Evaluating gully erosion using Cs and Pb/Cs ratio in a reservoir catchment

Water erosion in the hilly areas of west China is the main process contributing to the overall sediment of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. The impact of gully erosion in total sediment output has been mostly neglected. Our objective was to assess the sediment production and sediment sources at both the hillslope and catchment scales in the Yangjuangou reservoir catchment of the Chinese Loess Plateau, northwest China. Distribution patterns in sediment production caused by water erosion on hills and gully slopes under different land use types were assessed using the fallout ¹³⁷Cs technique. The total sediment production from the catchment was estimated by using the sediment record in a reservoir. Sediment sources and dominant water erosion processes were determined by comparing ¹³⁷Cs activities and ²¹⁰Pb/¹³⁷Cs ratios in surface soils and sub-surface soils with those of sediment deposits from the reservoir at the outlet of the catchment. Results indicated that landscape location had the most significant impact on sediment production for cultivated hillslopes, followed by the terraced hillslope, and the least for the vegetated hillslope. Sediment production increased in the following order: top>upper>lower>middle for the cultivated hillslope, and top>lower>upper>middle for the terraced hillslope. The mean value of sediment production declined by 49% for the terraced hillslope and by 80% for the vegetated hillslope compared with the cultivated hillslope. Vegetated gully slope reduced the sediment production by 38% compared with the cultivated gully slope. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of terracing and perennial vegetation cover in controlling sediment delivery at a hillslope scale. Averaged ¹³⁷Cs activities and ²¹⁰Pb/¹³⁷Cs ratios in the 0–5 cm surface soil (2.22–4.70 Bq kg⁻¹ and 20.70–22.07, respectively) and in the 5–30 cm subsoil (2.60 Bq kg⁻¹ and 28.57, respectively) on the cultivated hills and gully slopes were close to those of the deposited sediment in the reservoir (3.37 Bq kg⁻¹ and 29.08, respectively). These results suggest that the main sediment sources in the catchment were from the surface soil and subsoil on the cultivated slopes, and that gully erosion is the dominant water erosion process contributing sediment in the study area. Changes in land use types can greatly affect sediment production from gully erosion. An increase in grassland and forestland by 42%, and a corresponding decrease in farmland by 46%, reduced sediment production by 31% in the catchment.     

桑干河流域淤地坝沉积泥沙特征及其来源解析

[目的]为查明桑干河流域的泥沙主要策源地和侵蚀产沙变化。[方法]选取阳原县高墙乡典型淤地坝沉积泥沙为研究对象,利用复合指纹识别技术,测定沉积泥沙及其源地的土壤粒径、SOC、TN、¹³⁷Cs、低频质量磁化率等9种指纹因子,研究了不同淤积阶段的泥沙策源地及坝控小流域侵蚀产沙演变规律。[结果](1)沉积泥沙中¹³⁷Cs平均含量较低,与沟壁土壤无显著差异(p>0.05),但极显著小于林草地和耕地的¹³⁷Cs含量(p<0.01),这指示淤地坝沉积泥沙主要来源于沟壁;(2)由于沟壁中大部分¹³⁷Cs含量低于检出限,¹³⁷Cs较好地指示泥沙主要来源沟谷地中的沟壁,但难以用于小流域多种策源地的判别,经Kruskal-Wallis H非参数检验和多元逐步判别分析筛选,确定TN+X_lfb+SOC构成最佳指纹因子组合,有效地判别小流域2006—2017年泥沙源地的平均贡献率为沟壁(82.68%±8.20%)>耕地(15.36%±8.46%)>林草地(1....     

基于不同模型不同指纹因子的东北黑土区小流域泥沙来源分析

基于指纹识别技术计算了东北黑土区典型小流域不同侵蚀产沙源地的泥沙贡献比。通过分析农地、林地、草地表层土以及侵蚀沟样品中的33种物质,使用非参数检验和多元判别分析筛选出包括P、Ce、Ga、Rb和137Cs组成的最优复合指纹因子,并将放射性核素137Cs和210Pbex作为第2组指纹因子,将最优复合指纹因子中的单个因子分别作为单因子,作为第3组指纹因子,分别利用多元混合线性模型、Bayesian模型和单因子解析解等泥沙来源指纹分析方法计算了表层土和侵蚀沟的相对泥沙贡献比。结果表明:基于不同模型不同指纹因子的泥沙来源贡献比结果虽不尽相同,但无重大差别。利用多元混合线性模型计算时,由放射性元素137Cs和210Pbex作为指纹因子计算的泥沙来源(表层土47.5%,侵蚀沟52.5%),与最优复合指纹因子计算的泥沙来源(表层土44.6%,侵蚀沟55.4%)基本一致;利用Bayesian模型计算时,由放射性元素137Cs和210Pbex作为指纹因子计算的表层土和侵蚀沟的泥沙贡献比约各占1/2,而利用最优复合指纹因子计算得到的泥沙贡献比中,表层土(58.8%)多于侵蚀沟(41.2%);以复合指纹因子中单个因子为指纹因子计算解析解,P、Ga、Ce、137Cs 4个因子的判别能力较强,能有效判别泥沙物源区;为保证泥沙贡献比计算结果的精确性,有必要确定各模型的计算精度,并挖掘具体的影响因素,调整参数或算法,为模型改进提供依据。研究发现,面积占比不足1%的侵蚀沟贡献了流域近1/2的泥沙,表明侵蚀沟发育引起的土壤流失不容小觑,应加强对该区侵蚀沟道的治理。     

东北典型黑土区小流域水土流失综合防治体系

针对东北黑土区土地资源不断流失和退化问题,总结东北黑土区小流域综合防治经验,对保护黑土资源和保障国家粮食生产安全是非常必要的。基于典型黑土区具有代表性的通双小流域近50a水土流失治理实践和数据,探讨和分析小流域水土流失防治措施体系结构及其综合效益。在此基础上,系统分析了小流域从坡顶到沟道的三道防线立体防护体系的原理和效益:岗顶第一道防线减少溅蚀,削弱并拦截上坡来水来沙,涵养水源,改善土壤质量;坡耕地第二道防线截短坡长,减缓径流流速和侵蚀动能;坡底第三道防线主要采用植物跌水固沟保土,抑制侵蚀发展,恢复土地资源。该三道防线是适合典型漫川漫岗水力侵蚀区水土保持综合治理的模式体系。通过水土流失治理,通双小流域森林覆盖度显著增加,生态环境得到有效改善,小流域由强侵蚀区改善为微侵蚀区,侵蚀模数由6 600t/(km2.a)降低为300t/(km2.a),且土壤质量得到明显改善,粮食产量由1979年的1 200kg/hm2增加至1995年的3 465kg/hm2,年人均收入由1985年的1 100元上升至2005年的2 700元。最后对黑土区和黄土区典型小流域综合治理模式进行了对比分析,为典型黑土漫川漫岗水力侵蚀区小流域水土流失综合防治和流域可持续发展提供借鉴和样板。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用方式下小流域侵蚀产沙特征

为进一步优化和合理配置水土保持措施,以黄土丘陵沟壑区3个不同土地利用方式下的坝控小流域为例,基于人工探槽取样、淤积层次甄别及与产流降雨事件的对应关系,结合1:10000早期地形图与全站仪测量,拟合库容曲线来估算淤地坝泥沙淤积量,进而反演坝控流域的产沙模数变化特征.结果表明:(1)延河马家沟3个不同土地利用方式下的洞儿沟...     

黄土丘陵区小流域淤地坝纪录的泥沙沉积过程研究

淤地坝是黄土丘陵区小流域水土流失治理的重要工程措施之一,在拦蓄泥沙的同时,也记载了小流域侵蚀产沙的历史变化过程及特征.该研究根据流域历史降雨资料,分析了黄土丘陵区关地沟小流域淤地坝1959～1987年泥沙沉积旋回变化及各旋回层泥沙中、小流域沟间地和沟谷地表层土体中放射性同位素137Cs含量,研究了小流域侵蚀产沙变化过程及泥沙主要来源.结果表明:该小流域在淤地坝建设初期,侵蚀产沙强度很大,其后产沙强度由强变弱,呈显著降低趋势,淤地坝内沉积泥沙的70%来源于沟间地;微小流域与较大流域在泥沙来源方面存在较大差异.     

Improving precision in sediment source and erosion process distinction in an upland catchment,south-eastern Australia

Analysis of sediment sources is an important component in the development of catchment sediment budgets and in determining links between erosion from sources and sediment delivery to catchment outlets. In this study ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex were used to determine surface and sub-surface source contributions of fine sediment in a small upland headwater catchment (1.6 km²) in south-eastern Australia. The findings from this analysis are employed in an adjustment procedure to better differentiate sediment source erosion processes by utilising channel survey and erosion pin data. This improved the precision of estimates of sediment-source erosion-process contributions from hillslopes and channel/gully walls. A mean of 74% of in-channel deposits and suspended sediment exiting the study catchment was derived from sub-surface sources and when adjusted for erosion process this increased to 81%, which may be attributed to channel and gully wall erosion alone. Net erosion of the channel floor was low and constitutes only a small part of the total channel source input to sediment flux. Variability in sediment source contributions within the catchment was high, with rapid transition from hillslope to channel source dominance of sediment flux with distance downstream in the study catchment.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域水蚀预报模型构建

根据黄土丘陵沟壑区侵蚀产沙垂直分带性规律,提出小流域土壤侵蚀方式发生部位界定方法。基于黄土丘陵沟壑区侵蚀环境特点,设计了GIS支持下的小流域分布式水蚀预报模型结构,模型考虑的侵蚀过程包括雨滴击溅侵蚀、片蚀、细沟侵蚀、浅沟侵蚀、切沟侵蚀以及沟道侵蚀。同时。提出模型各模块的计算方法,根据动态物质平衡原理。完成了流域侵蚀产沙过程演算。     

东北黑土漫岗区土壤侵蚀垂直分带性研究

东北黑土漫岗区由于其独特的自然地理与人文环境特征表现出独特的侵蚀产沙特性。通过对典型黑土漫岗区土壤侵蚀宏观遥感调查、微地貌采样调查及对该区域的实地考察,总结出该区土壤侵蚀随宏观地貌及微地貌垂直分带变化的一般特点。从黑土漫岗区土壤面蚀与沟蚀发展的一般过程出发,提出了该区土壤面蚀、沟蚀发展的一般模式。研究结果将有助于对黑土侵蚀过程的认识,进而为该区侵蚀泥沙来源与沉积位置的确定、坡沟治理的方针以及水保措施配置等重大理论与治理决策问题提供理论基础。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同空间尺度流域泥沙输移比研究

泥沙输移比是定量表征流域内侵蚀产沙-河道输沙特征的重要指标。探讨了不同尺度流域泥沙输移比计算的可能性与方法,以黄土丘陵沟壑区的径流小区、小流域、水文站实测资料为基础,利用径流小区观测资料和单元小流域侵蚀模数2种方法,对4种空间尺度流域的泥沙输移比进行了估算。结果表明:(1)对于面积在10~100km²的小流域,利用2种方法计算的泥沙输移比结果非常接近,说明在没有小区观测资料时,用单元小流域计算流域泥沙输移比是可行的。(2)对于土壤侵蚀类型单一的水文站控制流域,在没有面积>1km²单元小流域资料的情况下,可以用面积1~10km²小流域或面积10~100km²小流域作为单元小流域来计算泥沙输移比而对于侵蚀类型不同的支流其误差范围有些偏大。(3)流域治理措施的实施对于泥沙输移比的减少具有明显的效果,但治理措施减沙效应的发挥具有一定的滞后性。     

利用137Cs示踪技术评价东北黑土侵蚀和沉积过程

Soil and water losses through erosion have been serious in the black soil region of Northeast China. Therefore, a sloping cultivated land in Songnen Plain was selected as a case study to： 1） determine the ^137Cs reference inventory in the study area; 2） calculate erosion and deposition rates of black soil on different slope locations; 3） conduct a sensitivity analysis of some model parameters; and 4） compare overall outputs using four different models. Three transects were set in the field with five slope locations for each transect, including summit, shoulder-slope, back-slope, foot-slope, and toe-slope. Field measurements and model simulation were used to estimate a bomb-derived ^137Cs reference inventory in the study area. Soil erosion and deposition rates were estimated using four ^137Cs models and percentage of ^137Cs loss/gain. The ^137Cs reference value in the study area was 2 232.8 Bq m^-2 with ^137Cs showing a clear topographic pattern, decreasing from the summit to shoulder-slope, then increasing again at the foot-slope and reaching a maximum at the toe-slope, Predicted soil redistribution rates for different slope locations varied. Among models, the Yang Model （YANG-M） overestimated erosion loss but underestimated deposition. However, the standard mass balance model （MBM1） gave predictions similar to a mass balance model incorporating soil movement by tillage （MBM2）. Sensitivity analysis of the proportion factor and distribution pattern of ^137Cs in the surface layer demonstrated the impact of ^137Cs enrichment on calculation of the soil erosion rate. Factors influencing the redistribution of fallout ^137Cs in landscape should be fully considered as calculating soil redistribution rate using ^137Cs technique.     

东北黑土区土壤侵蚀研究进展与展望

东北黑土区是我国重要的商品粮生产基地,强烈水土流失导致的黑土厚度下降及土壤质量退化,直接威胁国家粮食安全。系统分析黑土区土壤侵蚀研究成果,对阻控黑土退化、维持土地生产力、保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义,论述了黑土区土壤侵蚀环境与侵蚀环境效应、土壤侵蚀过程与机理、土壤侵蚀时空变化和未来研究展望。多营力复合、缓坡长坡是黑土区独特的侵蚀环境,黑土厚度下降与坡耕地土壤质量退化是该区最典型的侵蚀环境效应。细沟间、细沟、浅沟、切沟及冻融侵蚀发育的动力机制与主控因素差异明显,输沙耗能驱动的泥沙输移对土壤分离的反馈效应是侵蚀强度沿坡长呈强弱交替的根本原因,浅沟和切沟主要发育在坡耕地,侵蚀强度受耕作方式等人类活动的显著影响。冻融侵蚀强度显著小于水力侵蚀,但可通过降低土壤抗蚀性能和促进坡面径流及壤中流发育影响水力侵蚀。土壤侵蚀类型与强度在小流域尺度上沿坡面呈明显的垂直分带特征,在区域尺度上呈南北与东西递变的纬度和经度地带性。全球气候变化可能导致黑土区水力侵蚀加强、冻融侵蚀减弱。未来亟需加强黑土厚度及土地生产力对侵蚀响应机理、复合侵蚀动力过程与耦合机制、典型侵蚀类型时空变化与主控因素等方面的研究。     

砒砂岩地区沙棘“柔性坝”拦沙与生态效应试验研究

沙棘植物“柔性坝”是一种防止沟道土壤侵蚀、拦沙保水的新型生物工程,尤其适合生态环境恶劣的砒砂岩地区。在内蒙古砒砂岩地区鄂尔多斯市准格尔旗东一支沟开展了沙棘植物“柔性坝”野外拦沙保水实验,泥沙颗粒级配分析结果表明,沟道“柔性坝”坝系普遍发生了淤积,与下游刚性谷坊配套使用可天然分选沟道里的泥沙——拦粗淤细,将粗沙拦截在沟道里,细沙淤在下游谷坊中,拦沙效果非常明显。“柔性坝”沟道土壤水分监测表明,沙棘植物“柔性坝”沟道土壤剖面含水量年内动态变化有着明显的差异,“柔性坝”可显著调节沟道土壤水分,提高水源涵养能力,促进“柔性坝”自我繁殖,实现坝体的自我增长。     

基于FRN技术的我国不同地区典型土壤保持措施的有效性评价

选择中国西南-东北样带4个典型土壤侵蚀区,包括位于长江上游的西昌,黄土高原延安,北方风蚀区的丰宁和东北黑土区的拜泉,应用环境放射性核素(FRN)技术研究了不同土壤保持措施在减少土壤侵蚀、改善土壤质量方面的作用。在西昌,137Cs和210Pbex的测定结果表明,不同植被覆盖结构减少土壤侵蚀的作用为:灌木>有地被物的乔木>草类>无地被物的乔木;在延安,利用137Cs示踪技术对坡地景观的产沙量估算结果表明,梯田和林草地相对于坡耕地产沙量分别减少了49%和80%,林草地的土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效磷含量相对于坡耕地分别增加了255%、198%和18%,梯田土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效磷含量分别增加了121%、103%和162%,而土壤容重分别降低了1.6%和6.4%;在丰宁,对7Be的测定结果表明,与传统耕作方式相比,4年免耕+作物高留茬(50～56cm)和免耕+作物低留茬(25cm)分别使土壤侵蚀速率下降44%和33%;在拜泉,通过137Cs测定结果发现,坡改梯使土壤流侵蚀降低14%,等高耕作使土壤侵蚀量减少了34%。研究结果说明,灌木林覆盖、林草复合结构是控制西南侵蚀山地土壤侵蚀的优选生物配置措施,梯田和林草复合结构在控制黄土高原土壤侵蚀和改善土壤质量方面有重要作用,免耕+高留茬措施是我国北方风蚀区防治土壤侵蚀退化的有效措施,等高耕作应当成为防治东北黑土区土壤侵蚀的关键措施。     

The enrichment of 137Cs in the soil loss from small agricultural watersheds

Enrichment ratios (ER) are widely used to predict loss of sorbed nutrients or pesticides with runoff sediment, while ER is frequently neglected in studies which quantify past erosion from global fallout ¹³⁷Cs losses. The ER of ¹³⁷Cs (ER- ¹³⁷Cs) in the soil loss and the subsequent depletion of ¹³⁷Cs at the soil surface were determined for eight small watersheds (1.6–16.8 ha) with different soils and land use. Due to preferential loss of the clay fraction, the upper 5 mm of the soil surface was significantly depleted of ¹³⁷Cs after a heavy storm. A total of 31 watershed-events were investigated with soil losses ranging between 1.2 and 480 kg-ha^?1 and sediment concentrations between 1.98 and 54.1 g?L^?1 The correspondent ER-¹³⁷Cs (mean: 1.72, range: 0.40–4.95) was positively correlated to the ER of clay, organic carbon, total nitrogen and calcium-acetate-lactate-extractable phosphorus (P_CAL). A close correlation between ER-¹³⁷Cs and ER-P_CAL was also found for sediment samples of detention ponds, where most of the ER values were less than 1.0 due to depletion. Therefore, ER-P_CAL seems to be a suitable estimate of ER-¹³⁷Cs for both, erosion and deposition processes. Our findings strongly support the need for considering ER-¹³⁷Cs, when ^,37Cs data are used to assess rates and pattern of soil redistribution. Otherwise, soil loss will be overestimated in a range of about factor 2 in many cases.     

用137Cs和210Pbex进行中国东北地区土壤侵蚀的评估

Evaluation of soil erosion in agricultural fields is valuable to develop conservation practices for reducing agricultural nonpoint source pollution.Soil erosion rates were quantified using the fallout radionuclide tracer technique in Mojiagou Basin located on the outskirts of Changchun in Northeast China.The calculated soil erosion rates in the study area were 1.99 and 1.85 mm year-1 using 137Cs and excess 210Pb(210Pbex)measurements,respectively.Both fallout radionuclides showed a similar tendency at downslope sites.All measured sites have experienced net erosion during the past 50 to 100 years.137Cs and 210Pbex measurements were useful to quantify soil erosion rates on field and small basin scales.At this rate of erosion,the current fertile topsoil layer would be entirely removed within 70 years.     

紫色土小流域土壤流失对不同土地利用类型的响应

 小流域土壤流失特征不仅反映了流域的土地利用和管理状况,而且对其下游水体环境和水利设施安全具有深刻的影响。1999—2000年间以紫色土区3个具有不同集水面积、物理特征和土地利用类型的典型小流域为研究对象,探讨不同雨型下土壤流失对不同土地利用类型的响应特征。中大型降雨和间歇型降雨侵蚀下,以林地为主要土地利用类型的流域输沙模数最小,平均为866kg·hm-2,谷地农田利用类型最高,平均为5 550kg·hm-2。次降雨侵蚀力和次降雨峰值径流流量,分别是紫色土区非林地和林地利用为主小流域输沙模数变异的主要影响因子。     

137Cs、HCHs测定岩溶洼地沉积物年代及流域产沙强度

以青木关岩溶槽谷区内代表性耕地型与林地型洼地小流域为研究对象,从洼地沉积物入手,探明各洼地沉积物剖面~(137)Cs比活度、六六六(HCHs)、有机质、黏粒含量及容重的深度分布特征;运用~(137)Cs示踪法,辅以HCHs进行沉积物断代,追溯流域近60年来的土壤侵蚀量演变特征及探讨其驱动因素。结果表明:(1)炮台院子耕地型洼地沉积物剖面~(137)Cs、HCHs仅有个别层位检出,无法利用~(137)Cs、HCHs深度分布进行沉积物断代,反映了发育的落水洞对其沉积物剖面影响大。(2)龙洞槽耕地型和劳动村林地型洼地小流域1963—1983,1984—2019年产沙模数分别为231.78,82.04 t/(km~2·a)和68.79,39.46 t/(km~2·a),表明流域生态环境得到明显改善。与1963—1983年时段相比,该地区1984—2019年时段年平均降水量无明显变化,2个小流域产沙模数均显著减小,表明近60年流域产沙强度主要受土地利用方式、水土保持措施等人类活动控制。(3)龙洞槽洼地剖面~(137)Cs、HCHs峰值,表层泥沙~(137)Cs、HCHs数值和不同时期流域产沙模数均明显大于劳动村洼地,主要是由2个洼地分别控制的耕地型与林地型小流域在人类活动影响下产沙强度的差异所致。另外,~(137)Cs和HCHs相结合的示踪方法可较好地用于评估西南岩溶流域产沙量的时间变化。     

中国省域耕地生态破坏与农业经济增长的脱钩效应

[目的]研究中国省域耕地生态破坏与农业经济增长的脱钩效应,为深入了解耕地生态与农业经济的协调发展状况奠定基础。[方法]运用2011—2020年中国31个省份的面板数据,从耕地生态破坏程度入手,采用熵权法、TOPSIS法对各省域耕地生态破坏程度进行评价分析。并在此基础上引入Tapio脱钩模型,深入研究中国省域耕地生态破坏与农业经济增长的脱钩效应。[结果]在初期,中国各省域农业经济增长多以牺牲耕地生态健康为代价。不同地区之间的耕地生态破坏与农业经济增长之间变化存在一定的差异。上海、浙江、西藏、重庆、福建等地区耕地生态破坏与农业经济增长发展协调性较高,其中上海一直以来均处于强脱钩理想状态,西藏、重庆、福建、浙江一直处于脱钩状态未出现负脱钩效应。就整体而言,绝大部分省域耕地破坏与农业经济增长的协调性逐渐增强,但部分地区不协调问题较为突出,需要尽快整顿。青海、湖南、新疆5次出现负脱钩状态,云南、河南、甘肃3次出现负脱钩状态。[结论]未来需要进一步促进耕地生态与农业经济的协调发展,牢牢守住耕地生态红线,扎实有效推进耕地保护工作。     

水土保持措施对无定河流域沟道-河道系统泥沙收支平衡的影响

流域系统可以分为坡面系统和沟道-河道系统2大单元,可以分别建立泥沙收支平衡关系。结果表明：1）实施水土保持措施以后,无定河流域系统泥沙收支平衡中各变量均随时间而变化。沟道-河道系统泥沙输移比发生了极显著的减小趋势,泥沙存储量发生了显著的增大趋势,流域产沙量的变化发生了较显著的减小趋势,坡面净侵蚀量有所减少,但变化趋势不显著。2）对于不同的泥沙收支平衡变量的变化而言,水土保持措施变化和降雨变化的贡献率是不同的;对坡面净侵蚀量的变化而言,汛期降雨的变化起着决定性的作用,贡献率高达90.82%,坡面水土保持措施的贡献率仅为9.18%;对沟道河道系统泥沙存储量的变化而言,淤地坝拦沙的变化起着决定性的作用,贡献率高达76.16%,汛期降雨变化的贡献率仅为23.81%;对流域产沙量的变化而言,汛期降雨和水土保持措施的变化都起着重要作用,前者贡献率为57.84%,后者贡献率为42.16%。3）对沟道-河道系统泥沙输移比RSDRc的变化而言,淤地坝拦沙的变化起着决定性的作用,贡献率高达87.27%,汛期降雨变化的贡献率仅为12.73%。