氨氯吡啶酸·2,4-滴对非耕地阔叶杂草的防除效果

氨氯吡啶酸·2,4-滴水剂对非耕地春季和秋季发生的大部分阔叶杂草防效优良.建议在非耕地杂草生长旺盛期用304 g/L氨氯吡啶酸·2,4-滴水剂1 500～2 250 g/hm2兑水喷雾.     

2种吡啶类除草剂对天山假狼毒群落影响和禾本科牧草产草量及安全性评价

2013—2014年在新疆昭苏县乌鲁空盖草原选用270 g/L三氯吡氧乙酸丁氧基乙酯·氯氨吡啶酸钾盐水乳剂和21%氯氨吡啶酸水剂不同浓度对草原毒草——天山假狼毒进行群落影响试验。研究结果表明,270 g/L三氯吡氧乙酸丁氧基乙酯·氯氨吡啶酸钾盐水乳剂和21%氯氨吡啶酸水剂不同浓度均对天山假狼毒群落生长产生影响,与使用浓度呈正相关;其中使用270 g/L三氯吡氧乙酸丁氧基乙酯·氯氨吡啶酸钾盐水乳剂6 000 m L/hm2明显抑制天山假狼毒群落正常生长,并且对禾本科牧草安全性较高,同时禾本科牧草数量和产草量明显增加,可作为防除天山假狼毒群落生长的化学药剂。     

双环磺草酮与氯氟吡啶酯复配的联合除草活性及对水稻的安全性评价

双环磺草酮是一种新型的对羟基苯丙酮酸双加氧酶抑制剂类除草剂,为明确其除草活性以及其与合成激素类除草剂氯氟吡啶酯复配后的除草效果,采用温室盆栽法研究了二者复配的联合作用类型,以及复配药剂在水稻与杂草之间的选择性,并进行了田间药效评价。温室盆栽试验结果表明:双环磺草酮与氯氟吡啶酯复配后使用,对供试杂草稗草、千金子、异型莎草及鸭舌草均呈现加成或增效作用;其中二者按照质量比5:1复配后的除草活性高于双环磺草酮单剂;复配药剂在供试水稻品种与杂草之间的选择性指数在28.72~54.81之间,与两种单剂相比,复配药剂对水稻的安全性均有提高。田间药效试验结果表明:双环磺草酮与氯氟吡啶酯复配扩大了杀草谱,对稗草、千金子、异型莎草及雨久花的株防效和鲜重防效在93.4%~100%之间,且对水稻安全;其中,田间复配用量为双环磺草酮有效成分120 g/hm^2、氯氟吡啶酯有效成分18 g/hm^2时效果最佳,对4种供试杂草的防效为97.1%~100%。     

几种除草剂对恶性杂草野艾蒿的防除效果及对胡麻生长发育的影响

采用田间试验的方法,测定了几种除草剂单剂和混用配方对胡麻田恶性杂草野艾蒿的防除效果及对胡麻生长发育的影响。结果显示,75%二氯吡啶酸SG+56%2甲4氯钠盐SP、75%二氯吡啶酸SG+90%莠去津WG混配、75%二氯吡啶酸SG单剂对野艾蒿的株防效、地上部鲜重防效、地下部鲜重防效分别达到93.24%～97.46%、94.69%～96.77%和90.13%～96.40%,对靶标杂草野艾蒿防除效果明显且对胡麻无药害,胡麻产量较空白对照分别增加36.59%、4.14%和20.86%。48%灭草松AS虽对野艾蒿的综合防效较低,但其对胡麻无药害且胡麻蒴果数、千粒重较大,胡麻产量较空白对照增长61.27%。90%2甲·草甘膦SP、82%草甘膦异丙胺盐AS、20%氯氟吡氧乙酸EC、70.5%2甲·唑草酮WG、20%敌草快AS 5种除草剂对胡麻安全性低,不宜应用于胡麻田野艾蒿的防治。结合各除草剂处理后胡麻的药害、经济性状、生物产量、籽粒产量以及对野艾蒿的防除效果进行综合分析,胡麻田野艾蒿防除除草剂选择适宜度依次为:75%二氯吡啶酸SG+56%2甲4氯钠盐SP混配75%二氯吡啶酸SG48%灭草松AS75%二氯吡啶酸SG+90%莠去津WG混配。本文为胡麻田恶性杂草野艾蒿的化学防除提供了理论依据。     

添加助剂对氨氯吡啶酸防除刺萼龙葵的增效作用

在室内和田间条件下研究氨氯吡啶酸添加助剂对不同生育时期刺萼龙葵的防除效果,室内试验结果表明,氨氯吡啶酸对刺萼龙葵有理想防效,随刺萼龙葵叶龄增加对其有效防除所需剂量提高。添加植物油助剂对氨氯吡啶酸有较好的增效作用,在刺萼龙葵子叶期及花蕾期喷施氨氯吡啶酸23.11、92.44 g a.i./hm2,添加植物油助剂的处理防效分别增加15.93%、24.67%。田间试验结果显示,植物油助剂可提高氨氯吡啶酸的速效性,快速扑灭刺萼龙葵,从而提高禾本科牧草的竞争能力,使禾本科牧草盖度明显增加     

5种化学除草剂对薇甘菊防治效果及对其他植物的影响

为了筛选高效防除薇甘菊的除草剂, 本文利用4种含灭草松或吡啶类的新型除草剂25%苄嘧磺隆·灭草松AS?25%滴酸·灭草松AS?25%滴酸·氨氯吡AS?25%氟胺·灭草松AS, 以常用除草剂24%滴酸·二氯吡AS作对照, 在深圳进行防除薇甘菊的试验研究?除草剂对薇甘菊防效结果表明:400 mL/hm 2 25%滴酸·氨氯吡AS和24%滴酸·二氯吡AS对薇甘菊的杀灭率为100%, 同等剂量的25%滴酸·氨氯吡AS完全杀灭薇甘菊的时间短于24%滴酸·二氯吡AS?25%氟胺·灭草松AS 1 000 mL/hm 2对薇甘菊的杀灭率100%, 喷药后21 d左右薇甘菊全部死亡?25%苄嘧磺隆·灭草松AS?25%滴酸·灭草松AS 1 000~6 000 mL/hm 2对薇甘菊的杀灭率为68.85%~89.11%, 防治效果差?除草剂对其他植物的影响结果表明:25%滴酸·氨氯吡AS?24%滴酸·二氯吡AS 400 mL/hm 2 对植物药害等级达到Ⅲ~Ⅳ级(严重药害和极严重药害)的种类数分别占样地内种类数的54.55%和77.78%?25%氟胺·灭草松AS 1 000 mL/hm 2对植物药害等级达到Ⅲ~Ⅳ级的种类数占样地内种类数的83.33%?建议在林地?非耕地等薇甘菊危害较大的区域可采用25%滴酸·氨氯吡AS 400 mL/hm 2防除薇甘菊, 该药剂可作为高效防除薇甘菊且对植物较为安全的优选药剂?     

不同除草剂对水花生根茎再生的控制效果

针对常规化学防除仅可杀除外来入侵恶性杂草水花生地上茎叶,一次防治难以有效控制全年危害的防治难题,采用野外小区试验法测定不同除草剂配方对水花生根茎再生的抑制效果,筛选可有效控制水花生根茎再生的除草剂配方,为水花生的可持续治理提供备选药剂和技术指导。结果表明,药后60 d, 24%氨氯吡啶酸水剂(AS)与41%草甘膦异丙胺盐AS桶混处理对水花生的分枝数防效和鲜重防效均达93%以上,极显著高于对照药剂[24%氨氯吡啶酸AS、41%草甘膦异丙胺盐AS、288 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯乳油(EC)、41%草甘膦异丙胺盐AS+200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC、46%草铵·草甘膦AS、42%2甲·氯氟吡EC];药后365 d, 24%氨氯吡啶酸AS 108 g a.i./hm²及其以上剂量与41%草甘膦异丙胺盐AS 922.5 g a.i./hm²及其以上剂量桶混处理对水花生的分枝数防效均达50%以上,均极显著高于对照药剂。24%氨氯吡啶酸AS与41%草甘膦异丙胺盐AS桶混处理可有效控制水花生的当年危害,降低第2年的发生基数。     

乙酰辅酶A羧化酶抑制剂类除草剂与杂草的抗药性

乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCase)是芳氧苯氧基丙酸类(AOPP)除草剂和环己烯酮类(CHD)除草剂的作用靶标酶，这类除草剂对禾本科杂草有优异的防除效果，属于超高效型除草剂，使用范围较广，但同时也发现连续使用该类除草剂，杂草容易产生抗药性。本文概述了AOPP和CHD类除草剂的现状、作用机理及抗该类除草剂杂草的分布、危害，并探讨了杂草对该类除草剂的抗性机理、抗性控制等。     

氯氟吡啶酯对稻田杂草的室内除草活性及田间药效评价

氯氟吡啶酯是美国陶氏益农公司最新研制开发的芳基吡啶甲酸酯类除草剂.为了明确其在水稻田的应用技术,采用温室盆栽法测定了氯氟吡啶酯对稻田主要杂草的防效以及对8个水稻品种的安全性,同时开展了田间药效评价试验.温室测定结果表明,氯氟吡啶酯对鸭舌草、鳢肠、耳基水苋、碎米莎草、异型莎草和稗均有较好的除草活性,对千金子的除草活性相对...     

75％二氯吡啶酸可溶性粒剂防除冬油莱田阔叶杂草效果

近年来由于种种原因，太湖地区冬油菜田恶性杂草稻槎菜种群数量不断上升，而一般除草剂对稻槎菜效果不太理想，已经影响了油菜的生产。75％二氯吡啶酸可溶性粒剂（clopyralid，龙拳）是陶氏益农公司最新研制开发的油菜田除草剂，对稻槎菜效果较好。为明确75％二氯吡啶酸防治冬油菜田阔叶杂草，特别是恶性杂草稻槎菜的效果，以及对作物的安全性，确定该产品的使用剂量和使用技术，进行了防治冬油菜田杂草的田间药效试验。     

The occurrence of herbicide-resistant weeds worldwide

The 1995/6 International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds recorded 183 herbicide-resistant weed biotypes (124 different species) in 42 countries. The increase in the number of new herbicide-resistant weeds has remained relatively constant since 1978, at an average of nine new cases per year worldwide. Whilst 61 weed species have evolved resistance to triazine herbicides, this figure now only accounts for one-third of all documented herbicide-resistant biotypes. Triazine-resistant weeds have been controlled successfully in many countries by the use of alternative herbicides. Due to the economic importance of ALS and ACCase inhibitor herbicides worldwide, and the ease with which weeds have evolved resistance to them, it is likely that ALS and ACCase inhibitor-resistant weeds will present farmers with greater problems in the next five years than triazine-resistant weeds have caused in the past 25 years. Thirty-three weed species have evolved resistance to ALS-inhibitor herbicides in 11 countries. ALS-inhibitor-resistant weeds are most problematic in cereal, corn/soybean and rice production. Thirteen weed species have evolved resistance to ACCase inhibitors, also in 11 countries. ACCase inhibitor resistance in Lolium and Avena spp. threatens cereal production in Australia, Canada, Chile, France, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom and the USA. Fourteen weed species have evolved resistance to urea herbicides. Isoproturon-resistant Phalaris minor infesting wheat fields in North West India and chlorotoluron-resistant Alopecurus myosuroides in Europe are of significant economic importance. Although 27 weed species have evolved resistance to bipyridilium herbicides, and 14 weed species have evolved resistance to synthetic auxins, the area infested and the availability of alternative herbicides have kept their impact minimal. The lack of alternative herbicides to control weeds with multiple herbicide resistance, such as Lolium rigidum and Alopecurus myosuroides, makes these the most challenging resistance problems. The recent discovery of glyphosate-resistant Lolium rigidum in Australia is a timely reminder that sound herbicide-resistant management strategies will remain important after the widespread adoption of glyphosate-resistant crops. ©1997 SCI     

抗药性杂草与治理

抗药性杂草对农田杂草治理和农业生产构成严重威胁,成为备受全球关注的严重问题。随着长期、大量使用相对有限的化学除草剂,全球抗药性杂草发展迅猛,目前已有217种杂草对化学除草剂产生了抗药性,我国抗药性杂草发展也十分迅猛。本文在介绍杂草抗药性基本概念、抗药性杂草发展过程、抗药性杂草现状的基础上,重点描述了抗药性杂草治理策略,以期为我国抗药性杂草研究和治理提供参考。     

几种除草剂对兰州百合田杂草的防除效果及其安全性评价

为明确几种除草剂对兰州百合田杂草的防除效果及其安全性, 采用土壤处理和茎叶喷雾处理的方法, 开展了5种土壤处理除草剂和13种茎叶喷雾处理除草剂在推荐剂量下防治百合田杂草的田间药效试验和对兰州百合的安全性评价。土壤处理试验结果表明:药后60 d, 5种除草剂对兰州百合田杂草具有较好的防除效果, 且对兰州百合安全。对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别达83.23%和89.15%以上, 对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为87.28%和89.58%以上。其中, 50%异丙隆WP 1 350 g/hm2(有效成分用量, 下同)和240 g/L乙氧氟草醚EC 180 g/hm2的防效最好, 表现出很好的除草活性。茎叶喷雾试验结果表明:15%硝磺草酮OD 150 g/hm2、30%苯唑草酮SE 27 g/hm2、15%噻吩磺隆WP 33.75 g/hm2、56%2甲4氯钠SPX 840 g/hm2、24%氨氯吡啶酸AS 108 g/hm2、30%二氯吡啶酸AS 180 g/hm2和30%氨氯·二氯吡啶酸AS 150 g/hm2喷雾处理, 药后45 d, 这7种除草剂对兰州百合田阔叶杂草具较好的防除效果且对兰州百合安全, 株防效在77.99%～93.48%, 鲜重防效在81.62%～95.05%, 但对禾本科杂草基本无效。70%嗪草酮WP 735 g/hm2能有效防除兰州百合田杂草且对兰州百合安全性高, 对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为96.95%和99.52%, 对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为91.81%和95.21%。研究结果可为兰州百合田除草剂的合理选择和应用提供科学依据。     

Alternatives to hexazinone and terbuthylazine for chemical control of Cytisus scoparius in Pinus radiata plantations in New Zealand

Two herbicides used for post‐plant weed control in commercial forests in New Zealand, terbuthylazine and hexazinone, are not endorsed for use on land certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). These herbicides are effective for controlling competitive woody weeds, such as Cytisus scoparius (broom). To investigate the potential of non‐residual, alternative herbicides for the control of C. scoparius after planting, a range of treatments were implemented at two trials. The trials were established in newly planted Pinus radiata plantations where C. scoparius dominated. The objectives were to (i) optimise application rates of alternative herbicides and compare their efficacy to current practice and (ii) identify if treatment efficacy varied across sites. Treatments at each site included weedy and weed‐free controls, current practice using terbuthylazine and hexazinone, applied as both spot treatment and broadcast application, and a range of new treatments consisting of different dosage combinations of clopyralid, triclopyr and picloram. Broadcast application of the clopyralid, triclopyr and picloram mixture showed increasing weed‐control efficacy against C. scoparius with increasing dose rate, resulting in increased tree volume. Broadcast application of the clopyralid, triclopyr and picloram mixture at 75% or 100% of a typical industry use rate (100% industry rate includes clopyralid 1.5 kg a.i. ha^?1, triclopyr 0.15 kg a.i. ha^?1 and picloram 0.05 kg a.i. ha^?1) achieved greatest tree volume by year four with tree volumes exceeding that obtained using the operational spot treatment with terbuthylazine and hexazinone. Treatment rankings were similar between locations. The result supports the use of clopyralid, triclopyr and picloram to control C. scoparius during the first year of P. radiata establishment.     

Improved chemical control of Conyza bonariensis in wheat limits problems in the following fallow

Conyza bonariensis is a major weed infesting zero‐tilled cropping systems in subtropical Australia, particularly in wheat and winter fallows. Uncontrolled C. bonariensis survives to become a problem weed in the following crops or fallows. As no herbicide has been registered for C. bonariensis in wheat, the effectiveness of 11 herbicides, currently registered for other broad‐leaved weeds in wheat, was evaluated in two pot and two field experiments. As previous research showed that the age of C. bonariensis, and to a lesser extent, the soil moisture at spraying affected herbicide efficacy, these factors also were investigated. The efficacy of the majority of herbicide treatments was reduced when large rosettes (5–15 cm diameter) were treated, compared with small rosettes (<5 cm diameter). However, for the majority of herbicide treatments, the soil moisture did not affect the herbicide efficacy in the pot experiments. In the field, a delay in herbicide treatment of 2 weeks reduced the herbicide efficacy consistently across herbicide treatments, which was related to weed age but not to soil moisture differences. Across all the experiments, four herbicides controlled C. bonariensis in wheat consistently (83–100%): 2,4‐D; aminopyralid + fluroxypyr; picloram + MCPA + metsulfuron; and picloram + high rates of 2,4‐D. Thus, this problem weed can be effectively and consistently controlled in wheat, particularly when small rosettes are treated, and therefore C. bonariensis will have a less adverse impact on the following fallow or crop.     

杂草对激素类除草剂抗药性研究进展

农田杂草严重影响作物的产量和品质,对除草剂的过度依赖和长期使用,使杂草对除草剂的抗性问题日益突出。目前已有262种杂草(152种双子叶和110种单子叶)的512个生物型对23类中的167个除草剂产生抗性。激素类除草剂作为除草剂的重要成员,为禾谷类作物田的杂草防除提供了保障,然而在使用了几十年后,44种杂草对此类除草剂产生了抗药性。本文对激素类除草剂的分类应用、除草机理、抗性现状、抗性机理等进行了综述,以期为激素类除草剂的应用和抗激素类除草剂杂草的防除提供参考。     

Prevalence of herbicide‐resistant weed species in Malaysian rice fields: A review

The management of weeds in Malaysian rice fields is very much herbicide‐based. The heavy reliance on herbicide for weed control by many rice‐growers arguably eventually has led to the development and evolution of herbicide‐resistant biotypes in Malaysian rice fields over the years. The continuous use of synthetic auxin (phenoxy group) herbicides and acetohydroxyacid synthase‐inhibiting herbicides to control rice weeds was consequential in leading to the emergence and prevalence of resistant weed biotypes. This review discusses the history and confirmed cases and incidence of herbicide‐resistant weeds in Malaysian rice fields. It also reviews the Clearfield Production System and its impact on the evolution of herbicide resistance among rice weed species and biotypes. This review also emphasizes the strategies and management options for herbicide‐resistant rice field weeds within the framework of herbicide‐based integrated weed management. These include the use of optimum tillage practices, certified clean seeds, increased crop competition through high seeding rates, crop rotation, the application of multiple modes of action of herbicides in annual rotations, tank mixtures and sequential applications to enable a broad spectrum of weed control, increase the selective control of noxious weed species in a field and help to delay the resistance evolution by reducing the selection pressure that is forced on those weed populations by a specific herbicidal mode of action.     

我国小麦田禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵的抗药性研究进展

小麦是我国主要的粮食作物, 麦田草害的发生与危害严重影响小麦的产量与品质。我国小麦田的禾本科杂草主要包括日本看麦娘、看麦娘、菵草和多花黑麦草等, 田间杂草防除主要依靠化学除草剂。精噁唑禾草灵自20世纪80年代进入我国市场以来, 长期用于小麦田禾本科杂草防除, 已经报道麦田多种禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵产生了高水平抗药性。为更加科学合理地控制小麦田杂草的发生与危害, 一些学者就麦田禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵的抗药性水平监测和抗性机理进行了系统研究。本文系统总结了我国小麦田抗精噁唑禾草灵杂草的发生种群、抗性水平、靶标酶抗性机理与非靶标抗性机理, 还梳理了抗性杂草的交互抗性与多抗性发生情况, 分析了我国在抗性杂草治理方面的经验以及面临的问题, 为农田杂草防除提供指导。     

稻田除草剂选择智能决策系统APP的构建与思考

当前我国水稻田登记的除草剂活性成分组合共204种, 包括55种单剂和149种复配剂?在总结各种稻田除草剂应用技术要素的基础上, 提出稻田除草剂选用中具有普遍性的6个关键问题, 包括:水稻栽培方式?稻田除草剂施用时期?施用方法?稻田主要禾本科杂草种类?稻田非禾本科主要杂草类型?田间杂草生育期; 基于各种除草剂品种对应上述6个问题上的应用特点, 开发了“稻田除草剂选用参考系统”, 该手机软件共1.8 MB, 可以在安卓手机上安装使用?该软件可以根据用户在上述6个问题上的选项组合, 直接获得适用除草剂品种清单; 也可以根据用户输入除草剂名称所含字词, 检索相关的除草剂品种清单?此外, 软件中列出了每种除草剂的使用技术要点?     

Integrated pest management and weed management in the United States and Canada

There is interest in more diverse weed management tactics because of evolved herbicide resistance in important weeds in many US and Canadian crop systems. While herbicide resistance in weeds is not new, the issue has become critical because of the adoption of simple, convenient and inexpensive crop systems based on genetically engineered glyphosate‐tolerant crop cultivars. Importantly, genetic engineering has not been a factor in rice and wheat, two globally important food crops. There are many tactics that help to mitigate herbicide resistance in weeds and should be widely adopted. Evolved herbicide resistance in key weeds has influenced a limited number of growers to include a more diverse suite of tactics to supplement existing herbicidal tactics. Most growers still emphasize herbicides, often to the exclusion of alternative tactics. Application of integrated pest management for weeds is better characterized as integrated weed management, and more typically integrated herbicide management. However, adoption of diverse weed management tactics is limited. Modifying herbicide use will not solve herbicide resistance in weeds, and the relief provided by different herbicide use practices is generally short‐lived at best. More diversity of tactics for weed management must be incorporated in crop systems. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry