In situ measurements of chemical distributions in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent field

Large changes in the concentration of sulfide around a hydrothermal vent in the Galápagos Rift provide direct evidence for the consumption of sulfide by the organisms of the vent community. These changes were detected with a new chemical analyzer capable of measuring silicate, sulfide, oxygen, and temperature on the sea floor at depths of 2500 meters. More than 10,000 measurements showed systematic variations in the sulfide and oxygen concentrations due to biogenic oxidation of sulfide in the hydrothermal solutions. Silicate concentration was highly correlated with temperature, but different trends were observed at different locations.     

Membrane lipid from deep-sea hydrothermal vent methanogen: a new macrocyclic glycerol diether

The membrane lipid of a new deep-sea hydrothermal vent methanogen, Methanococcus jannaschii, has been structurally characterized. The hydrolyzed polar lipid of this archaebacterium is primarily (95 percent) a macrocyclic glycerol diether, which has not been described previously. The structure was elucidated by a combination of chemical and spectroscopic techniques. An initial survey of selected methanogens failed to indicate the presence of this membrane lipid in any microorganism other than Methanococcus jannaschii.     

一株深海热液口超嗜热古菌的分类鉴定及高温酶活性研究

对一株分离自深海热液口古菌HJ21进行了分类鉴定及高温酶活性的研究.该菌株是极端嗜热的厌氧球菌,直径为1.0～1.2 靘.菌株最适生长温度88 ℃;菌株生长pH为5.0～9.0,最适pH为6.5～7.0;菌株生长NaCl质量浓度为10～50 g·L-1,最适为20 g·L-1.根据其形态特征、生理生化特性以及16S rRNA基因序列分析结果,确定HJ21菌株为热球菌属(Thermococcus).该菌株能产生高热稳定的高温α-淀粉酶、普鲁兰酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶和蛋白酶,这些酶的最适作用温度分别为95、95、100和100 ℃,α-淀粉酶、普鲁兰酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶在90 ℃的半衰期分别为5、5和2 h;蛋白酶在100 ℃保温2.5 h后仍具有84%的酶活性.     

Geomicrobiology of deep-sea hydrothermal vents

During the cycling of seawater through the earth's crust along the mid-ocean ridge system, geothermal energy is transferred into chemical energy in the form of reduced inorganic compounds. These compounds are derived from the reaction of seawater with crustal rocks at high temperatures and are emitted from warm (相似文献   

Evolution and biogeography of deep-sea vent and seep invertebrates

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps are submarine springs where nutrient-rich fluids emanate from the sea floor. Vent and seep ecosystems occur in a variety of geological settings throughout the global ocean and support food webs based on chemoautotrophic primary production. Most vent and seep invertebrates arrive at suitable habitats as larvae dispersed by deep-ocean currents. The recent evolution of many vent and seep invertebrate species (<100 million years ago) suggests that Cenozoic tectonic history and oceanic circulation patterns have been important in defining contemporary biogeographic patterns.     

Effects of manipulated diet on size and performance of brachyuran crab claws

Crabs grown experimentally on fully shelled prey developed larger and stronger claws than those raised on nutritionally equivalent unshelled prey. When one claw was immobilized, claws also became asymmetrical. These use-induced changes differ from skeletal remodelling in vertebrates and many invertebrates because changes in the rigid exoskeleton can occur only after molting, and claw muscle mass must be reduced substantially before the molt. Such short-term adaptive responses to environmental stimuli, if heritable, could yield long-term evolutionary changes in claw size and, if combined with behavioral biases toward one side (handedness), could also promote the evolution of claw dimorphism.     

Blood function in the hydrothermal vent vestimentiferan tube worm

Extracellular hemoglobin in the whole blood of Riftia pachyptila has a high oxygen affinity (P50 = 1.8 millimeters of mercury at 3 degrees C), a moderate decrease in oxygen affinity at higher temperatures (P50 = 2.7 millimeters of mercury at 14 degrees C), a small effect of carbon dioxide on oxygen affinity (Delta log P50/Delta pH =-0.12), and a high oxygen carrying capacity (up to 11 milliliters of oxygen per 100 milliliters of blood). These characteristics are compatible with the high oxygen demand of chemoautotrophic metabolism in the variable vent environment.     

Biological communities at the Florida escarpment resemble hydrothermal vent taxa

Dense biological communities of large epifaunal taxa similar to those found along ridge crest vents at the East Pacific Rise were discovered in the abyssal Gulf of Mexico. These assemblages occur on a passive continental margin at the base of the Florida Escarpment, the interface between the relatively impermeable hemipelagic clays of the distal Mississippi Fan and the jointed Cretaceous limestone of the Florida Platform. The fauna apparently is nourished by sulfide rich hypersaline waters seeping out at near ambient temperatures onto the sea floor.     

30,000 years of hydrothermal activity at the lost city vent field

Strontium, carbon, and oxygen isotope data and radiocarbon ages document at least 30,000 years of hydrothermal activity driven by serpentinization reactions at Lost City. Serpentinization beneath this off-axis field is estimated to occur at a minimum rate of 1.2 x 10(-4) cubic kilometers per year. The access of seawater to relatively cool, fresh peridotite, coupled with faulting, volumetric expansion, and mass wasting processes, are crucial to sustain such systems. The amount of heat produced by serpentinization of peridotite massifs, typical of slow and ultraslow spreading environments, has the potential to drive Lost City-type systems for hundreds of thousands, possibly millions, of years.     

Hydrocarbons in hydrothermal vent fluids: the role of chromium-bearing catalysts

Fischer-Tropsch type (FTT) synthesis has long been proposed to account for the existence of hydrocarbons in hydrothermal fluids. We show that iron- and chromium-bearing minerals catalyze the abiotic formation of hydrocarbons. In addition to production of methane (CH4aq), we report abiotic generation of ethane (C2H6aq) and propane (C3H8aq) by mineral-catalyzed hydrothermal reactions at 390 degrees C and 400 bars. Results suggest that the chromium component in ultramafic rocks could be an important factor for FTT synthesis during water-rock interaction in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. This in turn could help to support microbial communities now recognized in the subsurface at deep-sea vents.     

Growth of bivalves at deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the galapagos rift

Direct measurements of shell growth of an unclassified mussel from active hydrothermal vents along the Galápagos Rift reveal growth rates of approxmately 1 centimeter per year for mature specimens. The largest mussel collected (with shell length of 18.4 centimeters) was estimated to be 19 +/- 7 years old at the time of sampling. Recorded growth rates are among the highest documented for deep-sea species.     

Clams As recorders of ocean ridge volcanism and hydrothermal vent field activity

The clam Calyptogena magnifica lives at abyssal depths in association with hydrothermal venting on midocean ridges. Analysis of strontium/calcium ratios in C. magnifica shells provides a temperature proxy with submonthly time resolution. A 21-year strontium/calcium record of two clams from 9 degrees50'N on the East Pacific Rise captures the known 1991 and 1992 eruptive events, documents several additional events between 1992 and 1996, and demonstrates the absence of major hydrothermal episodes during the period 1974 to 1991. These clam archives can increase our understanding of the thermal and chemical history of midocean ridge hydrothermal and volcanic activity on decadal time scales.     

Fossils of hydrothermal vent worms from cretaceous sulfide ores of the samail ophiolite, oman

Fossil worm tubes of Cretaceous age preserved in the Bayda massive sulfide deposit of the Samail ophiolite, Oman, are apparently the first documented examples of fossils embedded in massive sulfide deposits from the geologic record. The geologic setting of the Bayda deposit and the distinctive mineralogic and textural features of the fossiliferous samples suggest that the Bayda sulfide deposit and fossil fauna are remnants of a Cretaceous sea-floor hydrothermal vent similar to modern hot springs on the East Pacific Rise and the Juan de Fuca Ridge.     

Carbon-13 depletion in a hydrothermal vent mussel: suggestion of a chemosynthetic food source

Tissues of a mytilid mussel from the Clambake I hydrothermal vent in the Galápagos Rift zone are strikingly depleted in carbon-13 relative to the tissues of other marine organisms. The stable carbon isotope composition of this mussel suggests that chemoautotrophic bacteria present in the hydrothermal waters are a major food source for filter-feeding organisms in this abyssal environment.     

三疣梭子蟹对蟹笼网目和刚性矩形逃逸口的逃逸行为比较

为了解东海近海蟹笼逃逸口类型对三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）逃逸行为的影响,本研究使用红外水下摄像装备,对入笼的三疣梭子蟹在不同行为阶段对安装于侧网靠近笼底一侧的刚性矩形逃逸口（40mm高×200mm宽）和网目逃逸口（由2个位置较低的40mm×60mm和1个位置较高的60mm×60mm破目构成）的行为反应进行了观察。根据三疣梭子蟹探索、发现并接近、穿越企图和穿越逃逸口个体连续行为的4个阶段观察结果显示：相比刚性矩形逃逸口,三疣梭子蟹在网目逃逸口实验蟹笼中的探索行为持续时间更长;在笼底探索的个体能定位、发现并接近2种不同类型逃逸口,但发现并接近网目逃逸口时距离入笼的平均时间（P<0.01）和平均次数（P=0.061）均大于刚性矩形逃逸口;约85%发现并接近逃逸口的三疣梭子蟹企图穿越逃逸口,且在逃逸口类型之间没有显著差异;三疣梭子蟹在网目逃逸口前停留了更长的时间（P=0.006）,且这一时间显著影响着个体是否企图逃逸的行为。所有个体均采用侧身姿态穿越逃逸口,对于刚性矩形逃逸口,个体甲高与逃逸口高度的关系是决定个体能否成功逃逸的关键因素;对于网目逃逸口,个体优先尝试穿越较低逃逸口,并最终全部逃逸。实验结果表明网目逃逸口可以作为蟹笼渔具逃逸装置,生物可降解材料应用可成为缓解蟹笼幽灵捕捞问题的技术手段之一。     

Isolation of a deep-sea barophilic bacterium and some of its growth characteristics

A bacterium, a spirillum, has been isolated from a deep-sea sample and has been found to grow optimally at about 500 bars and 2 degrees to 4 degrees C. These conditions are similar to those prevailing at the 5700-meter depth from which the sample was collected. The organism grows at these pressures and temperatures with a generation time of between 4 and 13 hours; at atmospheric pressure and 2 degrees to 4 degrees C, the generation time is about 3 to 4 days.     

冷藏瓶装蟹糊微生物学品质安全特征研究

对标称保质期内瓶装蟹糊感官、理化、微生物学品质安全及残存细菌菌群进行定性和定量研究,结果表明产品感官品质良好;水分含量(65.48±0.99)%、盐分含量(8.26 4-3.15)%、水分活度(Aw)(0.90±0.03)、pH(8.18±0.38)、T-VBN(48.02±19.61)mg/100g;菌落总数(5.60±0.81)lgCFU/g,大肠菌群＜30 MPN/100g,金黄色葡萄球菌未检出,沙门氏菌未检出.分离获得320株细菌,细菌菌群主要有葡萄球菌(29.1%)、玫瑰色库克菌(27.2%)、棒状杆菌(25.6%)、并检出少量的马红球菌(1.9%).产品pH值、T-VBN值、菌落总数较高的原因和残存细菌的潜在致病性危害有待进一步研究.     

冷藏瓶装蟹糊微生物学品质安全特征研究

对标称保质期内瓶装蟹糊感官、理化、微生物学品质安全及残存细菌菌群进行定性和定量研究,结果表明产品感官品质良好;水分含量(65.48±0.99)%、盐分含量(8.26 4-3.15)%、水分活度(Aw)(0.90±0.03)、pH(8.18±0.38)、T-VBN(48.02±19.61)mg/100g;菌落总数(5.60±0.81)lgCFU/g,大肠菌群＜30 MPN/100g,金黄色葡萄球菌未检出,沙门氏菌未检出.分离获得320株细菌,细菌菌群主要有葡萄球菌(29.1%)、玫瑰色库克菌(27.2%)、棒状杆菌(25.6%)、并检出少量的马红球菌(1.9%).产品pH值、T-VBN值、菌落总数较高的原因和残存细菌的潜在致病性危害有待进一步研究.     

一步水热合成ZnO/水热炭复合材料及其性能表征

为了利用林业剩余物水热炭作光催化剂载体,以(CH₃COO)₂Zn·2H₂O和氨水为起始物,以综纤维素基水热炭为基体,采用一步水热合成法制备ZnO/水热炭复合材料。采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜对复合材料的晶相结构、表观形貌等进行表征,并以亚甲基蓝为模型污染物测试了复合材料的光催化性能。研究结果表明:在实验条件下可以制备出ZnO/水热炭复合材料,材料中ZnO为六方纤锌矿结构,随水热炭添加量增加,ZnO尺寸有明显的减小,但当水热炭达到24.6%时,ZnO由一维取向的棒状转而呈现片状。光催化性能测试表明:ZnO/水热炭复合材料的光催化性能较纯ZnO有明显提高,其中水热炭为19.7%时,光催化性能最佳,降解效率达到83.1%。动力学分析表明:复合材料对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解过程符合一级动力学模型。      

Functional adaptation of BabA, the H. pylori ABO blood group antigen binding adhesin

Adherence by Helicobacter pylori increases the risk of gastric disease. Here, we report that more than 95% of strains that bind fucosylated blood group antigen bind A, B, and O antigens (generalists), whereas 60% of adherent South American Amerindian strains bind blood group O antigens best (specialists). This specialization coincides with the unique predominance of blood group O in these Amerindians. Strains differed about 1500-fold in binding affinities, and diversifying selection was evident in babA sequences. We propose that cycles of selection for increased and decreased bacterial adherence contribute to babA diversity and that these cycles have led to gradual replacement of generalist binding by specialist binding in blood group O-dominant human populations.