美国对杀鼠剂的危害进行排序

根据美国国家环境保护局(EPA)对9种杀鼠剂的环境危害进行评估结果,抗凝血杀鼠剂溴鼠灵(brodifacoum)对鸟类及非靶标哺乳动物的综合危险排在首位。排在溴鼠灵之后的是磷化锌(zincphosphide)、噻鼠灵(difethialone)和敌鼠(diphacinone)。其它被评估的杀鼠剂还包括溴鼠胺(bromethalin)、溴敌隆(bromadiolone)、氯鼠酮(chlorophacinone)、脱氰胆甾醇(cholecalciferol)和杀鼠灵(warfarin)。来自258篇相关报告表明,鸟类及非靶标哺乳动物受害于一些杀鼠剂,尤其是溴鼠灵。危害途径包括直接食用谷物毒饵和食用被杀鼠剂毒死的动物。评估的重点在用于…     

6种抗凝血杀鼠剂毒饵对布氏田鼠毒效比较

实验室比较了6种抗凝血鼠药毒饵(杀鼠灵、杀鼠醚和敌鼠钠盐供试浓度为0.025%,氯敌鼠钠盐、溴敌隆和溴鼠灵供试浓度为0.005%)对布氏田鼠的毒效。试药配成常规浓度毒饵,对靶鼠进行单个笼养和围栏群养有选择摄食试验,以毒杀率和摄食系数评价毒效。结果表明,单养试验:杀鼠灵和杀鼠醚对试鼠毒杀率分别为60%和80%,摄食系数分别为0.67和0.54;其他试药都达到100%毒杀率,摄食系数分别为0.61、0.71、1.10和0.77。群养试验:杀鼠灵只有50%毒杀率,其他5种试药都达到100%毒杀率;杀鼠灵和杀鼠醚摄食系数较小,分别为0.53和0.75,其他4种试药为0.86～1.11。除了杀鼠灵,其他5种鼠药都适于防治布氏田鼠,但从灭鼠成本和实用性考虑,敌鼠钠盐和氯敌鼠钠盐应为首选。     

6种常用杀鼠剂对农区害鼠防效试验及推广应用

采用6种常用杀鼠剂进行田间和室内药效综合测试,结果表明:农田在以黑线姬鼠为优势种下,防效最好为氯敌鼠钠盐,其次为溴鼠灵和溴敌隆,再次为杀鼠醚、生物猫和敌鼠钠盐;农舍在以褐家鼠为优势种下,防效最好为溴鼠隆和氯敌鼠钠盐,其次为溴敌隆;城镇室内在以小家鼠为优势种下,防效最好为溴敌隆、其次为溴鼠隆和氯敌鼠钠盐。取得了田间害鼠日摄食量和死亡时间观察资料。在农田中等鼠密度下,每666.7 m²投饵量为:溴鼠隆75 g、氯敌鼠钠盐75 g、溴敌隆150 g、生物猫170 g、杀鼠醚200 g、敌鼠钠盐250 g。     

山西省芮城县棕色田鼠的发生危害与药剂防治研究初报

以切洞堵洞法分别对山西省芮城县果园间作麦田和普通麦田不同月份的棕色田鼠密度进行调查,开展了0.005%溴敌隆毒饵和溴鼠灵毒饵防治棕色田鼠大田对比试验。研究表明,每年3~4月是该区棕色田鼠的发生盛期。果园间作麦田鼠密度极显著地高于普通麦田。3—4月以溴鼠灵、澳敌隆两种杀鼠剂对棕色田鼠进行防治均有较高防效,两者灭鼠效果无显著性差异,因药剂成本不同,溴敌隆用于大面积药剂防治棕色田鼠更为适宜。     

溴敌隆毒杀小家鼠的现场试验研究

本试验采用0.005%和0.01%溴敌隆毒饵防治小家鼠,适口性均好。用小堆密布法投毒饵灭效高于大堆稀布法。用0.005%溴敌隆毒饵连续投毒3日,取得比0.0375%杀鼠迷毒饵饱和投毒灭效高11.52%。故提倡推广使用0.005%溴敌隆毒饵小堆密布法杀灭小家鼠。可获得95%以上的灭效。     

4种抗凝血灭鼠剂毒饵对黑线姬鼠实验室毒效比较

实验室比较抗凝血灭鼠剂杀鼠灵、杀鼠醚、敌鼠钠盐毒饵(浓度0.025%)和溴敌隆毒饵(浓度0.005%)对黑线姬鼠的毒效。结果显示,单养试验中,4种鼠药对试鼠的毒杀率分别为80%,80%,100%和90%;摄食系数分别为0.73,0.69,0.53和0.83。群养试验中,4种鼠药对试鼠的毒杀率都是100%;摄食系数分别为0.62,0.75,0.13和0.96。试验表明,4种鼠药都适用于防治黑线姬鼠。但从科学用药以及灭鼠成本和易用性考虑,敌鼠钠盐为首选。     

空投溴鼠灵毒饵灭鼠后的环境残留监测

空投溴鼠灵毒饵防治岛上啮齿动物的措施已引起人们对环境污染及伤及非靶标生物的关注.本文概述了新西兰马翁盖特塔瑞岛围栏保护区内及小巴里尔岛、郎伊托托岛和莫图塔普岛等近海岛屿上害鼠防治后溴鼠灵残留的环境监测结果.马翁盖特塔瑞岛地区的淡水广泛取样及小巴里尔岛的淡水样本中都未检测到溴鼠灵.小巴里尔岛与毒饵接触的土壤样本中检测到残留,但100d后,浓度降至接近探测的极限值.小巴里尔岛、郎伊托托岛和莫图塔普岛的海洋贝类中未检测到溴鼠灵残留.统计小巴里尔岛岛上包括几维鸟在内的一系列鸟类等非靶标动物的死亡率,投放毒饵后,在郎伊托托岛和莫图塔普岛海滨区域,9只死亡的小蓝企鹅中的3只体内有溴鼠灵残留,这些死亡可能是由毒饵的亚致死量摄入及饥饿造成的.结果显示了害鼠防治后环境监测的重要性,澄清了社会关注的溴鼠灵残留相关问题,并填补了溴鼠灵对环境的影响、留存时间及环境行为等信息的空白.     

第三批清理临时登记超过有效期限农药品种

1杀鼠剂溴敌隆,溴鼠灵,杀鼠醚,敌鼠钠盐,杀鼠灵,氯敌鼠钠盐,C型肉毒梭菌毒素2卫生杀虫剂烯丙菊酯*,炔丙菊酯*,苯醚菊酯*,环戊烯丙菊酯,炔咪菊酯,氯烯炔菊酯,戊烯氰氯菊酯*,烯炔菊酯*,右旋炔呋菊酯,避蚊酯,氟蚁腙,醚菊酯,吡丙醚,苯醚氰菊酯*,胺菊酯*,避蚊胺,对二氯苯,四氟苯菊酯,甲醚菊酯,苄呋菊酯*,三氯杀虫酯,噁虫酮,甲基吡噁磷,环氧乙烷,硼酸,氟虫胺,桉叶油,噁虫威,硫酰氟。(*:含各种异构体)3其它品种代森锰锌,噁唑禾草灵(包括精噁唑禾草灵),甲霜灵,联苯菊酯,氟氯氰菊酯(包括高效氟氯氰菊酯),克百威,丁硫克百威,阿维菌素,乙酰甲胺磷,炔螨…     

0.75%杀鼠醚在不同生态环境下的灭鼠效果

杀鼠醚属于抗凝血杀鼠剂,是一种慢性、适口性较好、无二次中毒的杀鼠剂。为筛选适宜福泉市农区灭鼠的优质鼠药,2011年9—10月采取一次性投饵法,在城厢镇城郊村用0.75%杀鼠醚粉剂在不同生态环境进行了灭鼠试验。     

应用溴敌隆膨化颗粒毒饵防治田鼠的效果试验

应用0.005％溴敌隆膨化颗粒毒饵防治花生地害鼠试验结果表明：0.005％溴 敌隆膨化颗粒毒饵对花生地的墨 线姬鼠，黄毛鼠及社鼠适口性很好，投饵后进行3d取食率在37.8％-57.4％；平均为45.2％。投毒饵后15d采用夜夹法测定灭鼠效果，0.005％溴敌隆膨化颗粒毒饵灭鼠效果达93.54％。     

Bromadiolone,a New Anticoagulant Rodenticide1

A search for more effective anticoagulant rodenticides has brought about the development of a new compound, coded LM-637, and temporarily named bromadiolone. Results of efficacy tests on 10 rodent species are discussed in detail. The compound was found to be a very potent and highly palatable anticoagulant which is capable of achieving 100% mortality in Norway rats, Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout), with 1-day feeding. Efficacy was demonstrated on all 3 commensal rodents and several important agricultural rodent pests native to the United States. A relatively few feedings (1 to 5 days) of bait containing 0.005 % bromadiolone produced death in most species tested. These rodenticidal properties make bromadiolone a most promising control agent.     

Rodent Control in India

Eighteen species of rodents are pests in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, animal and human dwellings and rural and urban storage facilities in India. Their habitat, distribution, abundance and economic significance varies in different crops, seasons and geographical regions of the country. Of these, Bandicota bengalensis is the most predominant and widespread pest of agriculture in wet and irrigated soils and has also established in houses and godowns in metropolitan cities like Bombay, Delhi and Calcutta. In dryland agriculture Tatera indica and Meriones hurrianae are the predominant rodent pests. Some species like Rattus meltada, Mus musculus and M. booduga occur in both wet and dry lands. Species like R. nitidus in north-eastern hill region and Gerbillus gleadowi in the Indian desert are important locally. The common commensal pests are Rattus rattus and M. musculus throughout the country including the islands. R. rattus along with squirrels Funambulus palmarum and F. tristriatus are serious pests of plantation crops such as coconut and oil palm in the southern peninsula. F. pennanti is abundant in orchards and gardens in the north and central plains and sub-mountain regions. Analysis of the information available on the damage and economic losses caused by rodents in rice, wheat, sugarcane, maize, pearl millet, sorghum, oil seed, legume and vegetable crop fields, horticulture and forestry, poultry farms, and rural and urban dwellings and storage facilities clearly shows that chronic damage ranging from 2% to 15% persists throughout the country and severe damage, sometimes even up to 100% loss of the field crop, is not rare. Several traditional and modern approaches and methods of rodent control are being used. The existing knowledge of the environmental, cultural, biological, mechanical and chemical methods of rodent control in India is reviewed. Considerable variations exist in the susceptibility of the pest species to different methods, particularly to rodenticides and trapping, their field applicability, efficacy and economics in different crops, seasons and geographical regions, behavioural responses of the pest species to these methods in different ecological conditions and their adoption by farmers in different regions of India. Environmental and cultural techniques, such as clean cultivation, proper soil tillage and crop scheduling, barriers, repellents and proofing which may reduce rodent harbourage, food sources and immigration have long lasting effects but are seldom adopted. However, their significance in relation to normal agricultural practices, intensification and diversification are discussed. Rodenticides, which provide an immediate solution to the rodent problem, form the major component of rodent control strategies in India. Poison baiting of rodents with zinc phosphide and burrow fumigation with aluminium phosphide are common in agricultural fields and recently Racumin (coumatetralyl) and bromadiolone have been introduced for the control of both agricultural and commensal rodent pests in India. Methods and timings of campaigns and successes and problems in implementation of rodent control are also reviewed.     

新疆南部农区鼠害调查与成因分析

南疆农区鼠害严重,但基础资料不足。为摸清当地鼠害发生特点,提供有效治理依据,本研究于2018年-2019年在南疆5地州39乡64村开展实地与问卷调查,并采用夹捕法调查害鼠种群构成。结果表明,南疆5地州农村普遍遭受鼠害影响,喀什与和田地区农田受害比例达89.4%,问卷结果表明农户和农田鼠害发生率均大于75%,且西部地区重于东部,约一半受访农户估计每年因鼠害损失超过500元。褐家鼠Rattus norvegicus是农户主要害鼠,占比超过70%;农田则以小家鼠Mus musculus和乌拉尔姬鼠Apodemus uralensis为主。这些结果表明,南疆农区鼠害处于重发态势,褐家鼠是主要鼠害来源,并有外来入侵风险。下一步应聚焦于监测主要害鼠种群动态规律,阐明褐家鼠来源和侵入机制,并探索建立适于当地的害鼠防治模式。     

我国农业鼠害发生状况及防控技术进展

我国的农业鼠害发生十分严重,全国31个省（市、自治区）农区均有发生。每年农田鼠害发生面积2 000~4 000万hm2,造成的粮食损失可占总产量的5%~10%。草原鼠害发生也遍及青海等13个草原大省（自治区）,每年草原受灾面积达2 500~4 300万hm2左右,严重危害面积1 500~2 300万hm2。近年,我国农业鼠害防治工作取得了长足进步,成绩斐然。农田鼠害的防治可占到发生面积的50%~80%,农户鼠害的防治数占到发生总数的80%以上。草原鼠害防治面积占严重危害面积的1/3。鼠害监测预警体系的软硬件建设被不断推进。毒饵站技术,抗药性监测等技术措施被用来优化传统化学灭杀法,以减少其环境副作用。不育控制,TBS技术和生态管理等新型可持续鼠害管理技术的研究和试验推广也取得了丰硕成果。指导相关鼠害防治方法实践的国家标准、行业标准及优化策略等陆续推出。综合运用各种技术和方法来控制鼠害的能力得到了很大加强。     

The influence of anticoagulant resistance on effective rodent control in the UK1

Widespread use of warfarin, and other multiple-dose anticoagulants, selected populations of warfarin-resistant rodents in the UK and in other countries. The effectiveness of rodent control was dramatically reduced when the resistant animals formed a large proportion of a population. The second-generation anticoagulants were developed to overcome these practical control problems with warfarin and were considered to be effective rodenticides against warfarin-resistant populations. In the UK, however, difenacoum showed reduced efficacy for controlling an established warfarin-resistant Rattus norvegicus population covering a substantial area of farmland in southern England. Continued use of difenacoum selected for difenacoum-resistant animals, so that the rodenticide is now ineffective for controlling rats in three counties. Brodifacoum was subsequently used to control some infestations and there is evidence that these treatments selected for animals with an increased level of resistance to brodifacoum. Anticoagulant resistance in Mus domesticus is less of a practical problem because of the availability of non-anticoagulant rodenticides for the control of this species. There is evidence, however, of bromadiolone resistance in M. domesticus trapped on farms in the UK. Recent investigations of the mechanism of anticoagulant resistance in R. norvegicus have indicated that vitamin K3 (menadione) is an antidote to anticoagulants in resistant animals. This form of the vitamin is included as a dietary supplement in poultry and pig food and would aid the survival, and therefore increase the selection, of resistant animals when anticoagulants are used exclusively.     

The control of commensal rodents in Britain1

Rattus norvegicus and Mus domesticus are the only significant commensal rodents in Britain, though Rattus rattus is also present in a few places. R. norvegicus is by far the most important pest of agriculture. No recent quantitative information is available on the status of rodent infestation, damage or control, though these are generally considered to be satisfactory and to have altered little in the last few years. In particular, there seem to be no infestation problems of practical significance that cannot be adequately resolved by currently available control techniques. Recent developments of practical interest include the occurrence of rodent damage to the plastic bags in which big bale silage is preserved, low-grade resistance to difenacoum in R. norvegicus in one locality, and the continued introduction of improved rodenticides. New legislation has been introduced giving government comprehensive powers over the use of pesticides, under which rodenticides must now be assessed for safety, efficacy and humaneness. Responsibility for research, training and extension in rodent control has largely been devolved to the private, academic and local government sectors, with central government now undertaking these activities only on a commercial basis. The nature and significance of these changes is discussed.     

华北平原旱作区农田害鼠化学防治技术的优化筛选研究

作者研究了不同投饵方式,不同灭鼠季节和不同杀鼠剂的农田灭鼠效果,并研究了溴代毒鼠磷和磷化锌不同浓度与不同投饵量对农田害鼠的灭杀率,筛选出了农田灭鼠优化技术:封锁带式投饵,0.5%溴代毒鼠磷小麦毒饵每堆投饵2克,全年中灭鼠适期为3—4月份。这套优化灭鼠技术较从前采用的灭鼠技术提高了灭效,而且大幅度降低了灭鼠成本。     

华北平原旱作区农田害鼠化学防治技术的优化筛选研究

作者研究了不同投饵方式,不同灭鼠季节和不同杀鼠剂的农田灭鼠效果,并研究了溴代毒鼠磷和磷化锌不同浓度与不同投饵量对农田害鼠的灭杀率,筛选出了农田灭鼠优化技术:封锁带式投饵,0.5%溴代毒鼠磷小麦毒饵每堆投饵2克,全年中灭鼠适期为3-4月份。这套优化灭鼠技术较从前采用的灭鼠技术提高了灭效,而且大幅度降低了灭鼠成本。     

我国杀鼠剂应用现状及发展趋势

杀鼠剂研究与应用是害鼠生物学研究的主要内容之一,化学治理则是鼠害综合治理的关键技术之一。本文针对我国主要杀鼠剂种类及特征,简要介绍了目前我国杀鼠剂应用技术现状以及存在的问题,提出在目前生态文明建设要求下,及以生态学理念为指导的鼠害综合治理的发展趋势中,在有效避免鼠类为害的前提下,如何有效降低杀鼠剂应用可能带来的负面效应,同时最大化发挥鼠类的生态学功能,将是害鼠生物学及杀鼠剂应用研究的基本发展方向。     

增效溴敌隆对几种害鼠的毒杀作用

本文涉及一种抗凝血增效灭鼠剂的研制和应用.该灭鼠剂是以溴敌隆为主剂、以双氯芬酸钠、丙三醇等为辅剂,可制成液剂和粉剂.经生物测定表明,对大白鼠、小白鼠、褐家鼠、大仓鼠和布氏田鼠均有很好的毒效,毒杀率基本达到100％,且适口性良好.现场试验对褐家鼠防效达96％以上.该药中溴敌隆含量为0.002％时,防效与0.005％溴敌隆相当起到了增效的作用,降低了成本,减少了环境污染,保证了人畜安全.