基于玉米播深控制的农田地形模拟系统设计与试验

开展了玉米播种单体试验台用仿形机构研究,设计了一种可适用于地形上下起伏和地形倾斜的农田地形模拟系统。系统由地形模拟机构、液压系统、电控系统等组成。重点对地形模拟机构进行数学建模,得出了被仿形地形倾斜角与液压缸伸缩的几何关系,并计算确定了地形模拟机构机械尺寸参数。对液压缸进行受力分析,在此基础上对仿形机构的液压系统参数进行了理论计算,确定了液压系统参数,集成电控系统形成了农田地形模拟系统。对农田模拟系统进行了地形模拟试验,在2.0m/s作业速度下高程模拟误差平均值为1.61mm,坡度模拟误差平均值为0.56°。试验结果表明,农田地形模拟系统对地形高程和坡度模拟的快速性和准确性能满足农田地形模拟的要求,为播种播深控制系统试验提供了试验平台。     

喷杆高度调节系统设计与试验

对喷杆高度进行调节是提高喷杆喷雾机喷雾质量的有效途径。为了使喷杆喷雾机在大田喷雾作业过程中喷雾高度能够随田间地面的起伏变化而变化,设计了3段式的高度自动调节喷杆,采用3个安装在3段喷杆上的接触传感器实时检测喷杆与地面的高度,通过控制器控制液压油缸来调整每段喷杆的高度,从而达到仿形的目的。同时,对喷杆喷雾机的总体布局结构、高度检测关键部件和液压控制系统原理进行了设计分析,阐述了喷杆仿形原理,设计了喷杆高度调节控制系统,并通过试验检测喷杆高度变化范围和田间仿形效果。试验表明,延时时间T1为1s时,喷杆高度能够平稳地保持在45~53.3cm,并且在喷雾机行走速度不大于4.02km/h的情况下,喷杆高度调节系统能够很好地实现大田喷杆仿形功能。     

移栽机自适应仿形系统研究与试验

为提高移栽机的仿形精度,对其自适应仿形系统进行了设计。使用水平倾角传感器和位移传感器分别测定水平姿态和离地间隙,以电动推杆作为执行元件实现自适应仿形。为验证自适应仿形系统作业效果,设计了液压试验台并对液压系统进行了仿真,结果表明:压力补偿系统确保了液压缸的速度稳定可控。对自适应仿形系统进行了试验,结果表明:水平倾角正向最大值和负向最大值分别为1.40°和-0.86°,水平倾角误差绝对平均值为0.54°,垂向位移误差最大值为7.85mm,垂向位移误差绝对平均值为4.91mm,满足自适应仿形系统的使用要求。     

玉米播种深度智能调控系统研究

针对目前玉米播种机播深控制装置多采用限深轮配合仿形机构,存在仿形精度差,播深一致性和稳定性难以保证等问题,从覆土、镇压确定种子上层土壤厚度(播种深度)的测控角度出发,设计了覆土-镇压联动监控装置,进而设计了该联动监控装置的智能控制系统,实现了播种深度的自动调控,保证了玉米播种深度一致性。该系统以MSP430单片机为控制中心,以试验所得镇压强度形成的专家系统为标准,以镇压系统上的压力传感器检测结果为手段,实现传感器检测结果与专家系统检测结果实时对比,不断调整作业过程覆土装置的覆土量,确保播种深度和镇压强度的稳定性和一致性。对该装置进行了响应时间检测试验,结果表明该控制系统的响应时间为0.58s,且实际工作时响应时间要小于试验值。继而进行田间试验,结果表明,当播种作业速度为3～8km/h时,播深合格率高于90%,且在高速作业时播种合格率明显优于机械仿形装置,有效提高了播种深度的一致性。     

基于RecurDyn仿真玉米育种精密播种单体的设计

为解决育种小区玉米播种过程中播种质量和播深均匀性普遍较差等问题，设计出一种玉米小区精密播种单体。该单体针对东北地区采用的免耕形式，通过理论分析对单体的整体结构和关键部件进行优化设计；同时，以前后连杆长度、弹簧刚度系数和弹簧预紧力为试验因素，利用RecurDyn运动学仿真优化软件对安装拉力弹簧的播种单体仿形效果进行仿真与参数优化。田间试验结果表明：设计的精密播种单体播深变异系数为3.47%,符合小区玉米精密播种的作业要求。     

油菜耕整移栽联合作业机液压仿形系统设计与试验

油菜栽植深度一致性是评价移栽质量的重要指标,其直接影响秧苗缓苗和根系再生,以及油菜产量。为了提高油菜耕整移栽联合作业机栽植深度一致性,设计了基于仿形轮高度感应与液压联动的仿形系统。开展了±25mm起伏高度的模拟路面仿形轮和栽植器在不同前进速度下轨迹与相位试验,结果显示前进速度分别为0.3、0.6、0.9、1.2m/s时,仿形轮和栽植器的轨迹变化趋势与路面一致,相位均有延迟,幅值分别下降5.8%、15.2%、17.7%、33.8%和14.9%、21.5%、41.5%、54.6%,相位差分别为0.0267、0.0119、0.0225、0.0366s和0.182、0.1264、0.1278、0.1489s。以前进速度、栽植单元质量、地面起伏高度差为影响因素,以栽植深度合格率为试验指标,进行三因素五水平二次正交旋转组合设计试验。试验结果表明因素影响强弱次序为：栽植单元质量、地面起伏高度差、前进速度,经寻优得最优参数为：栽植单元质量30kg,地面起伏高度差20mm,前进速度1m/s,此参数组合下栽植深度合格率为90.27%,优于标准值,表明液压仿形系统可以有效控制栽深,提高栽深一致性。     

基于压电薄膜的免耕播种机播种深度控制系统

为使免耕播种机在秸秆覆盖地作业时自动保证播种深度的一致性和稳定性,设计了一种主动作用式播种深度自动控制系统。采用聚偏二氟乙烯(Polyvinylidence fluoride,PVDF)压电薄膜传感器将免耕播种机限深轮的胎面形变量转换为电压信号,信号处理电路对传感器产生的信号放大滤波,提取信号峰值,系统根据峰值信号实时监测播种单体对地表的压力,控制信号形成电路在压力不足时发出控制信号,控制安装在播种机机架与播种单体四连杆间的空气弹簧产生推力,使播种单体能够产生对地表的压力,从而保证播种深度的一致性。试验结果表明,所设计的主动作用式播种深度自动控制系统能够精确控制开沟深度,仿形性能可靠,作业速度为5~8 km/h时,播深合格率达到90%,作业速度大于8 km/h时,播深合格率明显高于被动作用式播种深度控制装置。     

方捆机捡拾器高度自动仿形装置参数分析与试验

设计了一种弹簧力平衡式方捆机捡拾器高度自动仿形装置。通过对仿形装置的静力学和运动学分析,以仿形轮在垂直方向受力和仿形误差最小作为仿形性能的评价指标,建立了捡拾器运动参数λ、铰接仿形轮的可调节摆臂长度L和起伏地面的幅值H对仿形性能的影响关系。初选多组参数,按照评价指标获得了捡拾器运动参数和仿形装置结构参数的较优组合。通过仿形装置的运动分析表明,当机组前进速度vt为5~7.9 km/h,铰接仿形轮的可调节摆臂长度L为358 mm,仿形装置能满足地形起伏幅值H为±(8~12)cm的作业要求。样机的田间测试表明,仿形装置能够适应起伏均匀的地块,使捡拾器弹齿尖端具有合适的离地高度,仿形误差可以控制在-4~18mm。     

单体仿形双行绿豆播种机的设计与试验

为满足北方旱坡丘陵地区绿豆大垄双行栽培的农艺技术要求,设计了一种单体仿形双行绿豆播种机。该机采取单体独立悬挂结构设计,通过仿形连接装置连接多个单体施肥播种机,具有在旱坡丘陵地播种深度一致、适应能力强的特点;设计了精量播种、大垄双行种植结构,在实现节本增效的同时,使田间植株分布更加合理。试验结果表明:单体仿形双行绿豆播种机作业后,可实现大垄双行种植,双行间距为60~80mm;播种平均深度为33.8mm,施肥平均深度为65.8mm,种肥间距为45.6mm,株距为147mm。该机可一次性完成开沟、施肥、精量播种、覆土及镇压等作业,作业质量符合绿豆种植农艺要求。     

主动仿形技术研究现状与展望

播深一致性是促进作物增收增产的关键因素。主动仿形技术可以根据播种机作业地形调节播种单体播种深度从而提高播深一致性,因此该技术成为当前播种技术研究的重点。目前,我国播种技术水平较低,特别是主动仿形技术一直远远落后于发达国家的研究水平,制约着我国播种精准化的发展。为此,本文介绍了仿形机构的分类及其优缺点,总结了国内外主动仿形技术发展现状,并针对目前主动仿形技术存在的问题,提出了一种可调节的高精度液压仿形系统,采用滑动调节机构固定液压缸、先导式电磁溢流阀配合高精度角度传感器的解决方案,为后期播种单体主动仿形技术的研究提供参考。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。