烟熏牡蛎罐头的技术研究

本文主要探讨鲜牡蛎和烫煮后牡蛎氨基酸含量的变化,鲜冻牡蛎及烫煮冻牡蛎滴水率比较,进行不同烟熏工艺的条件选择实验,确定了以浸渍法及置入法(烟熏液总量1%,5h,60℃)研制全汁烟熏牡蛎罐头的生产流程及生产工艺,并进行了小型试验。     

水产罐头食品致突变性的研究

采用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA98和TA100二个突变菌株，加哺乳动物肝微粒体酶对五种水产食品是否具有致突变性所进行的试验。实验结果表明：五种水产食品中烟熏鱼对TA100菌株有诱变作用，说明这种水产食品含有可引起DNA发生碱基对置换突变的化合物i提示在鱼肉烟熏加工过程中，有可能产生多环芳烃类(PAH)化学致癌物。     

鱼品冷烟熏加工的自动化系统

烟熏能提高和保持鱼品质量，这是大家所熟悉的。烟熏大致上可分为两种不同的熏制方法，也就是指热熏和冷熏，特别是后一种加工方法，可加工成味美可口的熏制水产食品。     

油浸烟熏沙丁鱼罐头加工工艺探讨

介绍了油浸烟熏沙丁鱼罐头的加工工艺。采用该工艺生产的产品，口感良好，风味独特，营养丰富，具有较好的市场前景。     

俄罗斯鲟烟熏鱼片营养品质分析及评价

以俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)为原料,制备并分析了烟熏鱼片(冷熏和热熏鱼片)的主要营养成分和物理特性,并对两者的品质进行了比较。结果表明:(1)两种熏鱼片的一般营养成分含量为:水分含量59.73%~69.44%,粗蛋白43.98%~50.51%,脂肪含量33.50%~36.54%,灰分含量1.68%~2.14%,且两种熏鱼片一般营养成分含量均没有显著性差异;(2)氨基酸和脂肪酸组成与含量上,两种熏鱼片均检测出19种氨基酸,其必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量分别为23.75%~24.25%和23.41%~23.79%,总体上氨基酸营养价值两者间没有差别,仅EAAI冷熏鲟鱼片的略高于热熏鲟鱼片。在熏鱼片中检测到18种脂肪酸,热熏鲟鱼片的饱和脂肪酸要高于冷熏鲟鱼片,而不饱和脂肪酸则略低于冷熏鲟鱼片,其中DHA含量显著低于冷熏鲟鱼片(P0.05),其它脂肪酸均无显著性差异。(3)在质构特性方面,热熏鲟鱼片的硬度、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性都要高于冷熏鲟鱼片,表明热熏鱼片更有嚼劲。(4)在颜色上,热熏鱼片的亮度(L)和色度角(H*)值要显著低于冷熏鱼片,而饱和度(C*)显著高于冷熏鲟鱼片,即热熏鲟鱼片的颜色较暗,同时肉质偏红,冷熏鱼片的肉质偏黄,且比热熏鱼片颜色淡。质构特性和颜色的差异主要是由于冷熏和热熏过程中不同的干燥和烟熏温度有关。综合分析表明,烟熏鲟鱼片营养价值较高,综合感官评价好,具有较高的市场开发价值。     

马来西亚开始投入烟熏鱼生产

马来西亚3个大学的研究小组与联合国粮农组织合作,经过二年的研究和试验,研制成功马来西亚独特风味的烟熏鱼,这种产品不久将投放市场,该产品由农业部发起开发,作为推广普及的一个项目。目前马来西亚、欧洲和日本等约有15种菜中均应用烟熏鱼产品。     

日本黄姑鱼食品加工工艺的初探

本文描述了舟山市当地渔民加工制作日本黄姑鱼鱼片的工艺流程,并利用酒糟法、烤片法以及烟熏法三种加工工艺改善日本黄姑鱼的肉质与口味,通过这些工艺加工后的日本黄姑鱼片具有肉质紧凑,香味独具的特点。文中同时探讨了三种加工工艺的可行性,旨在改进日本黄姑鱼的食用与加工方法,从而更有利于消费者接受与品尝日本黄姑鱼。     

尼罗罗非鱼制作传统上海熏鱼过程中的风味变化

为探究上海熏鱼制作过程中不同加工阶段风味物质的变化,本研究以尼罗罗非鱼肉为对象,通过高效液相色谱法、氨基酸自动分析法和固相微萃取—气相色谱—质谱联用技术对上海熏鱼4个加工阶段(生鲜罗非鱼、一次浸渍、一次浸渍后油爆和上海熏鱼成品)的风味物质进行分析和鉴定。结果显示,各阶段IMP含量呈逐渐上升趋势,是主要的鲜味核苷酸。游离氨基酸总量和呈味氨基酸含量也逐渐升高,并呈显著性差异,其中天冬氨酸和谷氨酸对上海熏鱼风味影响最大。生鲜罗非鱼、一次浸渍、一次浸渍后油爆和上海熏鱼成品中挥发性物质依次为50、84、78和82种,主要由醛类、酮类、醇类和烃类构成。因此,浸渍和油爆是上海熏鱼风味形成的主要原因,使得罗非鱼鱼体的腥味得以有效改善。     

水产品的液熏原理和方法

水产食品熏制的目的主要是：获得诱人的烟熏色香味；抗菌抗氧化，延长保质期；去除腥味。因此，熏制法是水产食品行业很重要的加工方法。虽然机械冷冻法已广泛用于水产食品的贮藏，但熏制法在水产食品加工中的重要性仍未失去其价值，既有保藏方面的需要，也有诱人风味的追求。     

哲罗鱼即食食品加工工艺

正哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen Pallas),又称太门哲罗鱼,属于鲑形目,鲑科,哲罗鱼属,是我国大型的名贵冷水性鱼类。哲罗鱼肉质细腻,味道鲜美可口,营养价值高,富含蛋白质,是目前极具开发潜力的淡水品种。近几年哲罗鱼的研究主要集中在养殖技术、亲鱼运输及营养成分等方面,对哲罗鱼产品精深加工研究未见报道。本研究对哲罗鱼即食食品加工进行尝试,探索加工工艺,现已制做鱼头罐头、烟熏鱼、鱼松、鱼丸、鱼油、鱼钙骨粉等便食食品,以     

Investigations of dry matter and fat content in carp species smoked by hot and cold methods

In recent years the freshwater fish market has required more processed goods, as young consumers purchase ready-to-cook food products. In Middle European aquaculture systems carp are the main species. The appearance of new species (African catfish, trout, salmon), as well as the improved import possibilities of value-added fish products have introduced new challenges for fish farmers. In order to maintain the share of carps in fish sales, it is indispensable to develop up-to-date products that meet the needs of present generations. It is necessary to find processing methods that remove the fish bone and the off flavours occurring in Cyprinids. Smoking of carp has a strong tradition in the region, thus there are advantages to the development of smoked carp products, mainly in the form of boned fillets. The present study investigates two smoking methods aimed at ensuring basic information for product innovation. Analyses of the variation of weight, dry matter and lipid content during hot and cold smoking are presented for the case of three species: the common, silver, and grass carp. To determine the most acceptable products, the paper details the results of organoleptic tests, in which five characteristics (appearance, consistence, flavour, smell, and succulence) were investigated. Evaluation results indicate that the hot-smoked carp products are more acceptable, therefore it is hoped that these products, packed in a modified atmosphere, will achieve a strong market share in the near future.     

No synergistic effects by the dietary supplementation of ascorbic acid, α-tocopheryl acetate and selenium on the growth performance and challenge test of Edwardsiella tarda in fingerling Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L.

To investigate the potential synergistic effects of dietary ascorbic acid (AA), α‐tocopheryl acetate (TA) and selenium (Se) supplementation above minimum requirement levels on the growth performance and disease challenge of fingerling Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., five experimental diets were formulated: control (150 mg AA, 100 mg TA and 0.2 mg Se per kg diet), excessive ascorbic acid (eAA) (2000 mg AA, 100 mg TA and 0.2 mg Se per kg diet), excessive α‐tocopheryl acetate (eTA) (150 mg AA, 240 mg TA and 0.2 mg Se per kg diet), excessive selenium (eSe) (150 mg AA, 100 mg TA and 0.5 mg Se per kg diet) and excessive all (eALL) (2000 mg AA, 240 mg TA and 0.5 mg Se per kg diet). Experimental fish averaging 2.9 were randomly distributed in each aquarium as a group of 40 fish with total weight 116±2.9 g (mean±SD). Each diet was fed on a dry‐matter basis to fish in three randomly selected aquaria at a rate of 4–8% of total body weight daily. After 10 weeks of the feeding trial, fish fed eAA, eTA and eALL diets had significantly higher weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio and specific growth rate than fish fed eSe and control diets (P<0.05). There was no significant difference among fish fed five experimental diets in cumulative mortalities when fish were challenged with Edwardsiella tarda at the end of the experimental period. These results indicate that sufficient supplementation of dietary AA or TA had positive effects on growth performance, but there was no synergistic effect of excessive dietary AA, TA and Se supplementation on growth performance and disease resistance to E. tarda in fingerling Nile tilapia.     

Acute and chronic effects of aqueous ammonia on marbled spinefoot rabbitfish,Siganus rivulatus (Forsskål 1775)

Ammonia is a metabolite of aquatic organisms which might reach deleterious levels in intensive fish farms. The aim of the present study was to determine median lethal concentrations (96‐h LC₅₀) of total ammonia nitrogen (TA‐N) on marbled spinefoot rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) and chronic effects of TA‐N on survival, growth and behaviour of juvenile rabbitfish over a 50 day period. In the first experiment, fish were exposed to 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 mg L^?1 TA‐N for 96 h and survival evaluated. In the second experiment, 12 fish were stocked per 50‐L tank and treated with one of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mg L^?1 TA‐N with three replicate tanks per treatment. Survival and growth were determined and histopathological alterations of gills due to chronic ammonia exposure were studied by light and electron microscopy. The 96‐h LC₅₀ values were 16–18 mg L^?1 TA‐N. In the chronic exposure experiment, fish reared in water with 0 mg L^?1 TA‐N had 100% survival and had 50% weight increase in 50 days. Fish at 2 and 4 mg L^?1 TA‐N all died whilst fish in 6, 8, 10 and 12 mg L^?1 TA‐N survived and grew albeit less than in treatment 0 mg L^?1. Gills from ammonia treated fish displayed severe histological and ultrastructural alterations including hyperplasia, hypertrophy and fusion of secondary lamellae, aneurysms and presence of pleomorphic altered cells. Chronic exposure to ammonia is deleterious to marbled spinefoot rabbitfish and low concentrations of ammonia appear to kill the fish in <50 days whilst fish can survive for more than 50 days at concentrations between 6 and 12 mg L^?1 TA‐N.     

黄鳝(Monopterus albus)的人繁技术及胚胎发育

采用促黄体生成素释放激类似物Ａ（ＬＨＲＨ－Ａ）给黄鳝催产，通过改进的人工湿法授精和滴水孵化，得到的平均受精率和孵化率分别是６７．５％和８９．５％，并通过活体和光学显微镜观察了黄鳝胚胎发育的时序，胚胎出膜的平均时间为１６８ｈｒ。     

Microstructure and texture of fresh and smoked Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fillets from fish reared and slaughtered under different conditions

This study was carried out to examine differences in microstructure and texture of fresh and smoked farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. fillets with different biological characteristics. The left fillet was analysed fresh and compared with the salted and smoked right fillet from each individual fish. Light microscopy and image analysing techniques were used to study both transversal and longitudinal sections of the muscle. The fish muscle fibres shrank during the salting and smoking process, but sarcomere length did not change. After smoking, a considerable number of fat globules were dispersed among the muscle fibres. The biological characteristics studied were based upon diploid and triploid fish held in both sea cages and land‐based tanks. Different starvation times were used and one group was stressed during slaughter. The cross‐sectional area of muscle fibres from triploid fish was found to be larger than from diploid fish, both in fresh and smoked fillets.     

The Chemical and Sensory Quality of Smoked Sturgeon (Huso huso): A Case Study

In this study, the tail flesh of sturgeon acquired from the fish market in Be?ikta?-Istanbul, Turkey was put through hot smoking. The chemical composition of raw and smoked sturgeon was determined. The protein, lipid, ash, and moisture of the muscle tissue in raw and smoked sturgeon were found to be 17.63 to 17.49, 6.07 to 9.59, 0.79 to 2.71, and 75.42 to 68.40%, respectively. Both the raw fish and the smoked fish meat were categorized to possess high quality characteristics with pH, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), and trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N) values. After smoking, the skin color lightness (L*) of raw fish was determined to decrease, while the flesh color lightness of raw fish was determined to increase. The redness (a*) and the yellowness (b*) of both the skin and the flesh were determined to increase. Sensory parameters of color, smoke aroma, flavor, texture, chewiness, and overall acceptance for smoked sturgeon was described as excellent and its flesh tasty.     

鱼卵加工产品类型与鱼籽酱保鲜技术研究进展

随着人们生活水平的提升,鱼卵因其特有的营养价值日益受到各国的关注。为更好地促进鱼卵高值化加工利用,文章综述了近年来国内外在鱼卵加工类型及鱼籽酱保鲜技术方面的研究进展及发展趋势,旨在为中国鱼卵加工业的健康发展提供参考。     

Effects of extrusion and inclusion level of soybean meal on diet digestibility, performance and nutrient utilization of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soybean meal inclusion and treatment on the performance of two sizes of gilthead sea bream (small, 9 g and large 50 g mean initial weight). Seven diets were fed containing soybean meal, before (SBM) and after (SBMex) its extrusion, at increasing levels (0% as control and about 20, 30, and 40% for both soy forms used). For large fish effects on digestibility, as well as on trypsin activity levels and moisture at upper (UI), mid (MI) and lower (LI) intestine were also evaluated, following the growth trial. All experiments were conducted at 22 ± 2 °C. Specific growth rate and whole body composition were not affected by soy inclusion, however an adverse effect of inclusion level on feed conversion ratio and protein productive value was apparent for both soy products and fish sizes. Extrusion of soy affected differently large and small fish improving both protein productive value and feed conversion ratio of large fish, but only protein productive value of small fish. Plasma cholesterol decreased with inclusion level of both types of soy, the effect being significant only at the higher level. Liver lipid and glycogen deposition in large fish appeared to be mostly affected by digestible starch intake, increasing with increased intakes, the same being apparent for hepatosomatic index. Soy inclusion did not appear to have any effect on nutrient digestibilities. Trypsin activity (TA) was decreased from UI to LI for all diets and was significantly higher in C diet compared to all other diets at all segments. Extrusion of SBM increased significantly TA levels. Hydration of digesta in LI increased for low soy levels and decreased for high soy levels compared to the control diet.     

腌腊鱼加工技术及质量安全研究进展

腌腊鱼是中国传统水产加工制品,其风味独特、营养丰富,深受消费者喜爱.目前,腌腊鱼加工方式以手工作坊式为主,机械化、自动化生产程度低,同时腌腊鱼的质量安全问题也受到消费者广泛关注.文章对近年来国内外腌腊鱼加工技术的研究现状及质量安全等方面内容进行了综述,并对腌腊鱼加工技术和质量安全的未来发展趋势进行展望,旨在为腌腊鱼加工...     

海洋底部鱼类加工行业价值链提升与优化——基于山东省鱼类企业的调研

中国是水产品加工大国,近年来水产品加工业的发展受到国际环境及国内因素制约,比较优势逐渐下降。本文基于底部鱼类加工企业的实地调查数据,采用价值链分析方法,估算我国水产加工环节中的价值增量,分析加工业中存在的问题及其制约因素,进一步提出相应的改进措施,以提升我国底部鱼类加工业的竞争优势。