运输胁迫对银鲳血清皮质醇、血糖、组织中糖元及乳酸含量的影响

研究分析了运输胁迫2、4、8和12 h后银鲳血清皮质醇、血糖、组织中糖元及乳酸含量的变化。选取平均体质量为(10.05±0.23) g的银鲳幼鱼为试验对象,共设3组运输密度,分别为4、8和16 g/L。每个时间段的运输结束后,将取样后剩余的鱼转入1 m³水体的圆形玻璃钢桶中观察24 h,以统计各自的累计死亡率。研究结果显示,16 g/L密度组在运输12 h后成活率为91.25%,其余均为100%;运输胁迫导致皮质醇含量显著升高(P<0.05),运输4 h后,血清皮质醇含量均达到最高值,12 h后皮质醇含量虽较运输4 h后有所降低,但仍显著高于试验初的水平,且此时16 g/L密度组的皮质醇含量均显著高于4和8 g/L密度组(P<0.05);血糖、血清与肌肉中乳酸含量在运输胁迫后均显著升高(P<0.05);肝脏与肌肉中糖元含量在运输胁迫后均显著降低(P<0.05),但在整个运输胁迫过程中,肝脏组织中糖元含量的降低程度明显高于肌肉组织。统计分析得出,较高的运输密度会加重银鲳的应激性反应,并推测在小水体开放式运输的情况下,规格为10 g左右的银鲳幼鱼,其运输密度不宜超过16 g/L。此外,在运输胁迫下,银鲳机体的能量供给主要来自肝脏糖元的动员。     

饥饿与再投喂对方斑东风螺生长、基本营养成分及RNA/DNA比值的影响

在(25.8±1.7)℃条件下,测定了方斑东风螺(5.25±0.53)g在不同时间(7、15、25和40d)饥饿处理后再投饵30d过程中的生长参数、基本营养成分及组织RNA/DNA比值的变化。饥饿状态下,螺体水分含量逐渐上升,第15天时显著高于对照组;脂肪与糖原含量均下降,并分别于饥饿15d、25d时显著低于对照组(P<0.05);而蛋白质含量在不同处理组间无显著性差异(P>0.05);足肌与肝胰脏中RNA/DNA比值均随饥饿时间延长而逐渐降低。恢复生长后,除饥饿40d组含水量显著高于对照组外(P<0.05),该组其余营养成分及其它各组相应指标均恢复至或接近对照组;RNA/DNA比值除在饥饿40d组肝胰脏中仍较低外均接近或显著高于对照组。各组幼螺摄食率(FR)均高于或显著高于对照组(P<0.05),体重增量、食物转化率(FCE)在前3处理组及特殊生长率(SGR)在饥饿7d与25d组均与对照组间无显著差异(P>0.05),而饥饿15d组的SGR显著高于对照组(P<0.05);饥饿40d组尽管FR显著提高,但体重增量、FCE及SGR均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明,方斑东风螺幼螺饥饿时主要消耗脂肪与糖原...     

溶解氧对三疣梭子蟹争斗行为和能量代谢的影响

为查明溶解氧浓度对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)争斗行为和能量代谢的影响, 本研究利用室内构建的水生动物争斗行为观测系统, 量化了(2.5±0.5) mg/L、(4.5±0.5) mg/L 和(6.5±0.5) mg/L 溶解氧浓度下三疣梭子蟹的争斗行为, 测定了三疣梭子蟹肝胰脏中糖原以及血淋巴中葡萄糖和乳酸含量的变化, 主要结果如下: (1) 随着溶解氧浓度的降低, 三疣梭子蟹争斗持续时间显著减少, 在 2.5 mg/L 处理组达到最小值, 显著低于其他处理组 (P＜0.05), 同时个体间的争斗强度也减弱。(2) 随着溶解氧浓度的降低, 三疣梭子蟹争斗行为表现次数显著减少, 且在争斗过程中, 3 个处理组胜利者的接触行为和非接触行为表现次数均显著高于失败者(P＜0.05)。(3) 随着溶解氧浓度的降低, 三疣梭子蟹血淋巴中葡萄糖和乳酸含量均显著增加, 肝糖原含量显著降低(P＜0.05)。(4) 在 3 个溶解氧浓度下, 与争斗前的个体相比, 争斗后三疣梭子蟹肝糖原的含量显著降低, 血淋巴中葡萄糖和乳酸含量均显著升高(P＜0.05)。研究结果初步表明, 低氧条件下三疣梭子蟹无氧呼吸强度增加, 能量供应效率降低且乳酸累积增加, 三疣梭子蟹个体的争斗意愿和争斗强度降低, 能量代谢的差异是导致其争斗行为表现差异的主要原因之一。     

饲料糖水平对不同食性鱼类生长及葡萄糖耐受能力的影响

为研究饲料糖水平对不同食性鱼类生长、血浆生化指标、肝/肌糖原的影响及葡萄糖耐受能力的影响,本实验以不同食性的吉富罗非鱼、卵形鲳鲹和军曹鱼为研究对象,糊精为糖源,三种鱼各设置低、中、高（CL、CM、CH;吉富罗非鱼：20%、30%、40%;卵形鲳鲹：13%、26%、39%;军曹鱼：12%、24%、36%）3个不同饲料糖添加水平,依次为进行8周的饲养实验并进行葡萄糖注射实验。结果显示：饲料中不同糖水平对吉富罗非鱼成活率没有显著影响（P>0.05）;饲料系数随饲料糖水平的升高呈现先下降后升高趋势,以CL组最高（P<0.05）;增重率与特定生长率最高值均出现在CH组中,显著高于CL组（P<0.05）。卵形鲳鲹和军曹鱼CH组存活率均显著低于其他各组（P<0.05）;而增重率与特定生长率则均为CM组显著最高（P<0.05）;三种鱼饲料系数随着饲料糖水平的升高呈现先下降后升高趋势,均以CM组最低,分别为1.47（吉富罗非）、1.61（卵形鲳鲹）和1.49（军曹鱼）。饲料中不同糖水平对不同食性鱼类糖代谢相关生化指标有不同程度的影响。随着饲料中糖水平的上升,罗非鱼CH组糖代谢指标均显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）。卵形鲳鲹和军曹鱼CH组血糖、胰岛素、肝/肌糖原、甘油三酯均为最高;军曹鱼CM组肝/肌糖原和甘油三酯均显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）。葡萄糖耐受实验结果显示注射葡萄糖后：（1）卵形鲳鲹组和罗非鱼组在1 h血糖水平达峰值（P<0.05）,并且均在12 h恢复到注射前水平;而军曹鱼组在3 h达血糖峰值后直至24 h才回到注射前水平。（2）军曹鱼组与罗非鱼组血浆胰岛素水平缓慢上升,至3 h达最高水平（P<0.05）,而卵形鲳鲹组在1 h内显著下降（P<0.05）。（3）卵形鲳鲹组与罗非鱼组肝糖原水平缓慢上升,分别在3 h、6 h达峰值（P<0.05）,而军曹鱼组在1 h内呈下降趋势。（4）罗非鱼组与卵形鲳鲹组甘油三酯水平分别在3 h、6 h达峰值（P<0.05）,而军曹鱼组在1 h内显著下降（P<0.05）。本研究表明,饲料糖水平对对三种食性鱼类生长、糖代谢生化指标、葡萄糖利用和耐受能力具有不同程度的影响,杂食性罗非鱼可比肉食性鱼类更好地利用膳食糖物质。葡萄糖耐受能力则以杂食性吉富罗非鱼为最强,卵形鲳鲹次之,军曹鱼葡萄糖耐受能力最低。     

运输密度和盐度对大黄鱼幼鱼皮质醇、糖元及乳酸含量的影响

为了确定大黄鱼运输的适宜条件,实验选取平均体质量为(0.12±0.03)g的大黄鱼幼鱼为实验对象,采取析因设计,设3个运输密度(2、4和8 g/L)和5个运输盐度(5、10、15、20和25),共计15个处理组研究了不同密度和盐度运输条件下,大黄鱼幼鱼皮质醇、糖元及乳酸含量的变化。经过水温16.5℃、10 h的运输,统计各组的死亡率,测定各组水中总氨氮含量。结果显示,在运输结束后,4和8 g/L密度组死亡率(1.33%、2.63%)显著高于2 g/L密度组(0.77%),盐度25组死亡率(0.44%)显著低于盐度10、15组(1.94%、1.67%),盐度10、15组死亡率显著低于盐度5组(2.72%),各组水中总氨氮含量较运输前(0.15 mg/L)均显著升高,各密度组水中总氨氮含量均有显著性差异,高密度组总氨氮含量高于低密度组,8 g/L密度条件下盐度5组水中总氨氮含量(1.63 mg/L)显著高于盐度15(1.38 mg/L)、盐度20(1.34 mg/L)和盐度25(1.31 mg/L)组,4 g/L密度条件下盐度5组水中总氨氮含量(1.31mg/L)显著高于其他各盐度组,2 g/L密度条件下盐度5组水中总氨氮含量(0.83 mg/L)显著高于盐度25组(0.49 mg/L);运输胁迫导致各组皮质醇含量均较运输前(6 476.35 ng/L)显著升高,各组间皮质醇含量无显著性差异;各组糖元含量均较运输前(4.37 mg/g prot)显著降低,运输后各组间糖元含量无显著性差异;各组乳酸含量均较运输前(0.57 mmol/g prot)显著升高,运输后各密度组间乳酸含量无显著性差异,3个密度下盐度5组乳酸含量(1.91、2.02、1.76 mmol/g prot)均显著高于盐度20(1.55、1.21、1.69 mmol/g prot)和盐度25组(1.36、1.44、1.26 mmol/g prot),盐度10组乳酸含量(1.77、1.83、1.60 mmol/g prot)显著高于盐度25组(1.36、1.44、1.26 mmol/g prot)。研究表明,较高的运输密度和较低的盐度会加重大黄鱼的应激性反应,在本实验条件下,规格为0.1 g左右的大黄鱼幼鱼,其运输密度不宜超过8g/L,盐度不宜低于5。     

急性低氧胁迫对福建牡蛎鳃组织氧化应激和闭壳肌能量代谢的影响

为探究福建牡蛎(Crassostrea angulata)在急性低氧胁迫下鳃组织的氧化应激反应和闭壳肌的能量代谢, 本研

究设置6 个溶解氧浓度梯度(0.5 mg/L、1.0 mg/L、1.5 mg/L、2.0 mg/L、3.0 mg/L、4.0 mg/L), 对福建牡蛎实施持续

96 h 低氧胁迫处理。采用酶联免疫分析技术分析低氧胁迫第6、12、24、48、72、96 小时福建牡蛎鳃组织的总抗

氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及闭壳肌组织的碱

性磷酸酶(AKP)活性、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性和糖原含量。结果显示: (1) 6~24 h 的低氧胁迫下, T-AOC、SOD 活性

和MDA 含量呈现先升高后降低的现象, CAT 活性则表现为先降低后升高。胁迫24 h 时全部处理组的MDA 含量和

部分处理组的T-AOC 和SOD 活性恢复至对照组水平。24~96 h 的低氧胁迫下, T-AOC、SOD 活性和MDA 含量呈

现先升高后降低再升高, 部分处理组CAT 活性持续降低。低氧胁迫96 h, 全部处理组的T-AOC 活性和部分处理组

的MDA 含量及CAT 活性恢复至对照组水平; 除1.0 mg/L 浓度组与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05), 其余处理组SOD

活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。(2) 在96 h 低氧胁迫过程中, 部分处理组LDH 活性在6~12 h 和24~48 h 期间显著

升高(P<0.05); 各低氧处理组的AKP 活性随胁迫时间增加先降低后升高; 糖原含量随低氧胁迫时间增加发生不同

程度的下降, 当胁迫至96 h 时, 除0.5 mg/L 浓度组的糖原含量显著降低(P<0.05)之外, 其他组糖原含量恢复到与对

照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。上述结果表明, 急性低氧胁迫下, 福建牡蛎通过调整体内不同酶活性变化, 改善机体氧

化应激反应和能量代谢的收支平衡, 但极端的低氧环境胁迫仍会对福建牡蛎造成不可修复的损伤。     

野生和养殖曼氏无针乌贼亲体形态、生化组分及其胚胎发育的比较

为优化曼氏无针乌贼人工繁育技术,提高人工增殖苗种的产量与质量,采用实验生态学方法,对比分析了野生和养殖曼氏无针乌贼（Sepiella japonica）的表观形态、生化组分及其受精卵的形态差异,探究了光照周期与受精卵胶质外膜对曼氏无针乌贼胚胎发育的影响。结果显示：野生和养殖曼氏无针乌贼的表观形态、生化组分均存在显著差异,野生群体性成熟规格远大于养殖群体,肌肉和肝脏组织中的脂肪含量显著低于养殖群体（P<0.05）,卵巢中的蛋白质含量则显著高于养殖群体（P<0.05）;养殖亲体所产黑卵在12D12L光照周期条件下孵化率最高,所产白卵在24D和24L条件下孵化率最高,野生亲体所产卵在24D和12D12L条件下孵化率最高;随光照时间的延长,受精卵的平均孵化时间具有先增加后减小的趋势,表明光照周期是影响曼氏无针乌贼胚胎发育的重要因素;实验发现,将受精卵胶质外膜剥离处理后,养殖亲体所产黑白卵的平均孵化时间具有减少的趋势,但孵化率显著下降（P<0.05）。综上所述,建议在曼氏无针乌贼人工苗种生产过程中,尽量选用大规格野生乌贼作为繁育亲体。此外,在受精卵孵化期间,应对孵化池进行适当遮光处理,避免受精卵长时间暴露于强光照环境中,以提高孵化率和仔乌成活率。本实验研究结果可为曼氏无针乌贼人工苗种繁育技术优化提供参考。     

模拟快递运输对雌性中华绒螯蟹活力及其蟹肉品质的影响

探究雌性中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)在运输过程中活力、生化特性和滋味品质的变化,并分析三者之间的相关性。通过模拟电商生鲜运输条件,对模拟快递运输24 h、48 h和72 h的中华绒螯蟹活力进行统计和评价,以乳酸、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和pH等分析中华绒螯蟹蟹肉生化特性的变化,同时以游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸及感官等评价中华绒螯蟹蟹肉滋味品质的变化。结果显示,中华绒螯蟹在24 h的模拟运输下,无死亡且活力强劲,蟹肉乳酸和TVB-N等与0 h组无显著差异,且24 h组蟹肉的苦味氨基酸含量最低,为105.10 mg/100 g,印证了活蟹当日送达的重要性。超过24 h后,中华绒螯蟹的活力显著下降,死亡率上升,其中,模拟运输48 h后死亡率为3.33%,72h后死亡率达40.00%;其蟹肉乳酸、TVB-N及pH显著升高;随着运输时间的延长,蟹肉鲜、甜、苦味游离氨基酸含量均呈先下降后上升的趋势,而在模拟运输72 h后,5′-肌苷酸(IMP)含量显著增加至97.47 mg/100 g,5′-鸟苷酸(GMP)含量骤降至6.49 mg/100 g。感官结果则表明,经过模拟快递运输...     

眼柄切除对口虾蛄卵巢、肝胰脏和肌肉生化组分的影响

采用镊烫法切除体长10.20~15.20cm雌性口虾蛄单侧眼柄,测量性腺指数和肝胰腺指数,测定卵巢、肝胰脏和肌肉中的生化组分含量的变化,以探讨眼柄切除对口虾蛄卵巢发育的影响。结果显示,切除单侧眼柄后,口虾蛄性腺指数上升,切除后第5、10、15d极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。试验组和对照组口虾蛄的肝胰腺指数在试验后期均显著下降(P0.05)。试验组卵巢中的糖原含量高于对照组,在第5、15d分别与对照组间具有显著(P0.05)和极显著差异(P0.01);肝胰脏中的糖原含量也显著或极显著高于对照组(P0.05和P0.01);而肌肉中的糖原含量自第5d开始下降,早于对照组。切除单侧眼柄第10d后,肝胰脏中蛋白含量开始显著上升(P0.05),之后均高于对照组;试验组卵巢中蛋白含量也高于对照组,第15d时差异具有统计学意义;而试验组与对照组肌肉中的蛋白含量均表现出先升后降趋势,二者间差异不显著(P0.05)。试验结果表明,眼柄切除可以促进口虾蛄体内营养物质积累和转移,有助于卵巢发育。     

苯唑卡因对美洲鲥运输应激的缓解作用研究

以苯唑卡因为麻醉剂,研究了人工养殖1+龄美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)幼鱼在有无麻醉剂作用下长途运输2 h后血清皮质醇和生化指标的变化,探索美洲鲥运输后高死亡率的原因以及麻醉剂对运输应激的缓解作用。实验对运输前、运输2 h、加20 mg/L苯唑卡因麻醉运输2 h后的美洲鲥血清中的皮质醇激素以及血液生化指标进行了比较。结果表明,运输应激对美洲鲥皮质醇和血液生理生化指标产生了显著的影响。运输2 h后美洲鲥血清皮质醇激素含量非麻醉运输组[(41.97±17.92)ng/mL,n=9和麻醉运输组[(15.62±1.80)ng/mL,n=9比运输前[(2.05±1.48)ng/mL,n=10分别显著上升20倍和4倍左右(P<0.05),麻醉运输组鱼皮质醇激素显著低于非麻醉运输组(P<0.05)。不加麻醉剂2 h运输应激后血清TP、AP、AKP、CHE、ALT、K+、Ca2+、GLU显著高于运输前水平(P<0.05),白蛋白与球蛋白之比AP/GP显著低于运输前水平(P<0.05),而麻醉运输组的上述指标与运输前没有显著差异。非麻醉运输组和麻醉剂组,运输后血清LDH、AST都呈不显著增加(P>0.05)。实验结果显示,美洲鲥在运输应激后,心脏和肝脏等组织受到一定程度的损伤,可能是导致美洲鲥运输后较高死亡率的原因。麻醉剂苯唑卡因应用于长途运输有助于维持鱼体生化指标的稳定,对鱼体运输应激反应有很好的缓解作用。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.