Subatomic Features on the Silicon (111)-(7x7) Surface Observed by Atomic Force Microscopy

The atomic force microscope images surfaces by sensing the forces between a sharp tip and a sample. If the tip-sample interaction is dominated by short-range forces due to the formation of covalent bonds, the image of an individual atom should reflect the angular symmetry of the interaction. Here, we report on a distinct substructure in the images of individual adatoms on silicon (111)-(7x7), two crescents with a spherical envelope. The crescents are interpreted as images of two atomic orbitals of the front atom of the tip. Key for the observation of these subatomic features is a force-detection scheme with superior noise performance and enhanced sensitivity to short-range forces.     

Mercury's exosphere: observations during MESSENGER's First Mercury flyby

During MESSENGER's first Mercury flyby, the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer measured Mercury's exospheric emissions, including those from the antisunward sodium tail, calcium and sodium close to the planet, and hydrogen at high altitudes on the dayside. Spatial variations indicate that multiple source and loss processes generate and maintain the exosphere. Energetic processes connected to the solar wind and magnetospheric interaction with the planet likely played an important role in determining the distributions of exospheric species during the flyby.     

降水引起的地表径流中汞来源的研究

收集了北京市西北郊玉米地块的夏季降水和地表径流水样,对样品中各形态的汞和理化性质进行了测定。结果表明,地表径流中的汞含量大于降水中汞的含量,用典型相关分析确定了地表径流中的汞来源及其影响因素。降水产生的地表径流与土壤接触后发生反应,可溶解土壤中的汞向水体中输送,地表径流的性质影响地表径流中汞的形态。估算出地表径流每年汞输出率约为18.24μg·m-2。     

Surface Features of Metallic Spherules

Metallic spherules of variable character have been recovered from Antarctic snow. Three types were recognized from their surface features: type 1, smooth, polished spherules, apparently produced by surface melting of the particles upon entry into the earth's atmosphere; type 11, spherules with a corrugated surface caused by differential hardness of internal, intersecting lamellae, but modified by superimposed pits; and type III, spherules with random, circular depressions or pits apparently resulting from impact with submicroscopic particles. Spherules of types II and III were too small to have suffered abrasion by impacts in the earth's atmosphere, and it is postulated that their surfaces may have been produced by erosion in space. Preservation of these surface details would have been possible if entry into the atmosphere took place at low velocities and low-angle trajectories.     

Pioneer 6: Measurement of Transient Faraday Rotation Phenomena Observed during Solar Occultation

Pioneer 6, which was launched into orbit around the sun on 16 December 1965, was occulted by the sun in the last half of November 1968. During the period in which the spacecraft was occulted by the solar corona, the S-band telemetry carrier underwent Faraday rotation as a result of this anisotropic plasma. The NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory 210-foot (64-meter) antenna of the Deep Space Network at Barstow, California, which was equipped with an automatic polarization tracking system, was used to measure this effect. Three large-scale transient phenomena were observed. The measurement of these phenomena indicated that Faraday rotation on the order of 40 degrees occurred. The duration of each phenomenon was approximately 2 hours. These phenomena appear to be correlated with observations of solar radio bursts with wavelengths in the dekametric region.     

红壤对汞的吸附特性研究

研究了２０℃下土壤对汞的吸附等温线，证实Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ方程可用于土壤对汞的吸附研究，并且不同温度、酸度对土壤吸附汞均有影响。试验结果表明：温度低于２５℃时，吸附量随温度升高而减少，但２５℃以上，吸附量不再减少；酸度降低，吸附量增加，但接近中性时（ｐＨ＝５－７），吸附量增加缓慢。     

旋毛虫各隔离种某些生物学特性的研究

通过对猪、犬旋毛虫和国际标准隔离种:旋毛形线虫(T.spiralis)和本地毛形线虫(T.nativa)的研究发现,猪旋毛虫和 T.spiralis 在小鼠膈肌中出现保姆细胞的时间比较早,分别于感染第16d 和18d 出现,第38d 和36d 所有幼虫都已形成保姆细胞,而犬旋毛虫和 T.nativa 出现保姆细胞的时间较晚,于感染第20d 和22d 出现,第32d 完全形成.猪旋毛虫和 T.spiralis 雌虫体外培养24h 平均产新生幼虫数分别为66.0和76.2,而犬旋毛虫和 T.nativa 分别是28.8和22.0,前二者在雌虫体外产新生幼虫能力上明显高于后二者.研究结果表明,黑龙江猪旋毛虫为 T.spiralis,犬旋毛虫为 T.nativa.     

Mercury: the dark-side temperature

The planet Mercury was observed before, during, and after the inferior conjunctions of 29 September 1969 and 9 May 1970 at wavelengths of 3.75, 4.75, 8.6, and 12 microns. The average dark-side temperature is 111 degrees +/- 3 degrees K. The thermal inertia of the surface required to fit this temperature is close to that for the moon and indicates that Mercury and the moon have very similar top surface layers.     

大连地区冰雹天气探空和雷达资料特征分析

该文利用常规观测资料、天气雷达资料和灾情评估资料,对2005—2016年大连地区的23次冰雹过程进行了分析研究.结果表明:(1)大连地区冰雹天气发生在6月的比例占61%,发生在下午到傍晚时段的比例占65%,落区为北部地区占79%,强冰雹过程占57%;(2)天气尺度影响系统中,东北冷涡占57%,西风槽占39%;(3)0℃层高度、-20℃层高度、850hPa与500hPa温差、700hPa与500hPa温差、500hPa温度露点差、850hPa温度露点差综合分析能够较好地指示冰雹天气;(4)H40dBZ-H0、H40dBZ-H-20、VIL最大值、DVIL等雷达参量特征值能够作为冰雹识别指标.     

Return to Mercury: a global perspective on MESSENGER's first Mercury flyby

In January 2008, the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft became the first probe to fly past the planet Mercury in 33 years. The encounter revealed that Mercury is a dynamic system; its liquid iron-rich outer core is coupled through a dominantly dipolar magnetic field to the surface, exosphere, and magnetosphere, all of which interact with the solar wind. MESSENGER images confirm that lobate scarps are the dominant tectonic landform and record global contraction associated with cooling of the planet. The history of contraction can be related to the history of volcanism and cratering, and the total contractional strain is at least one-third greater than inferred from Mariner 10 images. On the basis of measurements of thermal neutrons made during the flyby, the average abundance of iron in Mercury's surface material is less than 6% by weight.     

甘南高原冰雹的气候特征和雷达回波分析

利用甘南州8个国家气象观测站1976—2015年冰雹观测资料,对甘南高原冰雹天气的气候特征进行详细分析。同时,利用2002—2012年5—9月合作站探空资料和2013—2015年甘南新一代天气雷达资料对甘南各站冰雹日层结特征和多普勒雷达回波特征进行统计分析。结果表明:甘南州冰雹随海拔高度的升高而呈线性增加趋势。20世纪80—90年代是降雹的高峰期,降雹总体趋势是减少的。一日中冰雹天气主要发生在午后至傍晚,冰雹天气当日合作站探空参数有明显的特征。甘南冰雹云回波强度40 dbz,回波顶高度在3 km以上,垂直液态含水量在0.5 kg/m2,60%的冰雹云速度场有明显的辐合和中气旋。     

碱金属离子在汞金属界面吸附作用的量子化学研究

应用量子化学方法对碱金属离子在汞金属界面的吸附作用进行了研究.选取汞金属界面的3个典型的位置（空穴、桥位和顶点）,采用MP2方法计算得到Li＋、Na＋、K＋3种离子在汞表面不同位置的吸附能.结果表明：3种金属离子都是在空穴位置有较大的吸附能,然后是桥位和顶点位置;对于平衡结构,从Li＋到Na＋和K＋,随着离子半径的增大,离子与汞金属界面的平衡距离在逐渐增大,吸附作用逐渐减弱,而且离子与汞之间的电荷转移在逐渐减小.     

麦秆表面形貌及表面元素分析

利用光学显微镜和X射线光电子能谱仪对麦秆表面形貌及表面元素进行了分析研究。研究表明：麦秆横切面上有表皮组织、薄壁组织和维管组织3种组织；外表面壁上有长细胞、短细胞、栓质细胞、硅细胞和气孔器，外壁被强烈加厚，其不被叶鞘包围的部分有发达的角质层；内表面主要是薄壁细胞，这些细胞之间排列不是很紧密，也没有形成角质层。在麦秆的不同层面上，C元素含量由外及里逐渐降低；O元素、N元素含量由外及里逐渐升高；Si元素含量中间层最高。麦秆表面经过氩离子溅射后，由外及里，随着氩刻的加深，C含量呈现降低趋势，O、N、Si含量呈现升高趋势。由20℃到270℃的升温过程中，170℃是C、O元素含量的转折点，而N、Si元素含量在升温过程中变化幅度不是很大。     

辽西低山丘陵区地面温度的变化特征

用辽宁西部丘陵山区1953—2012年地面温度资料,用气候倾向率等气候诊断分析方法,研究地面温度年际、季节变化趋势和特征。结果表明,地面年平均温度(Td)气候倾向率为0.392℃/10 a,突变点在1989年,温度升高1.7℃;地面年平均最高温度(TdG)气候倾向率为0.155℃/10 a,突变点不明显;地面年平均最低温度(TdD)气候倾向率为0.622℃/10 a,突变点在1994年,温度升高2.7℃。春季T d,T dG,TdD气候倾向率分别为0.497,0.585,0.646℃/10 a,突变点前后温度分别升高1.7,2.6,2.9℃;夏季T d,TdG,TdD气候倾向率分别为0.266,0.206,0.342℃/10 a,突变点前后T d升高1.2℃,TdD升高1.6℃;秋季Td,TdG,TdD气候倾向率分别为0.924,0.116,0.630℃/10 a,突变点前后T d升高1.1℃,TdD升高2.8℃;冬季Td,TdG,TdD气候倾向率分别为0.464,0.300,0.865℃/10 a,突变点前后温度分别升高1.9,1.7,3.4℃。研究结果可为辽西山地小流域综合治理,合理安排农业工程项目提供气候依据。     

EDTA对玉米汞害的缓解机制初探

研究表明,向含汞污水中加入ＥＤＴＡ,能恢复汞引起的玉米种子萌发过程中的淀粉酶、脂肪酶、蛋白酶、呼吸速率的降低,并恢复汞引起的苗期生长过程中的叶绿素含量、叶可溶性糖的积累速度,根系活力,以及硝酸还原酶活力的降低。导致种子萌发和幼苗生长恢复。     

阳离子壳聚糖对铅·汞离子吸附性能的研究

通过阳离子壳聚糖对铅、汞离子的吸附试验和共吸附试验研究了阳离子壳聚糖对铅、汞离子吸附时间、温度、pH值等影响因素及由相关实验所得到的最佳吸附条件求得的吸附方程。结果表明,阳离子壳聚糖对汞、铅单独存在时的最大吸附量分别为1.31、1.14mmol/g;阳离子壳聚糖对共存汞、铅离子的最大吸附容量分别为0.96、0.42 mmol/g,阳离子壳聚糖在汞、铅离子共存时优先吸附汞离子,且总吸附量略有提高。     

Spectroscopic observations of Mercury's surface reflectance during MESSENGER's first Mercury flyby

During MESSENGER's first flyby of Mercury, the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer made simultaneous mid-ultraviolet to near-infrared (wavelengths of 200 to 1300 nanometers) reflectance observations of the surface. An ultraviolet absorption (<280 nanometers) suggests that the ferrous oxide (Fe2+) content of silicates in average surface material is low (less than 2 to 3 weight percent). This result is supported by the lack of a detectable 1-micrometer Fe2+ absorption band in high-spatial-resolution spectra of mature surface materials as well as immature crater ejecta, which suggests that the ferrous iron content may be low both on the surface and at depth. Differences in absorption features and slope among the spectra are evidence for variations in composition and regolith maturation of Mercury's surface.     

Around-the-World Atomic Clocks: Observed Relativistic Time Gains

Four cesium beam clocks flown around the world on commercial jet flights during October 1971, once eastward and once westward, recorded directionally dependent time differences which are in good agreement with predictions of conventional relativity theory. Relative to the atomic time scale of the U.S. Naval Observatory, the flying clocks lost 59 +/- 10 nanoseconds during the eastward trip and gained 273 +/- 7 nanoseconds during the westward trip, where the errors are the corresponding standard deviations. These results provide an unambiguous empirical resolution of the famous clock "paradox" with macroscopic clocks.