哈茨木霉对黄瓜尖孢镰刀菌的抑制作用和抗性相关基因表达

采用室内筛选与田间防效相结合的方法,对哈茨木霉抑制黄瓜尖孢镰刀菌的拮抗机制进行了研究。对峙培养结果显示,木霉菌和病原菌间均形成了较明显的抑菌圈,对病原菌的抑菌率达66.7%~85.8%,其中菌株TG、TM对枯萎病菌抑制作用较强。木霉菌可有效提高根系对病原菌的抗性,黄瓜植株接种枯萎病菌后,根系细胞大量死亡,而先接种木霉菌再接种病原菌后则减小了对根系的伤害。田间防效试验结果表明,TG和TM孢子悬浮液浓度在108个/mL时防效最好,分别为54.9%和49.4%。接种木霉菌植株根系抗性基因的表达量均高于对照植株,呈双峰趋势。在第6天时抗性基因表达量最高,WRKY6、MYB、PR-1、PAL、GST和GLU的表达量分别为对照的5.15、5.22、6.07、6.00、3.16、和16.15倍。表明木霉菌通过激活与胁迫相关的基因表达提高了对病原菌的抗性。     

拟康宁木霉Hailin菌株对马尾松幼苗的促生和防病作用

采用菌株形态学和r DNA-ITS序列比对分析的方法进行了Hailin菌株的鉴定,采用平皿对峙法研究了Hailin菌株对尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的抑菌效果,测定了接种尖孢镰孢菌和Hailin菌株后对马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb)幼苗的发病率和生长指标的影响。经形态学、分子鉴定和进化树分析,菌株Hailin为拟康宁木霉(Trichoderma koningiopsis)。Hailin菌株与尖孢镰刀菌平皿对峙培养5d后,对其抑制率为77.78%;蘸根针刺微伤处理接种Hailin菌株30 d后,对马尾松幼苗立枯病的防治率为58.3%;接种Hailin菌株与不接种的马尾松幼苗相比,其株高、湿重、根长分别提高了3.86%、78.74%和13.2%。Hailin菌株抑制尖孢镰孢菌的作用机制包括竞争作用、重寄生作用以及通过产生代谢产物抑制病原菌的生长。其中,Hailin菌株通过非挥发性代谢产物和挥发性代谢产物对尖孢镰孢菌菌丝生长的抑制率分别为97.80%和77.80%。     

桑树青枯病与根际土壤肥力及微生物群落结构特征的研究

本文比较分析了桑树青枯病发病和健康植株根际土壤肥力以及微生物（细菌和真菌）群落结构特征差异，旨在挖掘和利用丰富微生物资源的有益功能，为构建桑树青枯病生物防治技术体系奠定基础。结果表明，桑树青枯病发病植株根际土壤中指示土壤肥力与健康状况的生物学性状指标β-葡糖苷酶和磷酸酶的活性显著降低，微生物生物量碳、磷显著下降；细菌门分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤中酸杆菌门、放线菌门和疣微菌门等优势细菌相对丰度降低，变形菌门、绿弯菌门、粘球菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门等优势细菌相对丰度增加；细菌属分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤富集了硝化螺菌属和放线菌属等特有细菌属，缺失了诸如链霉菌属等具有分泌抗生素功能的优势细菌属。真菌门分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤中子囊菌门和担子菌门真菌相对丰度增加，unclassified_k_Fungi和霉菌门真菌相对丰度降低；真菌属分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤富集了地霉菌属、腐质霉属和丝孢菌属等腐生真菌，缺失了被孢霉属、枝顶孢属和曲霉属等具有产抑菌化合物功能的优势真菌。研究表明，桑树青枯病与根际土壤β-葡糖苷酶、磷酸酶活性，微生物生物量碳、磷以及微生物群落结构都具有一定的相关性。链霉菌属细菌以及被孢霉属、枝顶孢属和曲霉属真菌有望作为生物防控青枯病的有效备选菌属。     

复合微生态制剂对黄瓜根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响

[目的]研究施入复合微生态制剂对黄瓜根际土壤的影响.[方法]采用盆栽试验的方法,对不同生育时期施入复合微生态制剂的黄瓜根际土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性进行了测定.[结果]与对照相比,在花期施入复合微生态制剂,可使根际土壤细菌和放线菌的数量分别增加27.9％和20.6％,而真菌和尖孢镰刀菌的数量分别减少64.5％和66.7％;可使土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶活性分别提高130.8％、190.5％、123.5％,差异均显著.黄瓜不同生育时期施入复合微生态制剂对过氧化氢酶作用不明显.[结论]本研究在花期施入复合微生态制剂后,在一定程度上,可提高黄瓜根际土壤细菌和放线菌的数量,减少真菌及尖孢镰刀菌的数量,提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和中性磷酸酶的活性.     

微生物菌剂处理增加了生姜土壤中有益微生物的相对丰度

作物连作易导致土壤中病原菌大量积累, 促使土传病害频发, 影响作物生长?本试验采用微生物菌剂(富含哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum TH7?淡紫拟青霉Purpureocillium lilacinum PL22以及高效枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis)处理具有多年生姜种植历史的地块, 并采用分离培养法和宏基因组测序技术对处理后土壤中的微生物进行检测, 明确微生物菌剂对生姜土壤中微生物群落组成的影响?结果表明, 与对照相比, 微生物菌剂处理后, 土壤中细菌属和种的数量增加, 而真菌属和种的数量减少?从微生物菌剂处理后的土壤中分离出3个门水平, 24个属水平和42个种水平细菌, 以及3个门水平, 20个属水平和24个种水平真菌, 其中分离频率较高的细菌和真菌种分别为温哥华假单胞菌Pseudomonas vancouverensis和Musidium stromaticum?从未经微生物菌剂处理的土壤(对照)中分离出导致生姜茎基腐病的病原菌尖镰孢Fusarium oxysporum和腐皮镰孢 F. solani?宏基因组测序结果表明, 微生物菌剂处理对真菌多样性的影响大于对细菌?与对照相比, 微生物菌剂处理提高了土壤中根瘤菌属Rhizobium?假单胞菌属Pseudomonas?芽胞杆菌属Bacillus等细菌属及Musidium?被孢霉属Mortierella等真菌属物种的相对丰度?综上, 微生物菌剂处理增加了生姜土壤中细菌属和种的数量, 增加了土壤中与有益微生物相关的细菌和真菌的相对丰度, 并且抑制了病原菌的生长?     

微生物菌剂对连作芹菜根际土壤真菌群落多样性与结构的影响

以宁南旱区连作4年芹菜根际土壤为研究对象,采用田间定位试验结合高通量测序技术,以常规施肥（CK）为对照,研究常规施肥＋枯草·哈茨复合菌剂（MF）,常规施肥＋枯草芽孢杆菌（BS）,常规施肥＋哈茨木霉菌（TH）3个处理对芹菜连作根际土壤真菌多样性及群落组成的影响。结果表明：施用枯草·哈茨复合菌显著提高了土壤有效磷、速效钾含量,增幅分别为34.29%和9.98%。施用微生物菌剂增加了土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性,平均增幅分别为43.16%和12.98%,并显著改变了土壤真菌的β-多样性。被孢霉属(Mortierella)、织球壳属(Plectosphaerella)、赤霉菌属(Gibberella)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)是各处理优势菌属,施用枯草·哈茨复合菌显著降低了赤霉菌属、链格孢属、镰刀霉属等真菌性病原菌的相对丰度,降幅分别为59.88%、51.63%、36.13%。冗余分析表明土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性、pH值和全磷是影响真菌群落结构组成的主要驱动因子。综合而言,枯草·哈茨复合菌剂的施用不仅降低了连作芹菜根际土壤镰刀菌属、链格孢属、赤霉菌属等病原菌的富集,还通过改变有效磷、速效钾等土壤理化性质,进一步重塑土壤真菌群落结构。     

根皮苷对苹果再植病害及对再植土壤真菌群落的影响

为研究根皮苷对诱发苹果再植病害的作用和影响机制，本文通过盆栽实验研究了不同浓度根皮苷对八棱海棠幼苗生长和土壤酶活性，对病原真菌菌丝生长和产孢以及对土壤真菌群落结构的影响。结果表明，添加外源根皮苷显著限制了盆栽八棱海棠幼苗的生长，其中对株高影响最大，降低了65.3%;改变了中性磷酸酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶等再植土壤酶活性；刺激腐皮镰孢菌菌丝的生长，显著增加了层出镰孢菌的菌丝干重与产孢量，分别提高48.2%和60.0%。重要的是，添加外源根皮苷的土壤和原始土壤及对照土壤相比，真菌群落组成和结构发生了很大变化。高通量测序结果分析表明，添加40 mg·kg^-1根皮苷显著降低了土壤真菌群落的多样性和均匀度，其中添加根皮苷的非灭菌土壤中与再植病害发生程度具有负相关性的被孢霉属的相对丰度显著降低。因此，根皮苷的积累可以改变真菌群落结构和土壤酶活性，并在一定程度上促进病原镰孢菌的生长和产孢，抑制再植苹果幼树的生长，进而诱导苹果再植病害的发生。     

山东省小麦根腐病病原菌的分离鉴定

为明确山东省小麦根腐病的病原菌种类,于2012—2014年从山东省10个地市采集小麦病株,通过组织分离法获得了185株分离物,利用形态学鉴定方法,结合基于5.8S r DNA-ITS序列或TEF-1α基因序列分析的分子鉴定方法对分离物进行了鉴定。结果表明:分离物中共得到135株麦根腐平脐蠕孢Bipolaris sorokiniana,占分离病原菌总数的72.97%,属优势种群;50株镰孢属Fusarium菌株,其中14株尖孢镰孢菌Fusarium oxysporum、19株层出镰孢菌Fusarium proliferatum和17株黄色镰孢菌Fusarium culmorum;按照柯赫氏法则进行致病性测定,证实了4种病原菌对鲁麦21号具有致病性,麦根腐平脐蠕孢的致病力较强,病情指数显著高于镰孢菌属真菌。研究表明,山东小麦根腐病主要是由麦根腐平脐蠕孢和镰孢属真菌侵染引起的,麦根腐平脐蠕孢为优势菌群。     

厚朴苗根腐病的病原菌鉴定

 经病原菌分离培养、致病性测定、形态特征观察及专化型试验结果表明,厚朴苗根腐病由尖镰孢霉内的一个新的专化型(Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht f. sp. magnoliae)为害所致。     

一株拮抗4种马铃薯病原真菌的拟康宁木霉的分离鉴定

本研究从黑龙江省土壤中分离获得一株木霉, 运用生物学特征和ITS序列分析相结合的方法将其鉴定为拟康宁木霉Trichoderma koningiopsis?薯块活体抑菌测定表明, 该木霉对接骨木镰孢Fusarium sambucinum?马铃薯早疫病菌Alternaria solani?立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani (AG3和AG5)等病原真菌引起的马铃薯病害具有抑制作用?对峙培养试验结果显示, 该木霉对上述病原菌的生长具有拮抗作用, 平均抑制率均超过50%, 且该木霉生长速度快于上述病原真菌, 以竞争生长方式抑制病原菌菌丝生长和菌核形成?采用扫描电子显微镜观察发现, 该木霉可通过缠绕或并行生长等方式寄生在上述病原真菌菌丝上?以上结果表明, 从土壤中分离获得的拟康宁木霉具备良好的生防潜力, 可为马铃薯种植中多种真菌病害的统防统治提供良好的生防菌株?     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Transgene herbizidresistente Kulturen

Zusammenfassung Herbizidresistente Kulturpflanzen nehmen unter den derzeit weltweit angebauten gentechnisch veränderten Ackerbaukulturen Sojabohne, Baumwolle, Raps und Mais den weit überwiegenden Anteil ein. Als Ursachen für die rasche Zunahme der Anbauflächen herbizidresistenter Sorten sind unter anderem die Unzulänglichkeiten der für diese Kulturen bestehenden Herbizidlösungen sowie die Zunahme der pfluglosen Bestellverfahren zu sehen. Im Gegenzug hat die Minimalbodenbearbeitung aufgrund der Einführung der Herbizidresistenztechnologie, insbesondere in Sojabohne, ein ausgeprägtes Flächenwachstum erfahren.Als Entscheidungskriterien für die Wahl des Unkrautbekämpfungssystems unter Einbezug des Anbaus herbizidresistenter oder konventioneller Sorten lassen sich aus den Erfahrungen der vergangenen 8 Jahre anführen: Sortenleistung, erhöhte Kulturverträglichkeit und zeitliche Anwendungsflexibilität, Wirkungssicherheit einer Nachauflaufbehandlung in Trockenregionen, Wirkungsbreite, Wirkungsdauer und Bekämpfung resistenter Unkrautbiotypen. Aufgrund fehlender Zulassungen und Kennzeichnungsvorschriften in wichtigen Exportmärkten sind für den Anbau transgener Sorten in Übersee auch Vermarktungseinschränkungen sowie für den Anbau in Europa Haftungs- und Koexistenzregeln wichtige einzelbetriebliche Entscheidungsparameter.Fortschritte erfährt die Herbizidresistenztechnologie kurz- und mittelfristig in der Weiterentwicklung bereits praktizierter Spritzfolgen und Tankmischungen zu Fertigformulierungen der Komplementärherbizide mit residualen Partnern. Zur Bekämpfung und Vorbeugung der Ausbreitung neuer herbizidresistenter Biotypen werden die Komplementärherbizide mit Partnern anderer Wirkungsmechanismen kombiniert. Weitere Entwicklungen sind die Kombination verschiedener transgener Merkmale mit der Herbizidresistenz sowie die Ausweitung von den derzeit dominierenden Kulturen auf weltweit weniger bedeutsame Kulturen, in denen die Entwicklung neuer konventioneller Herbizidwirkstoffe bisher wenig erfolgreich war oder im Verhältnis zum Aufwand nur bedingt attraktiv ist. Für die langfristige Entwicklung könnte die Plastidentransformation zur Verhinderung einer unerwünschten Ausbreitung transgener Merkmale Bedeutung erlangen.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.     

Surveys of cereal diseases and pests in the Netherlands. 3. Monographella nivalis and Fusarium spp. in winter wheat fields and seed lots

Data from surveys of winter wheat fields in the period 1974–1986 and of seed lots in the period 1962–1986 and identifications of diseases on plant samples were compiled to describe the occurrence of snow mould (Monographella nivalis) andFusarium spp. On average,M. nivalis dominated overFusarium spp. The complex ofFusarium spp. constituted mainly ofF. culmorum, followed byF. avenaceum andF. graminearum. M. nivalis was dominant in May on stem-bases and in July on leaves and leaf sheaths. On seedsM. nivalis predominated only in years with low temperatures in July and August.Average brown footrot infection in the field was 4% tillers in May and 5% culms in July. Brown footrot intensity in July was high in cropping seasons with high precipitation in October and with low temperatures in October, November and December. In July during the early eighties, an average of 8% of leaves and 6% of flag leaf sheaths were infected byM. nivalis. Average ear blight incidence was 1.2% glumes infected. Seed contamination by these pathogens averaged 16% in the years 1962–1986. The contamination was high in years with high precipitation in June, July and August. Aspects of cv. resistance and yield loss are illustrated.