6种常用杀鼠剂对农区害鼠防效试验及推广应用

采用6种常用杀鼠剂进行田间和室内药效综合测试,结果表明:农田在以黑线姬鼠为优势种下,防效最好为氯敌鼠钠盐,其次为溴鼠灵和溴敌隆,再次为杀鼠醚、生物猫和敌鼠钠盐;农舍在以褐家鼠为优势种下,防效最好为溴鼠隆和氯敌鼠钠盐,其次为溴敌隆;城镇室内在以小家鼠为优势种下,防效最好为溴敌隆、其次为溴鼠隆和氯敌鼠钠盐。取得了田间害鼠日摄食量和死亡时间观察资料。在农田中等鼠密度下,每666.7 m²投饵量为:溴鼠隆75 g、氯敌鼠钠盐75 g、溴敌隆150 g、生物猫170 g、杀鼠醚200 g、敌鼠钠盐250 g。     

4种杀鼠剂对高原鼠兔适口性及防控效果

为了筛选适用于高寒草地鼠害及鼠荒地治理的高效、安全的控鼠药剂,本试验选用氟鼠灵(A1)、胆钙化醇(A2)、地芬诺酯·硫酸钡(A3)、D型肉毒梭菌毒素(A4)4种杀鼠剂,在若尔盖县高寒草地典型分布区域针对高原鼠兔Ochotona curzoniae进行适口性及种群密度控制效果试验研究.结果表明:氟鼠灵被采食的重量显著高于...     

3种物理控制技术对棕色田鼠的控制效果

在田间采用足量安装法,评价智能穿洞式鼢鼠捕杀器、银恒快速捕鼠器、铁板夹3种物理捕鼠器械对棕色田鼠的控制效果。结果表明,铁板夹的控制效果最好,校正灭洞率达71.45%,智能穿洞式鼢鼠捕鼠器和银恒快速捕鼠器对棕色田鼠校正后灭洞率分别为54.68%和45.78%。铁板夹成本低、防效较好,可应用于棕色田鼠防控。     

我国农村害鼠对储粮的危害及防治调查

2012—2013年,在全国11个省(自治区)对2574户农户开展了害鼠对储粮危害及其防治情况调查。结果显示,主要粮食仓储期间鼠类造成的危害损失率为1.14%。其中,海南省的损失率最高,户均达2.93%,山西和四川的损失率都超过2%;堆放方式仓储的粮食鼠害损失率最高达5.51%,简易粮仓为3.79%,专用粮仓损失率为1.08%,其他方式储粮损失率1.49%;农户对害鼠的防治户年均投入为34.37元。我国需切实组织推进防鼠粮仓使用及储粮区域的科学灭鼠研究与示范。     

几种除草剂对棉田杂草的防除效果及安全性评价

本文研究了几种除草剂对短季棉杂草的防治效果及安全性评价。结果表明,通过土壤封闭处理,以34%氧氟·甲戊灵300 mL/667m²和960 g/L精异丙甲草胺100 mL/667m²+240 g/L乙氧氟草醚40 mL/667m²对单双子叶杂草的防效最好,但34%氧氟·甲戊灵药害等级为2级,而960 g/L精异丙甲草胺+240 g/L乙氧氟草醚处理药害极轻微,其影响可忽略不计;通过茎叶喷雾处理,以10%精喹禾灵150 mL/667m²+10%乙羧氟草醚30 mL/667m²+30%草甘膦300 mL/667m²和240 g/L烯草酮80 mL/667m²+10%乙羧氟草醚30 mL/667m²+30%草甘膦异丙胺盐300 mL/667m²的除草效果较优且药害较小。在实际生产应用中,可先选择960 g/L精异丙甲草胺100 mL/667m²+240 g/L乙氧氟草醚40 m...     

5种除草剂对玉米田杂草的防除效果及安全性评价

为明确5种除草剂对玉米田杂草的防除效果及其对玉米的安全性,采用茎叶喷雾施药,通过田间药效试验研究30％苯唑草酮悬浮剂+50％莠去津悬浮剂、35％硝磺草酮·烟嘧磺隆·莠去津可分散油悬浮剂、550 g/L硝磺草酮·莠去津悬浮剂、27％烟嘧磺隆·莠去津可分散油悬浮剂、25％苯唑氟草酮·莠去津可分散油悬浮剂在推荐剂量下对玉米田...     

綦江县辣椒两种螨类的发生及防治

茶黄螨和朱砂叶螨是危害辣椒嫩叶的主要害螨.近年来,綦江县辣椒上茶黄螨和朱砂叶螨发生严重,直接影响辣椒的产量和品质.根据茶黄螨和朱砂叶螨发生危害特点,采取相应的综合防治措施.     

28种除草剂对大豆的安全性及药害研究初报

28种除草剂对大豆安全性田间试验结果表明 ,适用于大豆田使用的几种除草剂中 ,广灭灵、施田补和氟乐灵在推荐剂量下应用对大豆安全 ;精禾草克、拿捕净和威霸使用推荐量或加倍量对大豆均安全 ;赛克、速收、乙草胺、都尔和普乐宝在正常剂量和正常气候条件下对大豆安全 ,药后低温多雨或土壤湿度大时会产生一定程度的药害 ;豆磺隆、宝收、阔草清、2 ,4 -滴丁酯作土壤处理时对大豆安全 ,而作茎叶处理时会产生药害 ;茎叶处理剂虎威、杂草焚、克阔乐、利收、普施特、金豆等 ,正常剂量下也有产生药害 ,但可以恢复正常生长 ;而百草敌、2甲 4氯、玉农乐、宝成、百农思、伴地农和阿特拉津等非适用于大豆田的除草剂 ,使用正常剂量就能使大豆产生相当程度的药害甚至死亡     

几种除草剂对兰州百合田杂草的防除效果及其安全性评价

为明确几种除草剂对兰州百合田杂草的防除效果及其安全性, 采用土壤处理和茎叶喷雾处理的方法, 开展了5种土壤处理除草剂和13种茎叶喷雾处理除草剂在推荐剂量下防治百合田杂草的田间药效试验和对兰州百合的安全性评价。土壤处理试验结果表明:药后60 d, 5种除草剂对兰州百合田杂草具有较好的防除效果, 且对兰州百合安全。对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别达83.23%和89.15%以上, 对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为87.28%和89.58%以上。其中, 50%异丙隆WP 1 350 g/hm2(有效成分用量, 下同)和240 g/L乙氧氟草醚EC 180 g/hm2的防效最好, 表现出很好的除草活性。茎叶喷雾试验结果表明:15%硝磺草酮OD 150 g/hm2、30%苯唑草酮SE 27 g/hm2、15%噻吩磺隆WP 33.75 g/hm2、56%2甲4氯钠SPX 840 g/hm2、24%氨氯吡啶酸AS 108 g/hm2、30%二氯吡啶酸AS 180 g/hm2和30%氨氯·二氯吡啶酸AS 150 g/hm2喷雾处理, 药后45 d, 这7种除草剂对兰州百合田阔叶杂草具较好的防除效果且对兰州百合安全, 株防效在77.99%～93.48%, 鲜重防效在81.62%～95.05%, 但对禾本科杂草基本无效。70%嗪草酮WP 735 g/hm2能有效防除兰州百合田杂草且对兰州百合安全性高, 对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为96.95%和99.52%, 对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为91.81%和95.21%。研究结果可为兰州百合田除草剂的合理选择和应用提供科学依据。     

4种酰胺类除草剂对玉米的安全性及药效

室内外测定了4种酰胺类除草剂对玉米安全性及药效。结果表明 :异丙甲草胺与异丙草胺对玉米安全性最高 ,甲草胺次之 ,乙草胺对玉米苗期有药害。田间测产证明异丙甲草胺与异丙草胺对玉米增产明显 ,而乙草胺同人工除草对比略有减产。田间药效表明乙草胺对杂草防除效果最高     

Exploring drivers of the usage of anticoagulant rodenticides on UK farms

Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are considered inhumane, show increasingly limited efficacy due to acquired resistance, and carry environmental consequences associated with non-target species uptake. In a questionnaire study of 499 UK farms that all deployed chemical rodenticide we found a high mean reliance (79%), on second generation ARs with just over half of the respondents using no other rodent control methods. Additional methods where deployed, alone or in combination, included predation (41%), kill-trap deployment (16%) and shooting (1%). Nearly 40% of all respondents deployed rodenticides year-round. There was no evidence to suggest that “tidy-farm” measures, such as clearing food spills and minimising on-farm rodent harbourage sites aimed at minimising rodent-associated problems, were associated with a lower likelihood of year-round deployment; in fact trends in our analyses suggested the opposite. We therefore encourage operators to fully evaluate the true necessity of rodenticide deployment before AR use.     

Field evaluation of capsaicin as a rodent aversion agent for poultry feed

Developing additional techniques for reducing animal feed contamination by rodents and controlling rodent populations is critical to efforts aimed at reducing the occurrence of Salmonella spp infection on poultry farms. Capsaicin, a compound found in chili peppers of the genus Capsicum, produces a burning sensation in the mouth of mammals and is used effectively as an animal deterrent for some pest species. Applied to poultry feed, capsaicin may be effective as an aversive agent to deter rodent feeding and enhance acceptability of rodenticide baits. We tested capsaicin-treated poultry diets (2000 and 3000 Scoville Heat Units, SHU) in no-choice feeding trials at four active New York farms in the winter of 1997-1998. At all farms, consumption of the 2000 SHU diet by rodents (Norway rats, Rattus norvegicus (Berk), and house mice, Mus musculus L) was significantly less than consumption of a control diet. Consumption of the 3000 SHU diet by rodents was significantly less than consumption of a control diet at three of the four farms. Overall, consumption of treated diets was 58-97% and 55-98% less than consumption of the control diet, for the 2000 and 3000 SHU diets, respectively. These reductions appeared to be related closely to the availability of alternative feed sources at these farms. Two-choice feeding trials involving a rodenticide bait (0.05 g kg(-1) brodifacoum) and the 3000 SHU diet demonstrated that Norway rats preferred the rodenticide to the capsaicin-treated poultry feed. Overall, rodenticide bait acceptance was high (95.6%) when offered simultaneously with capsaicin-treated poultry feed. Although poultry managers must utilize several techniques to manage rodent pests, the use of capsaicin-treated diets to reduce feed losses and increase rodenticide bait acceptance appears promising. Use of capsaicin-treated feed on poultry farms may substantially reduce feed contamination by rodents and ultimately the incidence of Salmonella infection in poultry.     

Resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides in Germany and future strategies to control Rattus norvegicus

Widespread anticoagulant resistance was discovered in populations of the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus Berk.) in an area of roughly 8000 km² in north-west Germany. Resistance testing was performed by feeding tests and/or by measuring blood clotting response after intraperitoneal injection of a sublethal testing solution. A hierarchical resistance system was found with warfarin resistance at the base followed by bromadiolone/coumatetralyl resistance to difenacoum resistance at the top. Warfarin resistance was spread over the whole area with reduced incidence towards the edges. Difenacoum resistance represented the highest level found so far and was restricted to the inner zone of the resistance area where it occurred with a frequency of 6% of all individuals tested. Breeding experiments with bromadiolone-resistant rats showed that expression of the bromadiolone resistance gene differed in the two sexes, suggesting additional sex-linked modifying effects to the resistance gene. Control strategy within the resistance area with respect to prevention of further selection for resistance is discussed.     

新疆南部农区鼠害调查与成因分析

南疆农区鼠害严重,但基础资料不足。为摸清当地鼠害发生特点,提供有效治理依据,本研究于2018年-2019年在南疆5地州39乡64村开展实地与问卷调查,并采用夹捕法调查害鼠种群构成。结果表明,南疆5地州农村普遍遭受鼠害影响,喀什与和田地区农田受害比例达89.4%,问卷结果表明农户和农田鼠害发生率均大于75%,且西部地区重于东部,约一半受访农户估计每年因鼠害损失超过500元。褐家鼠Rattus norvegicus是农户主要害鼠,占比超过70%;农田则以小家鼠Mus musculus和乌拉尔姬鼠Apodemus uralensis为主。这些结果表明,南疆农区鼠害处于重发态势,褐家鼠是主要鼠害来源,并有外来入侵风险。下一步应聚焦于监测主要害鼠种群动态规律,阐明褐家鼠来源和侵入机制,并探索建立适于当地的害鼠防治模式。     

高置式大容量毒饵站对东北农田害鼠的防治效果初探

毒饵站是化学防鼠常用设施,可以减少非靶标动物的误食风险。目前常用毒饵站容量小、毒饵易浪费、添加毒饵不便的缺点限制了其在东北地区的大规模应用。本研究针对东北农业环境特点,设计了一种新型高置式大容量毒饵站,在黑龙江了进行为期1年的防效试验,并测试其作用范围。结果表明,这种毒饵站每年毒饵用量2.8~3.8kg,鼠密度控制率可长期保持在75%以下;其有效覆盖面积为1.1hm2,最佳防治效果的覆盖面积为0.5hm2。这些结果说明这种大容量高置式毒饵站具有毒饵添加便捷、无浪费的优点,在东北地区防治经济效益远远大于其他传统小容量毒饵站,值得在当地应用和推广。     

长江中下游稻区毒饵灭鼠后害鼠种群数量的变化

长江中下游稻作区大面积毒饵灭鼠后,褐家鼠种群密度下降很快.相对而言,小型鼠小家鼠(农舍区)与黑线姬鼠(农田区)及栖息在房屋上层的黄胸鼠,容易漏灭.在多种鼠并存而灭鼠效果较差的地区,甚至会出现灭后小型鼠捕获率上升的情况,则是先前受种间竞争抑制其活动之故,所以制定灭鼠技术方案应注意当地鼠种组成.灭鼠质量的好坏和灭鼠面积的大小,对灭鼠后的数量回升速度有较大的影响.灭鼠率越高,灭鼠覆盖面积越大,害鼠种群保持在较低水平的时间越长,害鼠种群回升的速度越慢.但无论如何,若生态环境条件不变,毒饵杀灭后害鼠种群密度总会回升,即仅单纯依靠毒饵灭鼠手段,难以持久控制鼠害.所以既要因地制宜提高化防质量以抑制害鼠数量,更应大力提倡生态防治为主的综合措施.     

中国草原鼠害防治现状、问题及对策

草原是我国重要的自然资源,承担着生产、生态和生活等多种功能,在构建生态屏障、促进牧业经济以及维系社会稳定等方面具有重要意义。近几十年来,受全球气候变化和人为过度利用草原的共同影响,我国草原发生大范围退化。草原退化提高了啮齿动物栖息地适合度,促使其种群数量增加,最终导致草原鼠害发生。草原害鼠采食牧草降低草地生产力,掘洞造丘消弱草原固碳、水土保持等生态功能,携带病菌威胁人畜健康。因此,控制草原鼠害事关退化草原治理修复和社会经济的可持续发展。尽管国家开展了一系列草原鼠害研究和工程实践,取得了阶段性成果,但由于草原生态系统的复杂性和社会经济发展需求的不断提升,现有草原鼠害防治成果难以满足草原生态保护与建设的需求,相关理论和技术体系尚未完全形成,学科交叉、技术集成等亟待加强。本文总结了中国草原鼠害发生和防治的现状,并对草原鼠害防治存在的问题进行了讨论,最后从管理和技术层面对加强草原鼠害防治工作进行了展望。     

我国农田害鼠种群分布与演替

农田害鼠的种类除与当地的地理环境相适应外,还具有鼠种相对较少,优势种突出,易维持较高数量水平的特征。各鼠种在农田的分布与作物种类有一定的关联度,随着季节变化、作物生长和各种农事活动的干扰,害鼠在作物地之间、或与周围环境之间迁移。随着环境条件的变化,农田鼠类群落不断地进行演替。