A greater gondwanaland

Gondwanaland at its maximum extent included Tibet, the Tarim Basin block, and parts of northern China. Tibet lay between India and Western Australia as submerged continental crust. The Himalayas are of intracontinental origin. The Tien Shatz lie along the former oceanic boundary of Gondwanaland.     

Hidden neotropical diversity: greater than the sum of its parts

The diversity of tropical herbivorous insects has been explained as a direct function of plant species diversity. Testing that explanation, we reared 2857 flies from flowers and seeds of 24 species of plants from 34 neotropical sites. Samples yielded 52 morphologically similar species of flies and documented highly conserved patterns of specificity to host taxa and host parts. Widespread species of plants can support 13 species of flies. Within single populations of plants, we typically found one or more fly species specific to female flowers and multiple specialists on male flowers. We suggest that neotropical herbivorous insect diversity is not simply a function of plant taxonomic and architectural diversity, but also reflects the geographic distribution of hosts and the age and area of the neotropics.     

顺德裸露石质边坡复绿植物多样性及群落演替分析

采用乔灌草配置模式(复层群落结构为乔木+小乔木+灌木+矮灌木+草本)对广东省顺德区大良街道大睡牛岗和大富山两座滑坡山体石质坡面进行复绿,复绿(1.5～2.0年)后,调查两座滑坡山体石质边坡复绿植物的种类组成、群落特征(复层群落结构、群落数量特征、多样性指数)和周边原生植被对岩质边坡复绿植被的影响,研究两座滑坡山体石质边坡复绿效果.结果表明,两座复绿边坡15个样方共112个物种(草本31种、灌木33种,乔木48种),分属45科96属,其中87种为人工栽植的乔灌草;复绿边坡中的常绿木本:落叶木本为4.3:1;丰富度指数(R0)、Simposon指数(D)、Shanna-Wiener (H’)、Pielou(E)指数为乔木＞灌木＞草本.大睡牛岗岩质边坡植物种类丰富,群落数量特征、多样化指数、复层植物群落结构和邻近原生植被对复绿边坡的边缘效应影响均优于大富山.     

Long-term downward trend in total solar irradiance

The first 5 years (from 1980 to 1985) of total solar irradiance observations by the first Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM I) experiment on board the Solar Maximum Mission spacecraft show a clearly defined downward trend of -0.019% per year. The existence of this trend has been confirmed by the internal self-calibrations of ACRIM I, by independent measurements from sounding rockets and balloons, and by observations from the Nimbus-7 spacecraft. The trend appears to be due to unpredicted variations of solar luminosity on time scales of years, and it may be related to solar cycle magnetic activity.     

公路边坡植物群落多样性与土壤因子耦合关系

为促使高速公路边坡植被群落正向演替,探究植物群落多样性与环境因子的响应关系,以山东省青临高速公路16种典型绿化护坡类型为例,选取代表植物群落、地形条件和土壤特性的指标,运用冗余分析法揭示植被重建后群落多样性与环境因子的关系,并运用灰色关联度构建不同护坡模式下植被-- 土壤耦合模型。结果表明:1)各类环境因子共同解释了公路边坡植物多样性变异信息的87.599%,土壤理化性质的解释度最高,达到69.539%;2)多样性指数对土壤作用的反馈程度排序为Margalef指数＞Shannon-Wiener指数＞Simpson指数＞Pielou指数;3)与群落多样性平均关联系数大于0.65的土壤因子排序为速效磷＞全磷＞全氮＞全钾＞有机碳,属于较强关联;4)公路边坡植被-- 土壤的耦合协调程度以弱协调和中等协调为主,耦合度排序为土质边坡＞岩质边坡＞岩土混合边坡。该研究可为山东省乃至华北地区公路边坡植被恢复提供参考依据。      

西藏山坡流动沙地物种多样性恢复及影响因素

在2008年建立的雅鲁藏布江中游的山坡流动沙地植被恢复试验基地,选取丘间地和迎风坡2个类型,并随山坡海拔增加布设了4条调查样带,调查了160个样方的植被恢复物种组成与生长状况,分析了物种丰富度、α多样性和β多样性随微地形改变的变化特征,以期为西藏沙地植被及物种多样性恢复提供实践依据。结果表明:2011年山坡流动沙地恢复植被共有14个种,隶属9个科,12个属。Shannon-Wiener指数在4个调查样带之间的变化较大,Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数的变化较小,α多样性指数总体上表现为随物种丰富度的增大而增加。丘间地的群落相似性大于迎风坡,在群落梯度上丘间地的物种多样性恢复效果较好。2016年山坡流动沙地平均植被盖度达65.6%,最大达94%,物种丰富度显著提升。局部微地形、恢复植物种的选择是影响山坡流动沙地物种多样性恢复的主要因素,建议通过设置沙障改变局部微地形,或采用沿等高线人工脚踩回头撒播的方法等,以增加山坡流动沙地植被恢复的物种多样性。     

长白山北坡水甲虫多样性与环境因子的关系

为了解水甲虫多样性与环境的关系,于2004—2006年每年6—10月在长白山北坡采集不同环境条件下水甲虫标本,共发现水甲虫8科38属70种。研究发现不同的环境,水甲虫的种类、数量、个体大小明显不同。通过多元回归分析发现:水甲虫Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与海拔（r=0.507）、底泥有机质含量（r=0.638）和全磷含量（r=0.668）成明显正相关,与水电导率（r=－0.470）、水深度（r=－0.461）和水pH值（r=－0.470）负相关显著;均匀度指数与底泥有机质含量（r=0.542）和全磷含量（r=0.489）正相关显著;物种数与海拔（r=0.590）、底泥有机质含量（r=0.593）和全磷含量（r=0.618）成正相关,与水深度（r=－0.636）、水电导率（r=－0.558）、水pH值（r=－0.535）成显著负相关。环境因子影响水甲虫的分布,但人类是最终决定因素,了解水甲虫多样性与环境的关系,有助于揭示生物-环境-人类三者之间的关系,为生态系统和生物多样性的修复和保护提供服务。      

生物炭对旱坡地宿根甘蔗土壤养分、酶活性及微生物多样性的影响

【目的】分析旱坡地宿根甘蔗生长、土壤养分和微生物群落对生物炭的响应,揭示生物炭改良宿根甘蔗土壤的微生态机制,为缓解甘蔗连作障碍、宿根蔗病害及生物炭在甘蔗栽培中的应用提供科学依据。【方法】以旱坡地宿根甘蔗（种植第4年,1年新植3年宿根）为试验材料,设2个处理:不施用生物炭对照（CK）和施用生物炭处理（3 t/ha）,分析生物炭对宿根甘蔗土壤养分、酶活性、微生物多样性和甘蔗生长的影响。【结果】与CK相比,施用生物炭可显著增加土壤碱解氮、速效钾和有机质含量（P<0.05,下同）,显著提高蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性。施用生物炭还可改变土壤细菌和真菌分类单元（OTUs）总数,对土壤中各优势细菌门、细菌属相对丰度影响不大,但降低了真菌子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）及淀粉藻（Amyloflagellula）和镰刀菌属（Fusarium）相对丰度,增加了接合菌门（Zygomycota）及毛壳菌属（Chaetomium）和被孢霉属（Mortierella）的相对丰度。在甘蔗生长方面,施用生物炭可显著降低甘蔗梢腐病发病率,使甘蔗产量显著提高5.2%。【结论】施用生物炭可改良甘蔗土壤,改变土壤微生物群落结构,增强宿根甘蔗抗梢腐病能力,提高旱坡地宿根甘蔗第4年产量。     

西藏色季拉山(阳坡)不同海拔土壤动物群落多样性时空分布特征

为了解色季拉山不同海拔、不同植被类型土壤动物群落多样性时空分布特征。于2021年5—9月,在色季拉山阳坡,海拔3 400~4 500 m范围选择8 个不同海拔,用土钻五点法采集样地0~10 cm深土样,用Tullgren漏斗分离并手捡大型土壤动物,分析土壤动物群落结构、Shannon-wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、丰富度指数及相似性指数的时空分布动态。结果表明: 1)色季拉山(阳坡)8 个海拔共捕获土壤动物17 522 只,隶属于11纲23目63科(群)。弹尾目(Collembola)和真螨目(Eucaridae)为优势类群。土壤动物的类群数、个体数量的时空动态具有较大差异;2)海拔3 700 m的土壤动物个体数季节差异最显著(P<0.05),海拔4 400 m的土壤动物个体数季节差异最小;3)Shannon-Wiener多样性在8个海拔样地整体表现为8 月最高,7 月最低,5、6、9 月整体变化较小。Pielou均匀度8 月最高,且显著高于其他月(P<0.05);4)β多样性表明色季拉山阳坡相邻海拔土壤动物类群相似性较高,海拔差距越大相似性越低。随海拔梯度和时间变化,土壤动物的个体数、类群数、多样性均有较大差异。综上,色季拉山(阳坡)土壤动物群落多样性对季节变化及海拔梯度变化敏感。     

Extending top-down mass spectrometry to proteins with masses greater than 200 kilodaltons

For characterization of sequence and posttranslational modifications, molecular and fragment ion mass data from ionizing and dissociating a protein in the mass spectrometer are far more specific than are masses of peptides from the protein's digestion. We extend the approximately 500-residue, approximately 50-kilodalton (kD) dissociation limitation of this top-down methodology by using electrospray additives, heated vaporization, and separate noncovalent and covalent bond dissociation. This process can cleave 287 interresidue bonds in the termini of a 1314-residue (144-kD) protein, specify previously unidentified disulfide bonds between 8 of 27 cysteines in a 1714-residue (200-kD) protein, and correct sequence predictions in two proteins, one with 2153 residues (229 kD).     

A theory of diversity equilibrium and morphological evolution

If the world can only support a finite amount of biomass, species might be added over time, with a decrease in population size of an average species. Population sizes of species will decrease to the extent that stochastic events eliminate species as fast as others appear, yielding an equilibrium. A resource diversity control of niche subdivision is therefore not needed to generate an equilibrium number of species. Morphological evolution may decelerate over time for similar reasons.     

我国晒黄烟生产现状及其发展刍议

目的为更好地收集、鉴定和保存地方晒烟品种,高效率地利用地方晒烟种质资源进行烟草品种选育。方法以67份地方晒烟品种的DNA为模板,利用筛选获得的25对SSR引物进行PCR扩增,采用二进制记录SSR分析结果,利用NTSY 2.1进行聚类分析,利用POPGENE 32.0进行遗传多样性分析。结果(1) 25对SSR引物共检测到83个多态性位点,品种间的遗传相似系数变异范围为0.60~0.84。(2)遗传相似系数为0.62时,可以将67份晒烟品种分成3个类群,第Ⅰ类包括49份晒烟品种,第Ⅱ类包括13份晒烟品种,第Ⅲ类包括5份晒烟品种。(3)在晒烟资源中观测等位基因数的平均值、有效等位基因数的平均值、观测杂合度的平均值、期望杂合度的平均值分别为3.44个、2.762个、0.168、0.597。平均Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)为0.593,平均Shannon’s指数(I)为1.013。其中期望杂合度的平均值大于0.5。结论67份晒烟种质资源之间的遗传多样性较高,晒烟品种间的亲缘关系和品种的地理来源之间无明显相关性。     

The importance of demographic niches to tree diversity

Most ecological hypotheses about species coexistence hinge on species differences, but quantifying trait differences across species in diverse communities is often unfeasible. We examined the variation of demographic traits using a global tropical forest data set covering 4500 species in 10 large-scale tree inventories. With a hierarchical Bayesian approach, we quantified the distribution of mortality and growth rates of all tree species at each site. This allowed us to test the prediction that demographic differences facilitate species richness, as suggested by the theory that a tradeoff between high growth and high survival allows species to coexist. Contrary to the prediction, the most diverse forests had the least demographic variation. Although demographic differences may foster coexistence, they do not explain any of the 16-fold variation in tree species richness observed across the tropics.