天目山银杏根区土壤固氮微生物群落沿海拔梯度的分布特征

土壤微生物多样性的海拔分布规律已被广泛研究，然而单一木本植物根区土壤固氮微生物的海拔分布特征尚不清楚。本研究采集了浙江省天目山308米至1236米海拔范围内的161棵野生银杏树的根区土壤，利用Illumina高通量测序研究了土壤固氮微生物的多样性、群落组成及其空间分布。结果表明：固氮微生物多样性（Shannon与Richness指数）随海拔高度增加而降低，群落异质性随海拔差值增大而增加。慢生根瘤菌属、根瘤菌属、疣微菌属等优势属的相对丰度与海拔显著正相关，而地杆菌属、固氮菌属、伯克霍尔德菌属等优势属的相对丰度与海拔显著负相关。进一步分析发现，固氮微生物多样性和群落组成与土壤N:P均呈最显著相关，上述优势属的相对丰度同样与土壤N:P有着极强的相关性。结构方程模型显示海拔可以直接或通过影响土壤N:P间接作用于固氮微生物多样性和群落组成。通过随机森林模型分别鉴定出与海拔、N:P紧密相关的物种，发现这两类物种具有较大比例（45%）的重合。综上，土壤N:P是天目山银杏根区土壤固氮微生物群落沿海拔分布的关键驱动因子，N:P的变化直接影响银杏固氮微生物群落。我们的发现从土壤微生物学角度为天目山野生银杏的保护提供了科学依据。     

PGPR菌剂对攀西高原植烟土壤nifH基因群落的影响

为研究植物根际促生菌（PGPR）菌剂处理下攀西高原植烟土壤氮素循环的微生物调控机制,本研究以凉山州会理市不同PGPR菌剂（Lysinibacillus sp.、Streptomyces Phaeochromogenes和Aspergillus niger）处理下的植烟田为研究对象,采集烤烟成熟期根际土壤,通过化学分析和高通量测序技术对土壤理化性质、固氮酶活性及nifH基因群落组成及多样性进行分析。结果表明,与常规施肥相比,施用PGPR菌剂会显著降低植烟土壤的pH值,同时显著提高有效磷含量和固氮酶活性（P<0.05）。总体而言,施用PGPR菌剂提高了植烟土壤nifH基因群落的多样性。植烟土壤优势菌群为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和蓝菌门（Cyanobacteria）。慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium）、地杆菌属（Geobacter）和固氮螺菌属（Azospirillum）等是植烟土壤优势属。冗余分析结果表明,植烟土壤pH值、碱解氮和速效钾含量与nifH基因群落结构相关性最强。综上,PGPR菌剂能改善植烟土壤养分状况,提高土壤固...     

西双版纳不同森林类型土壤微生物生物量的变化

土壤微生物生物量在森林生态系统保护以及养分循环转化中具有重要的作用。本文研究了西双版纳5种森林类型(热带季节雨林、热带季风常绿阔叶林、曼安次生林、鸡血藤次生林和沟谷林次生林)的土壤微生物生物量以及微生物碳氮利用效率的变化。与热带季节雨林和热带季风常绿阔叶林相比,3种次生林具有较高的土壤微生物生物量碳。沟谷林次生林的土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量显著高于其它4种林型。土壤微生物生物量碳氮与土壤含水量、土壤有机碳、土壤总氮显著正相关,与土壤碳氮比显著负相关。热带季节雨林和沟谷林次生林有更高的微生物商,表明热带季节雨林和沟谷林次生林具有更高的微生物碳氮利用效率。微生物商的变化与土壤有机碳以及土壤总氮没有显著相关关系,与土壤微生物生物量显著正相关。本研究可为更好地评价不同森林类型土壤活性提供理论依据。     

福建典型茶园土壤养分及其计量比对细菌群落结构的影响

为研究茶园土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)含量及其生态化学计量比对土壤微生物群落结构的影响，以福建省福鼎市茶叶主产地茶园为研究对象，系统测定和分析土壤养分与计量比，分析其对细菌群落特征的影响。结果表明：(1)茶园土壤C、N、P、K含量均值分别为18.39,1.96,0.91,15.57 g/kg,土壤C∶N、C∶P、C∶K、N∶P、N∶K、P∶K均值分别为9.24,30.96,1.24,3.32,0.13,22.39;(2)土壤中的优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Actinobacteria)、放线菌门(Acidobacteria);优势菌属为Paludibaculum、分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium)、慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium),不同茶园土壤中细菌群落组成及结构相似，但细菌多样性指数差异显著(p<0.05);(3)属水平上茶园土壤细菌与养分及其计量比的相关性分析结果显示，K与热脱硫弧菌属(Thermodesulfovibrio)、盖氏菌属(Gaiella)呈显著正相关(p<0.01),P与梭菌属(Clost...     

西北部分地区鸡眼草根瘤菌的多样性及系统发育分析

对分离自西北部分地区鸡眼草(Kummerowia striata)的53株根瘤菌,进行唯一碳源和氮源利用、抗生素、染料和苯酚抗性、耐盐性等98项生理生化性状测定,并结合16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析,对供试菌株进行了遗传多样性研究.结果表明,不同地理来源,甚至来源于同一地区的不同菌株在碳、氮源利用、耐盐性、对苯酚抗性程度等方面存在着一定差异,12.5%的菌株能耐受300 μg/mL氯霉素,58.9%的菌株能耐受2%NaCI,38%的菌株能耐受700 mg/L苯酚.通过16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析,53株供试菌株分别属于慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、中慢生根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)和土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium),说明分离自鸡眼草的根瘤菌在种及属的水平上具有非常丰富的遗传多样性.     

耕作措施对陇中旱农区土壤细菌群落的影响

为探究耕作措施对陇中旱农区麦豆轮作系统土壤细菌多样性的影响,借助2001年在陇中旱农区建立的不同耕作措施长期定位试验,应用高通量测序技术比较传统耕作(T)与3种保护性耕作(免耕(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)和免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS))对麦豆轮作体系土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮及细菌群落结构影响。结果表明:1)相对于传统耕作,秸秆还田显著增加0～10 cm、10～30 cm土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳和微生物量氮含量,其中NTS处理0～10 cm、10～30 cm土层有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳和微生物量氮含量较传统耕作分别提高28.27%、114.16%、13.51%、49.14%和39.86%、98.05%、10.78%、40.72%。2)酸杆菌门(26.42%)、变形菌门(19.86%)和放线菌门(19.44%)为陇中旱农区麦豆轮作系统土壤细菌的主要优势种群,NTS处理下酸杆菌门、放线菌门和变形菌门丰度较传统耕作显著提高35.11%、33.77%和30.17%。3)与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作提高了0～30cm土层土壤细菌的Observedspecies指数、Chao指数、香农指数、辛普森指数,以NTS处理提高最为显著。因此,在陇中旱农区推广以免耕秸秆覆盖为主的保护性耕作措施有利于增加土壤碳氮固存、提高土壤细菌群落丰度和多样性和土壤的生物活性,促进农业的可持续发展。     

甘肃地区道地药材根际固氮微生物分离鉴定

为调研甘肃中药材种植区的固氮微生物资源,从党参、黄芪和当归3种药材种植地的根际土壤中分离具有固氮酶活性的微生物,单菌株纯化并进行分子生物学鉴定,最后通过乙炔还原法检测各菌株的固氮酶活性。结果表明:这3种作物的根际土壤中固氮微生物资源丰富,共分离得到28株具有固氮酶活性的菌株,经鉴定主要为根瘤菌属、芽孢菌属、单孢菌属、无色杆菌属和粘着箭菌属等,固氮酶活性为53.5 C_2H_2nmol·(h·ml)-1~295.3 C_2H_2nmol·(h·ml)~(-1),无色杆菌属的固氮酶活性较高。此研究为下一步筛选适合中药材生长的微生物固氮菌肥的菌种提供一定的理论依据。     

芒萁侵入红壤退化裸地对土壤理化性质和细菌组成的影响

芒萁是最早侵入红壤退化裸地的先锋植物,其侵入过程对土壤环境的改变在退化裸地生态恢复进程中具有重要意义。以福建省长汀县红壤侵蚀裸地为研究对象,分析测定退化裸地中芒萁侵入区和非侵入区土壤理化性质和细菌组成及多样性。结果表明：芒萁侵入裸地显著提高土壤最大持水量、土壤含水率、全碳、全氮、全钾、有机质和pH,并显著降低土壤容重;芒萁侵入区增加根瘤菌目和慢生根瘤菌属等14种土壤优势细菌,变形菌门和甲型(α)变形杆菌的相对丰度显著提高(p<0.05),而土壤绿弯菌门和AD3菌纲的相对丰度显著降低(p<0.05),这些土壤细菌主要功能为化能异养、好氧化能异养和纤维素分解;芒萁侵入裸地显著提高土壤细菌群落结构多样性(p<0.05);芒萁侵入区和非侵入区土壤细菌群落结构差异显著(p<0.05);土壤细菌群落结构的主要影响因子是土壤含水率、全碳、有机质、土壤容重和pH。这些影响因子与疣微菌门、变形菌门、疣微菌纲和甲型(α)变形杆菌纲正相关。综上所述,芒萁侵入后可显著改善红壤侵蚀退化裸地的土壤理化性质,改善土壤细菌群落组成,增加土壤细菌群落多样性和优势菌群,对土壤细菌群落有积极效应。     

土地利用变化对土壤团聚体微生物量碳的影响

对福建省建瓯市山地红壤的天然林、人工林、次生林和园地等4种典型土地利用方式的不同土层(0-10cm,10-20 cm)土壤团聚体微生物量碳进行研究.结果表明:除茶园外,不同土地利用方式均表现出随着团聚体粒径增大,单位土壤微生物量碳增加的趋势.天然林转变为其他土地利用方式后,团聚体微生物量碳和单位土壤团聚体微生物量碳分别平均下降了18.66%～51.82%和21.20%～50.05%,但不同土地利用土壤团聚体微生物量碳的下降幅度小于土壤有机碳.土壤团聚体微生物商在本区域未表现出一定规律性.因此亚热带山地红壤内天然林转变为人工林、次生林和园地会导致土壤团聚体微生物量碳含量下降,但其能否作为表达土地利用变化敏感性指标,还需进一步斟酌.     

秸秆还田方式对根际固氮菌群落及花生产量的影响

  【目的】  固氮微生物是土壤中重要的功能微生物,其多样性和群落组成变化能够影响土壤氮素固定与氮循环过程,探究不同秸秆还田方式对根际土壤固氮菌多样性和群落组成的影响机制具有重要意义。  【方法】  基于中国科学院鹰潭红壤生态实验站花生单作系统不同秸秆还田长期定位试验,设置不施肥对照(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、NPK肥+秸秆还田(NPKS)、NPK肥+秸秆猪粪配施(NPKSM)和NPK肥+秸秆生物炭(NPKB) 5个处理,利用高通量测序技术,分析不同秸秆还田方式下根际固氮菌多样性和群落组成的变化特征。  【结果】  秸秆还田处理下土壤有机碳(SOC)、速效钾、全磷、有效磷、全氮含量提升,其中以NPK肥+秸秆猪粪配施(NPKSM)处理效果最佳。秸秆还田增加了固氮微生物多样性,并显著改变其群落组成,在纲水平上固氮菌以α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,82.5%)为优势类群;在属水平上以慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium,51.9%)为优势类群。土壤有效磷是影响固氮菌多样性指数的主要因素,而土壤pH、SOC、速效钾、全磷、有效磷、全氮和铵态氮是影响固氮菌群落组成的主要因素。结构等式方程研究结果表明土壤有效磷和全氮通过改变δ-变形菌纲(Deltaproteobacteria)的相对丰度和固氮菌群落组成间接影响花生产量。  【结论】  秸秆还田显著提升了土壤肥力,土壤有效磷是根际固氮菌多样性和群落组成改变、花生产量提高的重要驱动因素,通过提高Deltaproteobacteria的相对丰度促进了花生增产。本研究为建立合理的秸秆还田措施,增强生物固氮潜力以及提升红壤肥力与健康提供科学依据。     

Agricultural potential of Mediterranean grain and forage legumes: Key differences between and within Vicia species in terms of phenology, yield, and agronomy give insight into plant adaptation to semi-arid environments

In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimal^o), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimal^o), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy.     

Changes in trace element speciation in kola north surface waters during snow melt

The powerful mass-flow of melt water during the brief period of spring thaw provides a surge of pollutants and causes extremely toxic short term conditions. Together with the increase in total metal concentrations during this period, a redistribution in metal speciation occurs that increases the proportion of more toxic forms. Concentrations of ion-exchangeable fractions of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), and manganese (Mn) show strong negative correlations with pH. The sum of complex metal species shows a strong positive correlation with total organic carbon (TOC). A data analysis model based on relationships observed between key parameters and metal behaviour together with gidrological data allowed an assessmrnt of the metal impact on waterbodies from accumulated airborne pollution (Ni, Cu) as well as from accelerated leaching from watersheds (Al, Mn).     

On the Taxonomy of the Members of ‘Saccharum Complex’

The difficulty and problems encountered in the study of cultivated plants, in general and sugarcane, in particular has been indicated. In order to understand these problems, a brief review on the taxonomy of Saccharum and closely related taxa, namely, Erianthus, Sclerostachya, Narenga and Miscanthus (generally known as ‘Saccharum complex’) has been given. A short account on the important morphological features that are specific to sugarcane has also been stated as classification is commonly based on such morphological characters. A note has been added on the chromosome number, origin, and distribution of the species of ‘Saccharum complex’ members. Taxonomic keys have been devised for identification of the genera of Saccharinae and for the species of Saccharum and Erianthus occurring in India. A new combination, Sclerostachya fallax (Balansa) Amalraj et Balasundaram, has also been proposed.     

Polymorphism of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in three species of Aegilops

A collection of 136 accessions of Aegilops umbellulata (39), Ae. comosa (75) and Ae. markgrafii (22) was analysed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits composition. The homogeneity of the accessions was studied and 55.1% of the collection was homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunits (29 Ae. umbellulata, 33 Ae. comosa and 14 Ae. markgrafii). The HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata are encoded by the Glu-U1 locus; in Ae. comosa results showed that this proteins are encoded at the 1M chromosome, and the locus was named Glu-M1. In Ae. markgrafii it was assumed that HMW glutenin subunits were encoded by an homoeologous locus and it was named Glu-C1. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. markgrafii expressed both, x-type and y-type subunits. Among the Ae. comosa accessions, only one expressed an x-type subunit alone. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and some of Ae. comosa had x-type glutenins of higher molecular weights than those commonly present in bread wheat. A total of 8 alleles were detected at the Glu-U1 locus, 11 at the Glu-M1 and 4 at the Glu-C1. The new HMW glutenin variation found in this work suggests their possible utilisation in breeding for wheat quality.     

The major features of an infestation by the invasive weed legume gorse (Ulex europaeus) on volcanic soils in Hawaii

Gorse (Ulex europaeus) infestation occupies over 4,000 ha of agriculture and conservation lands on the southeastern slope of Mauna Kea on the Island of Hawaii. The aim of this investigation is to identify ecological features associated with this weed invasion by comparing the gorse-infested areas to the surrounding uninfested areas of this landscape. The soils within the gorse infestation are more acidic, resulting in higher levels of KCl-extractable Al and lower levels of Mehlich III-extractable Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn. Yet, gorse accumulates higher concentrations of Ca, Zn and, Cu than the kikuyu grass (Pennesitum clandestinum), which is ubiquitous throughout the site. The Ca:Al and Mg:Al molar charge ratios of the soils are lowest within the epicenter of the gorse infestation, while the molar ratios are highest in the gorse apical stem tissues. All gorse plants are nodulated and have higher nitrogen contents than the surrounding kikuyu grass. Furthermore, the δ¹⁵N of the gorse stem tissues approaches 0‰, suggesting that nitrogen is being symbiotically fixed from the atmosphere. Characterization of the Bradyrhizobium isolated from gorse nodules shows similarities and distinctions to Bradyrhizobium isolated from the endemic legume koa (Acacia koa) within the same location. Population densities of the indigenous Bradyrhizobium are higher within the gorse rhizosphere than the kikuyu grass. Soil acidification, nutrient depletion, and symbiotic nitrogen fixation distinguish gorse-infested areas from the surrounding uninfested areas. These observations suggest that gorse has a competitive advantage over kikuyu grass under conditions of soil nutrient deficiency.     

Nematofauna associated with exotic and native leguminous plant species in West Africa: effect of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Glomus intraradices</Emphasis> arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Ten leguminous trees, four exotic species (Australian Acacia) and six indigenous species (three Sahelian Acacia spp. and three Sesbania spp.), were grown for 4 months in a natural Sahelian soil inoculated with or without the endomycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices. In control trials, the determinant factor structuring the soil nematode fauna was the plant species, related plants having a similar influence on the nematode community in the soil. Soil nematode abundance increased from exotic acacias (3.3 g^-1 dry soil) to native acacias (11.5 g^-1 dry soil) and Sesbania species (17.6 g^-1 dry soil). Plant feeding nematodes (mainly Scutellonema and Tylenchorhynchus) were significantly less abundant under exotic acacias (1.4 g^-1 dry soil) than under native acacias (7.2 g^-1 dry soil) or Sesbania species (7.3 g^-1 dry soil). Bacterial feeding nematode density increased from exotic acacias (1.2 g^-1 dry soil) to native acacias (3.0 g^-1 dry soil) and Sesbania species (7.7 g^-1 dry soil) as total densities. However, the differences in the structure of the nematode communities between plant groups were suppressed in the presence of the mycorrhizal fungus. In fact, no difference in nematode densities remained between plant groups when G. intraradices developed in several dominant taxa belonging to different trophic groups, particularly: Tylenchorhynchus, Apelenchina, Cephalobus and Dorylaimoidea. This study clearly indicated that inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus G. intraradices diminished the plant-specific effect on the structure of the soil nematode community.     

The effects of feeding by Oniscus asellus on leaf litter sulfur constituents

Summary Feeding by the isopod, Oniscus asellus, produced changes in the sulfur constituents of leaf litter substrates (Acer negundo, A. saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Picea rubens, and Tsuga canadensis). Isopod consumption of leaf litter generally accelerated the mineralization of carbon-bonded S and increased the formation of ester sulfate in all substrates. After the isopod egestion of A. negundo leaves, fecal decomposition over 6 weeks increased total S concentration from 68 to 120 mol S/g due to the catabolism of organic carbon. During the same period sulfate decreased from 34 to 20 mol S/g and carbon-bonded S increased from 34 to 100 mol S/g. Thus the total S pool in aged feces became enriched with organic S (83% of total S). Macroinvertebrate consumption accelerated the transformation of S constituents and the carbon-bonded S concentration approached that of the Oa organic horizon of a northern hardwood forest.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov     

Genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in different regions of Flanders (Belgium)

We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies.