumulation data were both unacceptably high. TBT pollution represents thus a potential threat to natural availability of spat, the basis of extensive mussel culture. At the light of the data presented, current TBT seawater quality criterion seems underprotective and it should be revised.     

广东沿海养殖牡蛎中多氯联苯残留水平及人体饮食暴露风险评估

文章利用气相色谱质谱法测定了广东沿海主要养殖区(汕头、汕尾、深圳、珠海、江门、阳江、湛江)养殖牡蛎体内30种多氯联苯(Polychlorinated biphenys,PCBs)的含量,评价了其污染水平和致癌风险.结果表明,广东养殖牡蛎中普遍检出PCBs,检出率为97.6％,其质量分数为nd～8.62 ng·g-1(湿...     

红鳍笛鲷网箱养殖风险防范对策及经济效益分析

本文从红鳍笛鲷的生态习性、病害防治及市场风险三方面提出其在福建省东南部、广东东北部海域进行网箱养殖的风险防范对策:准确把握市场供求信息,在红鳍笛鲷的适宜生长温度范围18.0～33.0℃投放一定数量体长5.0cm以上鱼苗,每日投喂2～3次,日投喂量为鱼体重的5.0～7.0%,养殖过程中严格日常管理,及时发现及防治病害.作者于2004～2006年在厦门浏五店海域开展试验,经170天养殖可达商品??(450g以上),成活率85.3～91.5%,利润率18.8～72.1%.     

Occupational health and safety management in Oyster culture

The marine mollusks culture is a very important activity for Brazil, generating employment and income for local people. However, little is known about the accident risks to which workers are exposed in this environment. Through an Ergonomic Work Analysis, this study identified and suggested improvements to the main risks in the activities performed on a reference farm on oyster culture. We performed observations in loco, questionnaires and interviews, analysis by infrared thermography and postural assessments by Rapid Entire Body Assessment and Strain Index methods. The performed activities involved prolonged physical effort, awkward postures, excessive static and dynamic loads, activities and repetitive movements. Many workers have muscle pains in their shoulders, lower back, hands, wrists and fingers. Electrical shock, solar radiation and drowning were also identified, and should be considered as a priority for prevention and control.     

Understanding community perceptions of aquaculture: lessons from Australia

Aquaculture is a growing and high-value industry that depends on access to and wise use of shared inland, coastal and marine resources. Varied stakeholders and communities are very interested in these public resources, and there has been conflict about how the aquaculture industry uses them. Prior to the research discussed in this article, there have been few large-scale studies of community perceptions of aquaculture. Our research drew upon an extensive literature review, stakeholder interviews and a survey mailed to the public in two regional case studies in Australia: the Eyre Peninsula in the state of South Australia and Port Phillip Bay in the state of Victoria. The data revealed some public support for aquaculture’s socioeconomic benefits and strong interest in minimizing the risk of its environmental impacts. There were mixed opinions about the trustworthiness of governments’ aquaculture decisions and actions. Some industry sectors attracted greater trust and lower perceived environmental risks. The importance and credibility of different information sources varied. There was strong support for improved dialogue among governments, the aquaculture industry and communities. Key differences between the regions included levels of awareness of and knowledge about aquaculture. Our research is consistent with literature on risk communication and perception that suggests that conflict and subsequent costs to industry and the community can be overcome or mitigated if government and industry understand, acknowledge and respond to community perceptions of the industry.     

渤海海域唐山贝类养殖区腹泻性和麻痹性贝类毒素的监测与风险评估

为监测渤海海域唐山贝类养殖区贝类毒素的污染情况,防止食用贝类中毒事件发生,于2019年10月—2020年9月间,每月持续在渤海海域唐山贝类养殖区采集四角蛤(Mactra veneriformis)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、脉红螺(Rapana venosa)、牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)、青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)、文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)和硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria) 7种经济贝类样品,采用高效液相色谱–串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法测试了5种腹泻性贝类毒素(diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, DSP)和14种麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish poisoning, PSP)。结果显示,在7种经济贝类样品中均未检出DSP。检出的PSP成分包括石房蛤毒素(Saxitoxin, STX)、膝沟藻毒素1 (Gonyautoxin 1, GTX 1)、膝沟藻毒素2 (Gonyautoxin 2, GTX 2)和脱氨甲酰基膝沟藻毒素3 (Ddecarbamoy l gonyautoxin 3, dcGTX 3),其中,GTX 1含量最高且最高值为537.95 μg/kg。不同季节贝类毒素蓄积含量有一定差异,PSP主要集中在4月检出。菲律宾蛤仔、牡蛎、文蛤和硬壳蛤中PSP的检出率分别为11.76%、47.06%、5.90%和8.82%,其他贝类均未检出。PSP总量均低于欧盟及中国的食用安全限量标准800 μg STXeq/kg。应用风险熵值法和点评估法进行食用安全风险评估,显示风险熵值和暴露风险指数均在安全范围内,结果表明,渤海海域唐山贝类养殖区7种经济贝类不存在食用安全风险。     

Factors influencing the variance in expected yield on catfish farms in the United States

Analysis of data from a cross-sectional survey of 571 catfish farmers in the four major catfish-producing states in the United States showed that variability in production fell as farm size increased. Increasing pond size was associated with increasing variability in production. The variance of production was higher on operations that had watershed ponds than on operations with levee ponds.     

石斑鱼虹彩病毒病发生风险评估模型的建立和验证

为评估石斑鱼养殖过程虹彩病毒病发生的风险,实验结合Delphi法和层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)构建新加坡石斑鱼虹彩病毒(SGIV)发生的风险评估模型.风险因素评估指标体系包括1个目标层(石斑鱼虹彩病毒病发生风险),5个准则层(水质、石斑鱼健康状况、饲养管理、养殖模式和养殖环...     

Storm damage risk assessment for offshore cage culture

This study establishes a practical methodology for storm damage risk assessment and zoning for offshore cage culture by superimposing the vulnerability theory onto hydrodynamic modeling. The peak significant wave height is statistically correlated to the normalized fatigue load criteria at specified loading cycles to classify the destruction duration and damage state during storm events. The yield damage of the flotation pipe under cyclical wave oscillations was identified as the major failure mechanism of the sea cage. The structural failure risk would significantly decrease to 4.5-m waves, which is much lower than the manufacturing standard due to cumulative damage in a relatively short operation time. The wave-circulation model was applied to hindcast 112 high-impact typhoon scenarios in the study area for the return period analysis of the storm wave field. The damage risk distribution of the cage culture was mapped across the landscape to increase storm strength according to the vulnerability classification. The effectiveness of island shielding was explicitly revealed, and the leeward side was overall less risky as the return period increased, with the safe area shrinking inshore. For extreme conditions over a 100-year return period, the shield performance of leeward bays varied significantly due to the shoreline profile differences. Some existing cage deployment locations are at-risk relative to the structural resistance capability, whereas other unrecognized areas might be suitable for cage culture. These findings imply the necessity of storm risk assessment before proactive prevention measures and deployment zoning. The methodology may also be adapted to storm risk predictions for other facilities in the coastal ocean.