短梗大参的光合特性研究

以引种栽培的短梗大参为研究对象,采用LI-6400便携式光合仪测定了短梗大参叶片的光合参数,探讨了其光合生理特性,为短梗大参引种及在园林上推广应用提供栽培基础。结果表明:短梗大参叶片净光合速率(Pn)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、大气温度(Ta)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)的日变化曲线均呈单峰曲线,不存在"午休"现象。相关性分析表明影响短梗大参叶片净光合速率的主要生态因子为光合有效辐射和大气温度,生理因子为气孔导度和蒸腾速率。短梗大参叶片净光合速率的年周期变化曲线呈单峰曲线,在夏季6~7月维持在较高水平,春季和秋季较低,冬季最低。短梗大参净光合速率的光响应曲线没有强光抑制现象,采用修正的直角双曲线模型拟合,估算出最大净光合速率(Pmax)为6.902μmol·m-2s-1,光饱和点(LSP)为1 013.163μmol·m-2s-1,光补偿点为(LCP)4.794μmol·m-2s-1,暗呼吸速率(Rd)为0.290μmol·m-2s-1,表明短梗大参耐荫性强,具有较强的弱光适应能力,适合在遮阴环境下栽培。     

短梗大参光合作用光响应曲线及模型拟合

为了探讨不同光合作用光响应模型对短梗大参光合特性的适用性,采用LI-6400便携式光合仪分别观测了全光照和荫蔽环境下的5年生短梗大参叶片的光响应曲线;并应用二次多项式模型、分段函数、直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和修正的直角双曲线模型拟合短梗大参的光响应曲线,根据拟合效果筛选不同光照环境下短梗大参合适的光响应模型。结果表明:1在全光照环境下,短梗大参光合作用的光响应曲线属于饱和趋近型;直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和修正的直角双曲线模型无法直接求取其最大净光合速率和光饱和点的解析解;二次多项式回归模型拟合的光合参数值与实测值相差很大;分段函数为全光照下短梗大参光响应曲线最适用的分析模型,其拟合的初始量子效率为0.047,最大净光合速率为10.70μmol·m-2s-1,光饱和点为1 333.33μmol·m-2s-1,光补偿点为10.43μmol·m-2s-1,暗呼吸速率为0.48μmol·m-2s-1。2在荫蔽环境下,短梗大参光合作用的光响应曲线为中度抑制型;二次多项式拟合的光合参数值与实测值差异明显;分段函数拟合的光合参数值则比实测值要低;直角双曲线模型和非直角双曲线模型拟合的光饱和点均明显低于实测值;修正的直角双曲线模型为荫蔽环境下短梗大参光响应曲线分析的最适用模型,其拟合的初始量子效率为0.076,最大净光合速率为5.07μmol·m-2s-1,光饱和点为449.60μmol·m-2s-1,光补偿点为2.79μmol·m-2s-1,暗呼吸速率为0.21μmol·m-2s-1。     

不同种源东部白松苗期光合作用研究

为选择适合辽宁地区生长的东部白松种源,研究了东部白松不同种源苗期的光合效率。结果表明：东部白松净光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化均为双峰型。8：00时,不同种源的净光合速率为7.83～17.96μmol.m-2.s-1,蒸腾速率为2.63～6.33 mmol.m-2.s-1。10：00时,不同种源的净光合速率为3.58～18.60μmol.m-2.s-1,蒸腾速率为1.92～6.68 mmol.m-2.s-1。方差分析表明,不同种源的东部白松净光合速率和蒸腾速率均差异明显。相关性分析表明,生长指标和光合作用指标之间表现为正相关,其中当年树高生长量同净光合速率和蒸腾速率相关性较高,说明光合作用指标可作为东部白松东部种源选择的依据。     

不同产量类型油茶无性系光合特性的研究Ⅳ—花期

以油茶无性系高产品种、中产品种和普通品种3种类型为试材,采用LI-6400P便携式光合测定系统在花期对其净光合速率(rnpr)、蒸腾速率(rtr)等日变化及光合-光响应曲线进行了比较研究。结果表明:其净光合速率日变化曲线存在单峰和双峰两种类型,双峰曲线存在光合午休现象,光合午休是造成普通品种产量低的原因之一;3个品种上、下部叶片的蒸腾速率的日变化曲线均为单峰型,水分利用效率的日变化曲线均为"一降不起"的单峰曲线;3个品种的最大净光合速率10.561～14.716μmol.m-2.s-1之间,光饱和点在705～754μmol.m-2.s-1之间,光补偿点在45～60μmol.m-2.s-1之间;逐步回归分析表明:影响高产品种叶片rnpr的主导因子为光合有效辐射和叶面相对湿度;气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度是影响中产品种的主导因子,普通品种主要受光合有效辐射的影响。     

9个笋用竹种的光合特性

通过对9个笋用竹种叶片的光合速率测定,研究了光合速率的日变化与环境、生理因子之间的相互关系.结果表明:不同笋用竹种光合速率的日变化有一定的差异,并具有相似的变化规律——光合速率具明显的午休现象,上午8:00~9:30叶片光合速率随着光照强度的增加呈直线上升,在9:30出现全天第1个高峰值,在15:30出现第2个高峰值;9个笋用竹种中,慈竹的日最大净光合速率最高,为10.13μmol.m-2.s-1,依次为毛竹>梁山慈竹>红哺鸡竹>白哺鸡竹>桂竹>刚竹>高节竹>假毛竹;慈竹的日均净光合速率最大为4.91μmol.m-2.s-1,依次为毛竹>梁山慈竹>红哺鸡竹>白哺鸡竹>高节竹>桂竹>刚竹>假毛竹;光合速率受生理因子的影响高于生态环境因子的影响,对9个笋用竹种叶片光合速率影响最大的因子是细胞间隙CO2浓度、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,环境因子光合有效辐射、空气温度、相对湿度对不同种的影响程度各不相同.     

深山含笑等18个景观树种光合生理特性研究

以深山含笑(Michelia maudiae)等18个景观树种为研究材料,采用Li-6400光合作用测定系统测定光合、蒸腾、水分利用效率等生理参数及其光响应过程,探讨景观树种在自然生境下的光合生理特征。结果表明:18个景观树种光响应曲线符合非直角双曲线模型(R2>0.99),最大净光合速率为8.15～22.02μmol.m-2.s-1,表观量子效率为0.045～0.234,光饱和点为878.7～1 949.3μmol.m-2.s-1,光补偿点为1.3～18.7μmol.m-2.s-1,18个景观树种光适应性介于典型阴生植物和阳生植物之间。红花羊蹄甲(Bauhinia blakeana)、红花荷(Rhodoleia championii)、木棉(Bombax ceiba)、紫薇(Lagerstroemia indica)和穗花棋盘脚(Barringtonia racemosa)具有较高的净光合速率和水分利用效率。水分利用效率以火焰木最大,大花紫薇最小,与蒸腾速率恰好相反,而净光合速率并未表现出一致性,表明该地区景观树种的水分利用效率受蒸腾速率的影响可能更大。     

油茶无性系果实成熟期光合特性的研究

为了从光合生理方面了解油茶新品种的产量性状,以油茶无性系高产品种、中产品种和普通品种为试材,采用LI-6400P便携式光合测定系统,在果实成熟期对其净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)等日变化参数及光合-光响应曲线进行了测定与比较分析。结果表明:其净光合速率日变化曲线均呈宽大的单峰型,不存在光合午休现象,3个品种类型的净光合速率均存在着显著的差异;3个品种类型上、下部叶片的蒸腾速率的日变化曲线均为单峰型,水分利用效率的日变化曲线均为"U"型;3个品种类型的最大净光合速率在11.574~14.04μmol.m-2s-1之间,光饱和点在369~500μmol.m-2s-1之间,光补偿点在19~23μmol.m-2s-1之间;逐步回归分析结果表明,影响高产品种叶片Pn的主导因子为气孔导度,光合有效辐射和参比室的CO2浓度是影响中产品种的主导因子,普通品种主要受胞间CO2浓度的影响。     

向家坝工程扰动区3种先锋灌木的光合生理特性

通过对向家坝工程扰动区内的木蓝(Indigofera tinctoria)、盐肤木(Rhus chinensis)、海桐(Pittosporum tobira)等3种生态恢复先锋灌木的光合与水分生理特性的分析测定,结果表明:海桐、盐肤木及木蓝的光饱和点在1 000～1 200μmol.m-2.s-1,光补偿点均低于30μmol.m-2.s-1,各物种的表观量子效率均在0.05～0.06间,表明3种灌木均为喜阳植物,对弱光利用能力均比较强。在光强为1 000μmol.m-2.s-1的光照条件下,3种灌木净光合速率差异不显著,均表现出较强的净光合能力;海桐和木蓝的蒸腾速率显著低于盐肤木,但水分利用率显著高于盐肤木。     

南召宝天曼生境下山茱萸光合生理生态特性研究

在完全自然生长不离体的情况下,利用Li-6400测定南召宝天曼生境下山茱萸7月份的光合生理生态指标.结果表明;山茱萸净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,具有光合"午休"现象且由非气孔限制因素所致;山茱萸净光合速率与叶片气孔导度、胞间C02浓度、气孔限制值呈线性相关,与光合有效辐射呈二次抛物线型相关,与其它生理生态因子之间没有直接的显著相关,但逐步回归多元统计分析显示利用叶片气孔导度和叶片温度二因子预测山茱萸净光合速率精度较高;在叶温28C和空气CO2浓度360μmol·tool-1条件下,山茱萸净光合速率随光合有效辐射的增强而提高,光补偿点和光饱和点分别为25 μmol·m-2·s-1、1000μmol·m-2·s1,在此条件下,净光合速率与蒸腾速率和叶片气孔导度没有显著的相关关系．但与胞间CO2浓度呈二次抛物线璎显著相关;在叶温28C和光合有效辐射900 μmol·m-2·s-1条件下,净光合速率随着CO2浓度的增加而提高,CO2补偿点和CO2饱和点分别为100μmol·mol-1、1400μmol·mol-1此条件下净光合速率与蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度均星对数曲线显著正相关.     

甘草叶片光合生理特征分析

通过对乾安地区人工栽培的甘草其叶片光合作用日变化曲线变化情况的测算研究,表明甘草叶片净光合速率日变化曲线呈单峰型,日间最大值出现在正午前后,平均净光合速率10.46±0.25μmol·m-2s-1左右;计算得知,甘草叶片光补偿点(LCP)=722.61μmol·m-2s-1,光饱和点(LSP)=53.22μmol·m-2s-1,光合速率最大值(Pmax)=20.7516μmol·m-2s-1,表观量子效率(Q)=0.031。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.