不同播期和灌水条件下冬小麦生物量变化与产量模拟

为了阐明播期和灌水对冬小麦生物量积累动态特征的影响并实现不同播期与灌水条件下的产量模拟,在吴桥实验站2年（2017—2019年）播期水分大田试验基础上,结合2011—2017年播期水分文献资料,采用“小麦钟”模型发育指数来定量模拟冬小麦的发育期,以Logistic模型定量模拟不同播期和水分处理对地上部生物量积累动态的影响,并建立冬小麦生物量模型,进而构建冬小麦产量模型。结果表明,播期通过影响冬小麦生长旺盛期来影响生物量积累;播期推迟,冬小麦生长旺盛期缩短而使生物量减小。不同水分处理造成的地上部最大生物量的差异主要由生物量的最大积累速率决定,生物量最大积累速率随灌水量的增大呈先增加后下降趋势。基于冬前积温和生长季供水量建立冬小麦生物量与产量模型,冬小麦地上部生物量实测值和模拟值的均方根误差（RMSE）和归一化均方根误差（NRMSE）分别为1980.2kg/hm2和15.7%,产量实测值和模拟值的RMSE和NRMSE分别为839.7kg/hm2和10.6%。基于发育指数的Logistic模型能较好地模拟冬小麦的生物量积累,对不同播期与灌水条件下的产量具有较好的预测效果。足墒播种条件下,冬小麦适宜冬前积温为200~600℃·d,生长季适宜供水量为200~450mm。该研究为华北地区合理调控播期灌水措施提供了科学依据,为不同播期与灌水条件下冬小麦产量预测提供了思路。     

黄淮海平原播前土壤水分对冬小麦产量的影响

通过2个生长季的田间试验,研究了黄淮海平原播前土壤水分对冬小麦生长发育、籽粒产量及水分利用的影响。结果表明,在播前不灌水条件下,越冬期或返青期灌水都可以获得较高的籽粒产量和水分利用效率,表明播前土壤贮存的水分可以满足冬小麦返青以前对水分的需求。在播前储水灌溉条件下,越冬期不需要灌溉,返青期是适宜的灌水时间;在拔节期或灌浆期灌水都会降低冬小麦的产量和水分利用效率。     

灌水控制下限对冬小麦产量和品质的影响

为制定冬小麦的优质高效灌溉指标,通过3个生长季（2005－2008年）的人工控水试验,研究了不同灌水控制下限对冬小麦生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,播种—拔节前期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长、产量及品质的负面影响不明显,且可节水11.68%～18.18%,水分利用效率提高8.33%～12.5%;拔节—抽穗前期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长的抑制作用最明显,使籽粒出粉率、蛋白质质量分数显著降低,面团形成时间和稳定时间显著缩短,产量降低6.56%～9.08%,但可节水24.29%～31.95%,水分利用效率提高6.19%～10.63%;抽穗扬花期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长没有明显影响,虽显著提高了籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋、氨基酸质量分数和出粉率,但减产9.96%～11.35%,水分利用效率仅提高了4.12%～5.62%;灌浆成熟期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长影响最小,籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋、氨基酸质量分数和出粉率均显著提高,但大幅度降低了产量,水分利用效率只提高了1.03%～5.95%。华北地区冬小麦优质高效节水灌溉指标是：播种—拔节前期、拔节—抽穗前期、抽穗扬花期和灌浆成熟期的灌水控制下限分别为50%、65%、70%和65%田间持水率。     

句容丘陵地区晚播小麦高产栽培技术

<正>近年来句容市水稻晚粳面积较大,水稻收割迟,腾茬晚,部分稻茬小麦播种期偏迟,影响了句容市小麦高产、稳产。晚播小麦由于播种期迟于适宜播期1周以上(11月15日以后播种),冬前积温少,冬前和冬季不能形成或很少形成有效大分蘖成穗,只能依靠主茎成穗为主,主茎成穗比例占80%左右。因此,     

不同灌水处理对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响研究

利用2001~2002年度冬小麦测坑试验资料,研究了冬小麦不同生育期灌水处理对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。在试验结果分析的基础上,提出冬小麦生育期适宜灌水时间和土壤水分控制指标,这对干旱缺水的华北地区,实现冬小麦节水与高产的统一有重要意义。     

蓄灌及盖秸对晚播冬小麦增产节水效应的研究

为在水、土资源紧张的条件下，确保比适播期推迟１５～２０天播种的晚播冬小麦获得高产，于１９９１～１９９３年在本站进行了对比试验，对晚播冬小麦采用常规灌溉、播前蓄灌及播前蓄灌加冬前盖秸的处理方法，与适播麦常规灌溉的产量、耗水量及其它农艺性状相比较，结果表明：晚播冬小麦采用播前蓄灌的措施，有明显的增产、节水效果，冬前盖秸并播前蓄灌的增产效果更显著，可获得与适播麦相当的６０００ｋｇ／ｈａ以上的产量，且节水１～２次，还可大大提高晚播冬小麦的水分生产率     

底墒对旱地冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响研究

针对甘肃陇东旱作雨养农业区的冬小麦产量低而不稳,水分利用效率低下,冬小麦夏季休闲期正值该区的降雨高峰期,降雨和无效蒸发同步且土壤保持水分不足的问题开展试验研究。通过夏季休闲期的地膜覆盖、集雨抑蒸,提高播前底墒,并对模拟底墒试验的产量、水分利用效率进行了研究分析得出:播前底墒对该区冬小麦产量和水分利用效率有显著的影响,通过提高底墒,对于稳定产量有较大贡献,提高生育期降水利用率,对提高产量有较大贡献。在分析多年研究资料的基础上,提出了该区冬小麦产量和播前土壤水分含量之间的模拟关系式以及冬小麦产量和生育期降雨量之间的模拟关系式。     

深松耕条件下调亏灌溉对冬小麦生长及产量的影响

为探明深松耕条件下调亏灌溉对冬小麦生长及产量的影响,采用完全随机试验设计,分别对不同水分调亏水平与深松耕深度下冬小麦的株高、叶面积等指标进行对比分析。结果表明:冬小麦株高与地上干物质质量随生育期的推进呈增加趋势,叶面积指数呈先增加后减小趋势。灌水下限在田间持水率的40%~70%范围内,随深松耕深度的增加,冬小麦株高、叶面积指数、地上干物质质量、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重、耗水量与产量均呈显著性增加趋势,灌溉水分利用效率呈显著性减小趋势(P0.05)。在深松耕土壤20~60 cm范围内,随灌水下限的增加,冬小麦株高、叶面积指数、地上干物质质量、穗长、茎粗、穗粒数、千粒重、耗水量与产量均呈显著性增加趋势,灌溉水分利用效率呈显著性减小趋势(P0.05)。从产量、水分利用效率与播前深松耕工程难易程度综合考虑,灌水下限为田间持水率的55%与播前深松耕40 cm组合处理可不显著性降低冬小麦产量,同时提高作物水分利用效率以灌溉水分利用效率,从而使冬小麦各项生理指标达最佳。该研究为深松耕条件下调亏灌溉技术的应用、冬小麦高产高效节水以及河南省水资源优化配置提供理论依据。     

灌水延迟对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响研究

通过田间试验,研究了冬小麦关键生育期灌水延迟对其产量和水分利用效率的影响,结果表明:冬小麦冬浇水延迟20 d灌溉,与优化灌水处理相比,产量与水分利用率均无显著差异;拔节水延迟20 d灌溉,枯水年会显著降低水分利用率,丰水年会显著提高水分利用效率;灌浆水延迟20 d灌溉,枯水年会显著提高产量。冬小麦全生育期内不灌水会极显著的降低其产量和水分利用效率。通过综合分析冬小麦全生育期耗水量、产量与水分利用效率之间的关系,提出半干旱地区冬小麦最佳灌水模式:枯水年份,冬小麦灌浆水延迟20 d灌溉,丰水年份,冬小麦拔节水延迟20 d灌溉,可获得适宜的产量和较高的水分利用效率。     

冬小麦播期与播量的关系

针对近年来小麦苗期生长的冬前积温趋于升高,正常播期小麦冬前易出现偏旺或旺长的问题,提出正确处理冬小麦播期与播量关系的意见,即处理好冬前积温与苗龄的关系,把握好种子大小、出苗、叶片生长、分蘖,以及温度消耗与播期、播量相关联的因素,科学控制播量,尽量采取精量播种和半精量播种。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。