发酵紫薯冻干粉的研制及其在低糖低脂奶片中的应用

以紫薯为主要原料制备发酵紫薯冻干粉,以感官评分为考察指标,通过响应面法确定紫薯发酵的最佳工艺参数,并以发酵紫薯冻干粉为主要原料之一,添加脱脂奶粉和菊糖制作低糖低脂发酵紫薯奶片,通过电子鼻对低糖低脂发酵紫薯奶片及普通低脂紫薯奶片进行特征风味物质分析。结果表明,发酵紫薯冻干粉最佳制作工艺为：紫薯发酵时间9.5 h,发酵温度37.6 ℃,混合发酵剂添加量7.6%,料液比9∶14（g/mL）,该工艺条件下生产的产品感官品质最高。电子鼻分析结果表明,发酵前后奶片的风味成分差别较大,不同工艺配方制作的紫薯奶片挥发性成分差异明显,添加菊糖和白砂糖对紫薯发酵奶片风味第一主成分影响极小,说明菊糖可以替代白砂糖加入到发酵紫薯奶片中,该研究能够为低糖奶片的生产研发以及紫薯深加工提供新思路。     

银耳火龙果酸乳的工艺研究

以银耳、火龙果和纯牛奶为主要原料,在41℃发酵温度下,用保加利亚乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌作为发酵剂制作风味酸乳。研究了银耳汁、火龙果浆、牛奶、白砂糖、发酵剂的添加量和发酵时间对酸乳品质的影响,并以理化性能和感官评价为指标,通过正交试验确定最佳工艺为银耳汁添加量11%,火龙果浆添加量6%,牛奶添加量70%,白砂糖添加量8%,发酵剂添加量3%,发酵时间4 h。     

黄秋葵酸辣泡菜发酵工艺的研究

以黄秋葵嫩果为主要原料,研究酸辣爽脆黄秋葵泡菜。以感官评价为标准,研究白砂糖添加量、泡菜盐添加量、发酵温度及发酵时间对黄秋葵泡菜品质的影响,并通过四因素三水平正交试验建立黄秋葵泡菜制作的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,黄秋葵泡菜发酵最佳工艺条件为白砂糖添加量3%,泡菜盐添加量6%,发酵温度25℃,发酵时间4 d。     

姜汁红枣桂花酸牛乳加工工艺研究

以纯牛奶、白砂糖、发酵剂、生姜汁、红枣、桂花为原料制作复合型酸牛乳,应用模糊数学综合评价法结合正交试验优化发酵工艺.结果表明,姜汁红枣桂花酸牛乳的最佳工艺条件为:以纯牛奶使用量480 mL为基数,红枣添加量5 g,桂花添加量20粒,姜汁添加量0.3 g,白砂糖添加量0.07％,发酵剂添加量0.05％,发酵温度42℃,发酵时间10 h,制得的复合型酸牛乳感官评分为81.83分,其色泽光亮,组织细腻,口感黏稠,奶香浓郁,有清新的桂花香气,淡淡的姜汁香辛味,感官品质较佳.     

凝固型火龙果果汁酸奶的工艺配方研究

在凝固型酸奶的制作过程中添加火龙果果汁,结合单因素试验的结果,采用正交试验的方法,优化白砂糖添加量、发酵剂添加量、火龙果果汁添加量和发酵时间的工艺配方。感官评分结果显示,凝固型火龙果果汁酸奶的最佳工艺配方为白砂糖添加量2%,发酵剂添加量0.25%,发酵时间10 h,火龙果果汁添加量9%,按此配方工艺制作出的凝固型火龙果果汁酸奶综合感官品质最佳。     

黑木耳面包最佳生产工艺研究

以黑木耳粉、高筋粉、白砂糖、奶粉、酵母为主要原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验,研究黑木耳粉、白砂糖、奶粉和酵母等原料添加量,以及发酵时间、发酵温度对黑木耳面包品质的影响。结果表明,黑木耳面包最佳工艺和配方为发酵温度42℃,发酵时间2.5 h,黑木耳粉粒度100目,黑木耳粉添加量2%,白砂糖添加量6%,奶粉添加量6%,酵母添加量0.5%,黄油添加量10%;在此条件下,可制成质地均匀、表面光滑、无气孔、口感细腻、清爽、酸甜适度,且有浓郁发酵乳香的黑木耳面包。     

橙汁酸奶工艺配方研究

利用鲜榨橙汁、纯牛奶为主原料制作橙汁酸奶,研究橙汁添加量、白砂糖添加量、发酵剂添加量、发酵时间对酸奶品质的影响。以感官指标为评价依据,进行单因素试验和正交优化试验。结果表明,橙汁添加量8%,白砂糖添加量6%,接种量2%,发酵时间4.5 h时制得的橙汁酸奶综合品质最佳。     

北方泡菜制作工艺的初探

以北方常见蔬菜为原料,研究泡菜制作中CaCl2添加量、食盐质量分数、白砂糖添加量、发酵时间等因素对泡菜品质的影响,通过单因素和正交试验筛选最佳配比,确定泡菜发酵的最佳工艺条件,即CaCl2添加量为0.10%,食盐质量分数为6%,Na2CO3添加量0.20%,白砂糖添加量为10%,发酵时间为99 h,发酵温度为20℃,并对泡菜的感官、微生物、理化3方面进行检测。泡菜采用真空包装法,700 W微波杀菌60 s,在20℃可贮藏长达34 d。     

发酵大樱桃复合果蔬汁饮料的开发

以大樱桃、苹果为主要原料,经过制浆、发酵、调配、均质、杀菌制得发酵果蔬汁饮料。通过正交试验确定最佳发酵工艺为发酵时间24 h,发酵温度36℃,菌种接种量5%;最佳配料为大樱桃、苹果的配比4∶1,白砂糖添加量7%,柠檬酸添加量0.20%;最佳稳定剂配方为羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.08%,黄原胶添加量0.08%,海藻酸钠添加量0.03%,瓜尔胶添加量0.03%。     

小米粉面包的生产配方及工艺研究

以面包粉、小米粉为主要原料,采用一次发酵法,研究不同添加量的小米粉、白砂糖、干酵母和面包改良剂对面包感官品质的影响;探讨了发酵温度、发酵时间、烘烤温度和烘烤时间对面包品质的影响。结果表明,小米粉面包的生产配方为:面包粉100%,小米粉的添加量15%,白砂糖添加量11%,干酵母添加量1.5%,改良剂添加量2.0%;最佳生产工艺为:发酵温度35℃,发酵时间80min,烘烤温度200℃,烘烤时间20min。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.