长白山区植被覆盖度时空变化及地形分异研究

[目的] 探究长白山区植被动态变化及其与地形的响应关系,为山区生态环境保护与治理提供科学支撑。[方法] 基于MODIS NDVI与DEM数据,采用像元二分模型估算长白山区2000—2020年植被覆盖度,运用Sen+Mann-Kendall趋势分析、空间自相关分析及重心迁移模型,结合地形面积差异修正系数,深入解析植被覆盖度时空演变特征,并定量揭示植被覆盖变化在高程、坡度、坡向因子上的分异效应。[结果] ①时空分布上,2000—2020年长白山区植被覆盖度以0.023 7/(10 a)(p＜0.001)的速率增长并于2010年发生明显的上升突变,呈“四周高,中间低”的分布格局,整体处于较高水平。②时空变化上,2000—2020年长白山区植被改善区域面积远大于退化区域面积,呈以“高—高”模式为主的显著聚集状态,但聚集程度波动下降;21 a间植被覆盖重心整体向西南迁移。③地形分异上,长白山区植被覆盖度随海拔、坡度升高均表现为先增加后减少趋势,不同时段下海拔＜600 m,≥1 200 m及坡度＜2°,≥25°区域植被普遍呈退化趋势,海拔600~1 200 m及坡度2°~25°范围内以改善或稳定趋势为主;平地区域植被退化趋势明显,其他坡向上各变化类型差异较小。[结论] 近21 a来长白山区植被状况总体向好发展,不同高程和坡度条件下植被变化空间分异明显,而坡向对植被变化的影响并不显著。     

太原市城区植被覆盖变化地形分异效应

[目的] 分析山西省太原市城区植被覆盖变化在高程、坡向、坡度、坡度变率、地形位和地形起伏度上的分异效应,为该市生态环境保护提供基础信息。[方法] 基于2004年8月、2007年8月、2011年8月、2014年9月、2016年9月的Landsat系列影像和ASTER GDEM数据,采用像元二分模型法估算太原市城区5个时期的植被覆盖度,对其时空动态变化特征进行分析,并结合地形面积差异修正系数分析植被覆盖变化在不同地形因子上的分异性及变化趋势。[结果] ①2004—2016年植被覆盖度以中高度覆盖度和高度覆盖度为主,二者占总面积的65%以上,总体呈显著上升趋势,植被覆盖度显著下降区主要分布在小店区和尖草坪区,而中东部和西部植被覆盖度上升较快;2007—2011年植被覆盖度减少面积为852.70 km²,增加面积为601.62 km²,总体呈退化趋势,而2004—2007,2011—2014,2014—2016年植被覆盖度增加面积超过研究区面积的1/2,植被恢复效果较好;②不同坡向上,在平地区域不同植被覆盖变化类型的分布差异较显著,其余坡向上的差异不明显;不同植被覆盖变化类型在不同高程、坡度、坡度变率、地形位和地形起伏度上的空间分布差异明显。[结论] 坡向对植被生长变化的影响不明显,而高程、坡度、坡度变率、地形位和地形起伏度对植被覆盖变化的地形效应较明显。     

安徽省植被覆盖度动态变化及其对地形的响应

[目的] 探究安徽省植被覆盖度的时空变化特征与地形的相互关系，为当地资源开发中加强生态环境建设提供理论依据。[方法] 在GIS与RS技术支持下，使用安徽省2001—2019年逐月MODIS/NDVI数据，2001—2019年土地分类数据和安徽省DEM海拔、坡向地形数据，分析植被覆盖度时空变化特征及其与地形因子相互关系。[结果] 安徽省植被覆盖度季节变化特征明显。1月、10—12月，全省植被覆盖度呈现低值，且山区高于平原；2—5月，淮北平原地区植被覆盖度呈现高值，6月迅速减小；7—9月全省范围植被覆盖呈现高值，大部地区植被覆盖度高于0.8，山区平原空间差异最小。全省植被覆盖度年变化率为0.003 9/a，与时间相关性显著（R²=0.814 8）。不同海拔区间内，植被覆盖度四季差异明显。受下垫面地表类型影响，200 m以下植被覆盖度呈现低值，200～350 m植被覆盖度陡然升高，1 250 m以上植被覆盖度呈下降趋势。各坡向四季植被覆盖度夏季>秋季>春季>冬季。北坡、南坡分别为峰值、谷值。南、北向山区植被覆盖度差异呈逐年波动下降趋势，其差异值多年平均值夏季最低（0.009 3），秋季最高（0.014 2），春冬季分别为0.013 9，0.012 5。[结论] 安徽省海拔、坡向显著影响植被覆盖度动态变化特征，需结合地形特点合理开发利用地表资源，并做好生态环境保护工作。     

海河流域生长季植被覆盖度时空变化及驱动力分析

[目的]了解海河流域生长季植被覆盖度(FVC)的时空变化及其驱动力,以期为海河流域的生态保护、建设与可持续发展提供参考。[方法]基于MODIS NDVI遥感数据和同时期的18种影响因子,采用趋势分析法和M-K显著性检验分析了2001—2019年海河流域生长季植被覆盖度的时空变化特征;并利用地理探测器探讨了其空间分异特征与驱动力。[结果]2001—2019年海河流域生长季植被覆盖度总体呈显著上升趋势,线性倾向率为0.063/10 a, 2011年之后增速减缓。空间分布差异明显,植被覆盖度总体较高,仅环渤海湾地带和一些城市区域植被覆盖率较低。改善区域的面积远大于退化面积,其中改善部分以极显著改善为主,占流域总面积的60.42%。海河流域生长季植被覆盖度的空间分布差异主要由林地比例和林草混合地比例所决定,解释力均在30%以上。对海河流域生长季植被覆盖度交互作用解释力最强的是林草混合地比例和农田比例。[结论]海河流域植被覆盖度总体显著上升,空间分布差异主要驱动力为林地比例和林草混合地比例。     

黄河流域甘肃段植被覆盖度时空变化及对气候因子的响应

[目的]分析黄河流域甘肃段2000—2018年植被覆盖度变化的时空演变规律,探讨该区域植被覆盖度的变化对气候的响应机制,为该区域生态环境与社会经济的协调可持续发展和进一步落实生态环境保护、建设及恢复提供科学依据。[方法]基于2000—2018年的MODIS NDVI数据、气象数据,采用线性趋势分析和相关性分析等方法,对黄河流域甘肃段植被覆盖度的时空变化特征及与气候因子之间的关系进行分析。[结果]①空间上,近19 a研究区植被覆盖度自西南向东北在不断降低,以甘南州的植被覆盖状况最好;植被覆盖度改善面积占36.64%,主要分布于兰州市北部、临夏州、定西市、庆阳市、平凉市大范围区域、天水市南部等,而退化面积占4.2%,主要集中于甘南州等地区。②时间上,研究区植被覆盖度以2013年为界呈现"先持续增加后波动减少"的变化趋势,但整体在不断增加;以平凉市的增加速度最快,平均每年增长0.96%。③研究区植被覆盖度对降水量变化的响应敏感,与降水量呈现显著的正相关关系。[结论]研究区植被覆盖度空间差异明显,2000—2018年植被以改善为主,降水是影响这些区域植被改善的有利因素,降水状况的改善对研究区生态环境建设与修复至关重要。     

1999-2016年天山西部植被覆盖的时空变化

[目的]调查天山西部生态环境植被覆盖状况,为科学保护区域生态环境和管理提供科学依据。[方法]以天山西部林区—霍城林场为研究对象,基于1999,2007和2016年3个时期的Landsat TM遥感影像和DEM数据,运用归一化植被指数分析研究区植被覆盖情况和空时变化特征。[结果]时间变化上,1999—2016年期间霍城林场植被覆盖以Ⅱ和Ⅲ级为主,所占比重达到55%以上,总体上是呈现上升趋势;空间分布上,霍城林场因海拔、坡度和坡向等地形因子的不同而出现不同的分布和变化特征,当海拔在1 500~2 000 m和2 000~2 500 m或者坡度30°~45°的区域时,植被覆盖度相对较高;当海拔 < 1 500 m以及 > 2 500 m或坡度 < 30°的区域时,植被覆盖度相对较低;植被覆盖度随着坡向的变化而变化着,呈现出阴坡 > 半阴坡 > 半阳坡 > 阳坡的分布特征;当海拔 < 1 500m和坡度 < 30°的区域时,植被覆盖度变化较为明显,而当海拔 > 2 500 m和坡度 > 45°的区域时,因受人为社会活动影响小,植被覆盖变化不明显。[结论]1999—2016年期间,霍城林场植被覆盖在时间变化上总体呈现上升趋势,在空间分布上因海拔、坡度和坡向等地形因子的不同呈现不同的分布和变化特征。     

祁连山国家公园植被覆盖变化地形分异效应

[目的] 分析祁连山国家公园不同时间植被覆盖变化情况以及不同高程、坡度、坡向等地形条件下植被覆盖变化的空间分异性,为祁连山生态环境修复和保护提供参考依据和数据支撑。[方法] 利用祁连山2006,2014,2019年3期遥感影像,采用像元二分模型估算植被覆盖度,结合趋势分析法和地形面积修正法,对不同地形条件下植被覆盖空间分异性及变化特征进行分析。[结果] ①祁连山植被覆盖度空间分布格局为西北部低,东南部高,总体以较低植被覆盖度为主。2006—2019年,祁连山植被覆盖度整体呈增加趋势,增加面积约占46.7%,减少面积约占33.3%,植被恢复状况较好,其中,低和较低植被覆盖度面积减小,其他等级植被覆盖度面积均有不同程度的增加。②祁连山植被覆盖变化在不同高程范围内存在明显差异：3 200 m以下中低海拔区域呈增加趋势,2 200 m以下低海拔区域增加特别明显;3 700 m以上中高海拔区域则呈减少趋势,且海拔越高减少趋势越明显。③随着坡度的增加,祁连山植被覆盖变化趋势由增加转为稳定再转为减少。坡度15°以下区域呈增加趋势;坡度25°以上区域呈减少趋势;坡度40°以上区域减少趋势尤其明显;坡度15°~25°范围内分布相对稳定。④从坡向来看,除平地外,祁连山植被覆盖变化类型在其他坡向上的差异较小。[结论] 祁连山植被覆盖变化在高程、坡度等地形条件下差异明显,坡向的地形效应不明显。     

2000—2020年四川省泸沽湖湿地自然保护区陆地植被覆盖动态变化

[目的]探究四川省泸沽湖湿地自然保护区2000—2020年陆地植被覆盖度的时空变化规律,为保护区的建设和治理提供参考。[方法]选用四川泸沽湖湿地自然保护区2000—2020年植被生长旺盛月份(6—9月)的MODIS数据为数据源,结合像元二分法、Theil-SenMedian趋势分析法等相关分析法探究植被覆盖度时空变化特征及其对气候的响应。[结果](1)在时间变化上,四川省泸沽湖湿地自然保护区陆地植被覆盖度呈略微上升趋势,整体以0.09/10 a速率波动上升。(2)保护区植被覆盖度在空间分布上呈现湖区及其周边区域低,南北高的特征,呈现整体上升,局部下降的特点。(3)保护区气候(6—9月)趋向“暖干化”发展,植被覆盖度与气温和降水量以正相关为主,且受气温影响大于降水,其影响因素具有空间差异性。[结论] 2000—2020年,泸沽湖湿地自然保护区植被覆盖良好,植被覆盖度总体呈略微上升趋势,其中,气温是影响植被覆盖度的主要气候因子,同时地形、人类活动对保护区植被覆盖度均有一定的影响。     

玛纳斯河流域植被覆盖度随地形因子的变化特征

基于2000-2016年MODIS NDVI数据,利用像元二分模型和ArcGIS空间分析功能对玛纳斯河流域植被覆盖度分布格局及动态变化特征进行研究,并分析植被覆盖度变化在高程、坡度和坡向上的空间分布差异。结果表明：（1）玛纳斯河流域以低等级植被覆盖为主,高等级植被覆盖面积显著增加,其它各等级面积波动较小,研究期内植被覆盖改善的面积比例（31.17%）远大于退化的面积比例（16.1%）,研究区总体植被覆盖度增加,生态环境有所好转。（2）在海拔<800m,坡度<8°区域内,植被覆盖度明显改善,植被显著退化区主要分布在海拔1300-3400m,坡度>25°区域内,植被覆盖度未发生变化的区域主要集中在海拔>3600m范围内。（3）当海拔>2100m时,植被覆盖度随海拔增加呈现持续减少的趋势,海拔低于2100m的地带,植被覆盖度随海拔增加波动较大。（4）随着坡度的增加,植被覆盖度呈逐渐减小的趋势,全流域0?5°坡度范围内植被覆盖度最大（42.69%）。（5）在各坡向上,植被覆盖度差异不明显。流域内平地上的植被覆盖度最大（44.21%）;阴坡的植被覆盖度优于阳坡,植被变化趋势除在平地区域较显著外,其余坡向间差异不大。     

黄土高原中部降水梯度带植被覆盖度动态变化特征

黄土高原植被生长的水分环境从东南向西北呈现明显的梯度变化,定量分析各降水梯度带植被覆盖度空间分布特征和演变趋势,对正确评价退耕还林草工程的生态效应具有重要意义。选择一条垂直于降水梯度变化的样带,利用MODIS/NDVI数据,基于像元二分模型获取了研究区2000—2010年植被覆盖度空间分布特征,采用斜率法和相关系数法分析了植被覆盖度的变化趋势和影响因素。结果表明:(1)研究区植被覆盖度在空间分布上由东南向西北降低,东南部地区植被覆盖度达82.6%,北部荒漠地区仅为38.6%;(2)由于退耕还林草工程的实施,该区11a间植被覆盖度整体呈现上升趋势,其中2007年植被覆盖度值最高,为65.3%,与降水年际变化趋势一致;(3)研究区植被覆盖度主要受当年4—8月降雨量和气温影响,时间序列具有显著相关性。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.