国内兽用疫苗的现状与发展前景

兽用疫苗起到了很好的预防、控制动物传染病的发生与流行，对动物养殖业的健康发展起到至关重要作用，当前我国兽用疫苗的科研和检测技术的不断提升，政府重视和动物饲养业的发展需求，都将推动我国兽用疫苗市场规模的扩大。针对我国兽用疫苗的研究和市场现状，通过分析市场情况，对兽用疫苗的发展前景进行了展望。     

兽用疫苗佐剂的研究进展

兽用疫苗免疫佐剂可以辅助兽用疫苗进入动物机体,增强疫苗的免疫效力,维持疫苗的稳定性,帮助疫苗更加有效地预防、控制动物传染病,减少损失,保障安全的生态环境。用作兽用疫苗免疫佐剂的物质越来越多,有水性疫苗佐剂和油性疫苗佐剂等,各种佐剂的有效成分和作用方式各不相同。本文就兽用疫苗佐剂的特点做了概述,以期为疫苗研发过程中佐剂的筛选提供参考。     

兽用狂犬病疫苗的发展

狂犬病病毒只有一种血清型,世界各地的狂犬病毒抗原性质是相同的。当前大部分国家所用的兽用狂犬病疫苗主要有三种,即弱毒苗、灭活疫苗和基因工程疫苗。当前我国兽用的有灭活苗和弱毒苗两种,但是随着生物和分子生物学技术的发展,新型狂犬病疫苗已经逐渐走进研究者的视野,例如多肽疫苗、基因工程疫苗、核酸疫苗、活载体疫苗及植物疫苗等。随着兽用狂犬病疫苗的发展迅速,科学家们对其的研究也越来越深入,相信在不久的将来,狂犬病会得到很好的控制。     

兽用核酸疫苗的研究进展及应用展望

本文主要介绍了核酸疫苗的构建、作用机理和兽用核酸疫苗的研究进展以及应用,为兽用核酸疫苗乃至其他领域核酸疫苗的进一步研究提供了有益的参考。     

几种基因工程疫苗的制备原理及使用优、缺点

20世纪80年代DNA重组的出现,为研制新1代疫苗提供了新方法。主要有亚单位疫苗、活载体疫苗、核酸疫苗、肽疫苗等,这些统称为基因工程疫苗或重组疫苗。基因工程疫苗能够克服传统疫苗的许多缺陷,采用更加安全有效的方法,代替昂贵的传统工艺。兽用基因工程疫苗的安全问题比较容易控制和处理,因此基因工程疫苗将在兽用疫苗生产上首先得到突破。     

我国兽用基因工程疫苗研发现状与策略

基因工程疫苗的研究发展日新月异,已从理论研究进入到实际生产应用,成为生物制品产业发展的一种趋势.近年来我国在兽用基因工程疫苗研发领域取得了很大进展,一些亚单位、活载体、基因缺失以及采用反向遗传操作技术制备的禽流感疫苗等兽用基因工程疫苗已经商品化,论文对我国兽用基因工程疫苗研发现状进行综述并提出相应发展策略.     

兽用疫苗的保管与使用探讨

疫苗接种是对传染疾病进行控制、预防的重要方法，正确的保管疫苗和使用疫苗，是确保免疫效果的关键。本文首先对现阶段兽用疫苗保管和使用中存在的问题进行了简单的分析，并提出正确使用兽用疫苗的方法，希望能够在一定程度上促进疫苗管理工作水平。     

兽用疫苗研究进展

兽用疫苗在畜禽养殖生产中预防、控制动物传染病的发生和流行具有重要作用。随着疫苗研发技术的成熟,政府的高度重视以及畜牧业发展的迫切需求,推动了我国疫苗的种类不断增加,疫苗的安全性、稳定性以及高效性逐渐提高。本文对国内常见的兽用疫苗进行了分析和探讨,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

兽用疫苗管理与使用现状及对策

接种兽用疫苗是预防控制动物传染病和保障畜禽养殖业健康稳定发展的重要方法,如何正确管理与使用兽医疫苗是提高动物机体免疫质量的关键。笔者就兽用疫苗分类、管理与使用中存在的主要问题进行了分析,并提出了一些建议,仅供参考。     

兽用疫苗领域国际专利分析

兽用疫苗是动物保健领域中的一个重要分支,本研究通过专利检索,对兽用疫苗专利公开趋势、技术构成、主要专利权人等方面进行专利信息分析,挖掘兽用疫苗领域研发趋势和重点机构。     

Efficacy of live vaccines against serologic subtypes of infectious bursal disease virus

Experiments determined the efficacy of live vaccines in specific-pathogen-free broilers against serologic subtypes of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Challenge isolates were the Delmarva variant E, a standard serotype I (APHIS) and a variant isolate from Mississippi. The vaccines were a cloned standard (CS) vaccine (Clone Vac-D78), a cloned variant (CV) vaccine (Bursa Vac IV), and an uncloned standard (UCS) vaccine (Bursine II). The severity of microscopic lesions was correlated with bursal atrophy as measured by bursa-weight-to-body-weight ratios. All vaccines provided adequate protection against the APHIS challenge. The three vaccines averaged 77% protection against APHIS in the first experiment and 78% in the second. Protection against the variant E and Miss isolates was considerably less for all vaccines. The three vaccines produced an average 70% protection against the Miss isolate in the first experiment and 69% in the second experiment. Against the variant E virus, the three vaccines averaged 67% protection in the first experiment and 65% in the second. There were significant differences in protection for each vaccine against individual IBDV subtypes. Results showed that no vaccine provided good protection (at least 80%) against all three subtypes of IBDV.     

利用转基因植物生产口蹄疫可饲疫苗的研究进展与前景

从口蹄疫可饲疫苗的研究概况、生产技术要点、优缺点及需要改进的问题几方面阐述了利用植物反应器生产口蹄疫可饲疫苗的研究前景。综述了口蹄疫可饲疫苗的研究进展，介绍了利用植物反应器生产口蹄疫可饲疫苗的技术要点，包括在口蹄疫病毒遗传转化质粒载体系统中最常用的农杆菌介导法，提出了生产口蹄疫可饲疫苗需要改进的技术问题。     

抗母源抗体干扰的病毒疫苗

对许多传染病 ,幼畜从初乳或家禽从卵黄可获得特异性的抗体 ,这些母源抗体可以预防微生物的感染 ,但同时也干扰疫苗接种后主动免疫抗体的产生。为了解决这一问题 ,目前已出现了许多抗母源抗体干扰的疫苗 ,如痘病毒载体疫苗、以高分子微球作载体制备的口服疫苗、多肽 -免疫刺激复合物 ( ISCOM)疫苗、抗原抗体复合物疫苗、DNA疫苗等。文章着重对母源抗体的由来、免疫抑制原理、母源抗体干扰疫苗接种后主动免疫抗体产生免疫的理论与事实根据、早期抗母源抗体干扰的措施 ,以及作为具有抗母源抗体干扰作用疫苗的可行性研究进行了综述     

猪瘟疫苗研究进展

简要地追求了猪瘟疫苗研究的历史沿革，结合猪瘟病毒基因组图主要囊膜糖蛋白生物学特性，重点介绍了猪瘟新型疫苗的研究现状，并依据现行养猪业猪瘟检疫、防制中存在的种种问题，对猪瘟新型疫苗应用和发展趋势作了初步探讨和展望。     

口蹄疫基因疫苗研究进展

口蹄疫是一种危害严重的偶蹄动物传染病 ,研制新型口蹄疫疫苗是防治口蹄疫爆发的有效措施之一。自 1 990年首次出现基因疫苗的研究报道之后 ,基因疫苗已成为疫苗研究领域中的一大热点。文章介绍了近年来国内外在口蹄疫基因疫苗研究方面的新进展 ,包括口蹄疫基因疫苗构成的基本条件、口蹄疫基因疫苗的免疫机理、口蹄疫基因疫苗的不同免疫形式以及免疫佐剂在口蹄疫基因疫苗研究中的应用 ,并对口蹄疫基因疫苗的发展前景进行了讨论     

寄生虫虫苗的研究概况

目前，寄生虫虫苗可以分为５类，即弱毒活苗，排泌物抗原苗，基因工程苗，化学合成苗及基因苗。本文对此５类虫苗的研究现状、制备方法及种类与应用前景作了概述。     

Vaccines against infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus/mucosal disease (BVDV/MD): a short overview

Various vaccine preparations against an infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) have been used since more than 30 years. To prevent reproduction failure and the generation of persistently infected animals, protection of heifers and cows against transplacental infection is the most important aim of BVDV vaccination. In principal, BVD vaccines with replication competent, attenuated BVDV (modified live vaccines) and vaccines with inactivated BVDV preparations (killed vaccines) are used. In Germany, modified live vaccines as well as killed vaccines are registered, however, only BVDV type I strains are included in both types of vaccines. This paper presents an short overview about the different BVD vaccines and their efficacy and safety. In addition, new vaccine types are mentioned and final conclusions are drawn.     

Vaccination against cestode parasites: anti-helminth vaccines that work and why

Highly effective recombinant vaccines have been developed against the helminth parasites Taenia ovis, Taenia saginata and Echinococcus granulosus. These vaccines indicate that it is possible to achieve a reliable, high level of protection against a complex metazoan parasite using defined recombinant antigens. However, the effectiveness of the vaccines against the taeniid cestodes stands in contrast to the more limited successes which characterise attempts to develop vaccines against other platyhelminth or nematode parasites. This review examines the features of the host-parasite relationships among the taeniid cestodes which have formed the basis for vaccine development. Particular consideration is given to the methodologies that have been used in making the cestode vaccines that might be of interest to researchers working on vaccination against other helminths. In developing the cestode vaccines, antigens from the parasites' infective larval stage contained within the egg (oncosphere) were identified as having the potential to induce high levels of protection in vaccinated hosts. A series of vaccination trials with antigen fractions, and associated immunological analyses, identified individual protective antigens or fractions. These were cloned from cDNA and the recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. This strategy was independently successful in developing vaccines against T. ovis and E. granulosus. Identification of protective antigens for these species enabled rapid identification, cloning and expression of their homologues in related species and thereby the development of effective vaccines against T. saginata, E. multilocularis and, more recently, T. solium. The T. saginata vaccine provides an excellent example of the use of two antigen components, each of which were not protective when used individually, but when combined they induce a reliable, high level of protection. One important contributing factor to the success of vaccine development for the taeniid cestodes was the concentration on studies seeking to identify native host-protective antigens, before the adoption of recombinant methodologies. The cestode vaccines are being developed towards practical (commercial) application. The high level of efficacy of the vaccines against T. solium cysticercosis and hydatid disease suggests that they would be effective also if used directly in humans.     

Parasite vaccines--a reality?

Over the last decade, the anti-parasitics market has been the fastest growing sector of the overall $18 billion animal health market. While drugs for the treatment of parasites of livestock still dominate this sector and will continue to be developed or re-formulated, because of consumer demands for chemical-free food and of concerns regarding the environment and animal welfare there is a growing interest in the development of safe and effective vaccines. There is also a call for vaccines in the lucrative $3 billion-plus companion animal market. These demands for vaccines will add a greater impetus to an area that has seen tremendous success in the last 15 years. A number of anti-parasite vaccines have been developed, e.g. the recombinant 45w and EG95 oncosphere proteins against Taenia ovis and Echinococcus granulosis, respectively, and the Bm86 vaccine against Boophilus microplus. In addition, the cathepsin L vaccines against the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, and the H11 vaccine against Haemonchus contortus are progressing well. There are also many additional vaccine candidates for H. contortus and for other nematodes such as Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus spp. that may ultimately lead to broad-spectrum gastrointestinal worm vaccines. Live or attenuated-live vaccines are available for the control of avian coccidiosis, toxplasmosis in sheep and anaplasmosis in cattle, although molecular vaccines against protozoans are still proving elusive. The wealth of information in genomics, proteomics and immunology that has been forthcoming together will new methods of vaccine production and delivery should see many new vaccines reach the marketplace in the near future.     

Efficacy of vaccines against bacterial diseases in swine: what can we expect?

This paper discusses what can be expected with regard to efficacy of antibacterial vaccines used in swine, based on the present knowledge of pathogen–host interactions. First, vaccination against bacteria that mainly cause disease by production of exotoxins is considered. Vaccines containing the inactivated toxin or a non-toxic but antigenic recombinant protein derived from the exotoxin can be expected to provide protection against disease. The degree of protection induced by such vaccines varies, however, depending amongst other things on the pathogenesis of the disease. Vaccination against clostridial infections, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infections, progressive atrophic rhinitis and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, is considered. The second part of the article deals with vaccination against extracellular bacteria. Protection against these bacteria is generally mediated by antibodies against their surface antigens and certain secreted antigens, but cellular immunity may also play a role. Efficacy of vaccines against swine erysipelas, Streptococcus suis infections, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections and swine dysentery is discussed. Finally, vaccination against facultatively intracellular bacteria is considered. For protection against these bacteria cell-mediated immunity plays an important role, but antibodies may also be involved. It is generally accepted that live-attenuated vaccines are more suitable for induction of cell-mediated immunity than inactivated vaccines, although this also depends on the adjuvant used in the vaccine. As an example, vaccination against Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is discussed.