Thermal contrast in the atmosphere of venus: initial appraisal from pioneer venus probe data

The altitude profiles of temperature and pressure measured during the descent of the four Pioneer Venus probes show small contrast below the clouds but significant differences within the clouds at altitudes from 45 to 61 kilometers. At 60 kilometers, the probe which entered at 59.3 degrees north latitude sensed temperatures 25 K below those of the lower latitude probes, and a sizable difference persisted down to and slightly below the cloud base. It also sensed pressure below those of the other probes by as much as 49 millibars at a mean pressure of 200 millibars. The measured pressure differences are consistent with cyclostrophic balance of zonal winds ranging from 130 +/- 20 meters per second at 60 kilometers to 60 +/- 17 meters per second at 40 kilometers, with evidence in addition of a nonaxisymmetric component of the winds. The clouds were found to be 10 to 20 K warmer than the extended profiles of the lower atmosphere, and the middle cloud is convectively unstable. Both phenomena are attributed to the absorption of thermal radiation from below. Above the clouds, in the lower stratosphere, the lapse rate decreases abruptly to 3.5 K per kilometer, and a superimposed wave is evident. At 100 kilometers, the temperature is minimum, with a mean value of about 170 K.     

Radio Tracking of a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus)

A tagged whale of the genus Balaenoptera was intermittently tracked by radio for 27.8 hours over a distance of about 145 kilometers. Data on breathing and movement show that during that time the whale took 58 breaths in 130 minutes and traveled 20 kilometers at more than 9 kilometers per hour. Precise measurements of such parameters and of other features of the life history of great whales, which travel long distances over the high seas, often in groups, are now possible through radio tagging.     

Determination of Venus Winds by Ground-Based Radio Tracking of the VEGA Balloons

A global array of 20 radio observatories was used to measure the three-dimensional position and velocity of the two meteorological balloons that were injected into the equatorial region of the Venus atmosphere near Venus midnight by the VEGA spacecraft on 11 and 15 June 1985. Initial analysis of only radial velocities indicates that each balloon was blown westward about 11,500 kilometers (8,000 kilometers on the night side) by zonal winds with a mean speed of about 70 meters per second. Excursions of the data from a model of constant zonal velocity were generally less than 3 meters per second; however, a much larger variation was evident near the end of the flight of the second balloon. Consistent systematic trends in the residuals for both balloons indicate the possibility of a solar-fixed atmospheric feature. Rapid variations in balloon velocity were often detected within a single transmission (330 seconds); however, they may represent not only atmospheric motions but also self-induced aerodynamic motions of the balloon.     

Redistribution of Snowfall across a Mountain Range by Artificial Seeding: A Case Study

Clouds over the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains were artificially seeded to reduce the riming and fall speeds of snow crystals and to divert snowfall across the crest. Aircraft observations showed that the clouds were glaciated by the seeding. The crystal habits and the degrees of riming of snow crystals reaching the target area were modified. Snowfall rates decreased at the crest and simultaneously increased 20 kilometers east of the crest.     

Airborne lidar measurements of the soufriere eruption of 17 april 1979

At the time of the Soufriere, St. Vincent, volcanic eruption of 17 April 1979, a NASA P-3 aircraft with an uplooking lidar (light detection and ranging) system onboard was airborne 130 kilometers east of the island. Lidar measurements of the fresh volcanic ash were made approximately 2 hours after the eruption, 120 kilometers to the northeast and east. On the evening of 18 April, the airborne lidar, on a southerly flight track, detected significant amounts of stratospheric material in layers at 16, 17, 18, and 19.5 kilometers. These data, and measurements to the north on 19 April, indicate that the volcanic plume penetrated the stratosphere to an altitude of about 20 kilometers and moved south during the first 48 hours after the eruption.     

Comet giacobini-zinner: in situ observations of energetic heavy ions

Conclusive evidence is presented for the existence of energetic ( approximately 535,0000 to 150,000 electron volts), heavy (>-12 atomic mass units), singly charged cometary ions within approximately 1.5 x 10(6) kilometers of comet Giacobini-Zinner. The observations were made with the University of Maryland/Max-Planck-Institut ultralow-energy charge analyzer on, the International Cometary Explorer spacecraft. The most direct evidence for establishing the mass of these ions was obtained from an analysis of the energy signals in one of the solid-state detectors; it is significant at the three-sigma level. Maximum fluxes were recorded approximately 1 hour before and approximately 1 hour after closest approach to the cometary nucleus. Transformation of the particle angular distributions observed at approximately 50,000 kilometers radial distance from the comet during the inbound pass into a rest frame in which the distributions are nearly isotropic requires a transformation velocity that is consistent with the local solar wind velocity if one assumes that these particles are primarily singly ionized with a mass of 18 +/- 6 atomic mass units. The existence of a frame of reference in which these water-group ions were isotropic implies that they underwent strong pitch angle scattering after their ionization. Particle energies in the rest frame extend to substantially higher values than would be expected if these ions were locally ionized and then picked up by the solar wind, implying that the ions were accelerated or heated. The derived ion density, approximately 0.1 per cubic centimeter, is consistent with a crude model for the production and transport of pickup ions.     

塑料大棚秋延迟番茄播种期筛选研究

2003-2005年,在塑料大棚全程棚膜覆盖栽培形式下,比较了6月10日、6月20日、6月30日、7月10日、7月20日5个播种期对番茄单株成果穗数、单穗成果个数、单果质量、可采果株率4个产量形成因子的影响,从而确定番茄最佳播种期。结果表明,播种越早,最终可形成有效产量的平均单株成果穗数越多。育苗期使用旧膜覆盖会减少单株成果穗数;播种越晚,单穗成果个数越多,育苗期使用旧膜覆盖可增加单穗成果个数;相同品种以6月20日播种的单果质量最高,播种早于6月20日或晚于6月30日,单果质量均有明显下降;早于6月20日播种,可采果株数比例会大幅度下降;以6月30日播种的产量98 689.65 kg/hm2为最高,6月20日播种的产量95 395.20 kg/hm2次之,从而确定6月下旬为塑料大棚秋延迟番茄最佳播种期。     

播期对冬榨菜生长的影响

[目的]探讨在与晚稻套种的情况下,播期对冬榨菜生长的影响。[方法]以生产上一般的播期为中心,前后各设2个播种期,共设5个播期,通过试验对照,确定最佳播种时间。[结果]8月27日、9月3日和9月24日播种的植株成活率较低,9月10日和9月17日播种的植株成活率较高。播期与冬榨菜的病毒病发生没有直接的联系;对冬榨菜侧芽萌发有显著影响,随播期的延迟,侧芽萌发率逐渐降低,9月10日以后播种,侧芽不再萌发;播期对冬榨菜瘤状茎产量及商品率具有明显的影响,9月10日播种的瘤状茎产量最高。[结论]9月10日前后是温州冬榨菜较适宜的播种期。     

Evidence for deep magma injection beneath Lake Tahoe, Nevada-California

A deep earthquake swarm in late 2003 at Lake Tahoe, California (Richter magnitude < 2.2; depth of 29 to 33 kilometers), was coeval with a transient displacement of 6 millimeters horizontally outward from the swarm and 8 millimeters upward measured at global positioning system station Slide Mountain (SLID) 18 kilometers to the northeast. During the first 23 days of the swarm, hypocentral depths migrated at a rate of 2.4 millimeters per second up-dip along a 40-square-kilometer structure striking north 30 degrees west and dipping 50 degrees to the northeast. SLID's transient velocity of 20 millimeters per year implies a lower bound of 200 nanostrains per year (parts per billion per year) on local strain rates, an order of magnitude greater than the 1996 to 2003 regional rate. The geodetic displacement is too large to be explained by the elastic strain from the cumulative seismic moment of the sequence, suggesting an aseismic forcing mechanism. Aspects of the swarm and SLID displacements are consistent with lower-crustal magma injection under Lake Tahoe.     

Evidence for Alfvén waves in solar x-ray jets

Coronal magnetic fields are dynamic, and field lines may misalign, reassemble, and release energy by means of magnetic reconnection. Giant releases may generate solar flares and coronal mass ejections and, on a smaller scale, produce x-ray jets. Hinode observations of polar coronal holes reveal that x-ray jets have two distinct velocities: one near the Alfvén speed ( approximately 800 kilometers per second) and another near the sound speed (200 kilometers per second). Many more jets were seen than have been reported previously; we detected an average of 10 events per hour up to these speeds, whereas previous observations documented only a handful per day with lower average speeds of 200 kilometers per second. The x-ray jets are about 2 x 10(3) to 2 x 10(4) kilometers wide and 1 x 10(5) kilometers long and last from 100 to 2500 seconds. The large number of events, coupled with the high velocities of the apparent outflows, indicates that the jets may contribute to the high-speed solar wind.     

江汉平原免耕直播晚稻适宜播期探讨

[目的]探索江汉平原免耕直播晚稻的最佳播期。[方法]在荆州市对晚稻品系A进行6个不同播期的免耕直播试验,筛选晚稻的适宜播期。[结果]播期在5月31日~6月20日,每推迟10 d,抽穗期相应提前6 d;播期在6月20日~7月20日,每推迟10 d,抽穗期相应推迟5~10 d。播种延后的天数与抽穗期、全生育期、播种-齐叶期活动积温均呈二次曲线关系。6月30日以后的播期处理,穗长、有效穗数、每穗总粒数和结实率呈减小趋势,播期越迟,减小幅度越大。6月10日以后的播种处理,实际产量呈递减趋势,播期推迟到7月10日以后,产量减产510.0~1 252.5 kg/hm2。[结论]江汉平原免耕直播品系A的适宜播期为6月10日以前,6月30日左右播种结束。     

In Situ Northern Mid-Latitude Observations of ClO, O3, and BrO in the Wintertime Lower Stratosphere

In order to test photochemical theories linking chlorofluorocarbon derivatives to ozone(O(3)) depletion at high latitudes in the springtime, several related atmospheric species, including O(3), chlorine monoxide(ClO), and bromine monoxide (BrO) were measured in the lower stratosphere with instruments mounted on the NASA ER-2 aircraft on 13 February 1988. The flight path from Moffett Field, California (37 degrees N, 121 degrees W), to Great Slave Lake, Canada (61 degrees N, 115 degrees W), extended to the center of the polar jet associated with but outside of the Arctic vortex, in which the abundance of O(3) was twice its mid-latitude value, whereas BrO levels were 5 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) between 18 and 21 kilometers, and 2.4 pptv below that altitude. The ClO mixing ratio was as much as 65 pptv at 60 degrees N latitude at an altitude of 20 kilometers, and was enhanced over mid-latitude values by a factor of 3 to 5 at altitudes above 18 kilometers and by as much as a factor of 40 at altitudes below 17 kilometers. Levels of ClO and O(3) were highly correlated on all measured distance scales, and both showed an abrupt change in character at 54 degrees N latitude. The enhancement of ClO abundance north of 54 degrees N was most likely caused by low nitrogen dioxide levels in the flight path.     

Temperatures, winds, and composition in the saturnian system

Stratospheric temperatures on Saturn imply a strong decay of the equatorial winds with altitude. If the decrease in winds reported from recent Hubble Space Telescope images is not a temporal change, then the features tracked must have been at least 130 kilometers higher than in earlier studies. Saturn's south polar stratosphere is warmer than predicted from simple radiative models. The C/H ratio on Saturn is seven times solar, twice Jupiter's. Saturn's ring temperatures have radial variations down to the smallest scale resolved (100 kilometers). Diurnal surface temperature variations on Phoebe suggest a more porous regolith than on the jovian satellites.     

Titan's atmospheric temperatures, winds, and composition

Temperatures obtained from early Cassini infrared observations of Titan show a stratopause at an altitude of 310 kilometers (and 186 kelvin at 15 degrees S). Stratospheric temperatures are coldest in the winter northern hemisphere, with zonal winds reaching 160 meters per second. The concentrations of several stratospheric organic compounds are enhanced at mid- and high northern latitudes, and the strong zonal winds may inhibit mixing between these latitudes and the rest of Titan. Above the south pole, temperatures in the stratosphere are 4 to 5 kelvin cooler than at the equator. The stratospheric mole fractions of methane and carbon monoxide are (1.6 +/- 0.5) x 10(-2) and (4.5 +/- 1.5) x 10(-5), respectively.     

鸡伤寒-白痢沙门氏菌生长动力学

为了测定鸡伤寒—白痢沙门氏菌的生长动力学,用该菌的标准菌株C79—13接种5种液体培养基,于接种后0,4,8,12,16,20,24,36和48小时取材,按标准琼脂平板计数法计算了每ml培养基内的活菌数。结果表明,营养成分和培养时间对本菌的生长繁殖具有明显而强烈的影响。每ml培养基内活菌平均数以接种后4小时最少;以接种后16或20小时最多。本菌的世代时间不是常数,以2号培养基接种后12～16小时最短(18′16″),以4号培养基接种后4～8小时最长(83′20″)。本试验还试图建立本菌生长动力学的数学模型,包括3个直线方程和1个确定性模型。     

Somali current: recent measurements during the southwest monsoon

The Somali Current was measured at approximately maximum strength for the year during the southwest monsoon on 11 and 12 August 1975 (approximately 1(1/2) days) at stations spaced 20 to 35 kilometers apart. These measurements permit a nearly synoptic detailed mapping of the temperature structure of a major western boundary current.     

Thermal structure and dynamics of Saturn's northern springtime disturbance

Saturn's slow seasonal evolution was disrupted in 2010-2011 by the eruption of a bright storm in its northern spring hemisphere. Thermal infrared spectroscopy showed that within a month, the resulting planetary-scale disturbance had generated intense perturbations of atmospheric temperatures, winds, and composition between 20° and 50°N over an entire hemisphere (140,000 kilometers). The tropospheric storm cell produced effects that penetrated hundreds of kilometers into Saturn's stratosphere (to the 1-millibar region). Stratospheric subsidence at the edges of the disturbance produced "beacons" of infrared emission and longitudinal temperature contrasts of 16 kelvin. The disturbance substantially altered atmospheric circulation, transporting material vertically over great distances, modifying stratospheric zonal jets, exciting wave activity and turbulence, and generating a new cold anticyclonic oval in the center of the disturbance at 41°N.     

高温冲击对东亚小花蝽存活及生殖特性的影响

测定了在不同高温（39、41、43℃）下冲击1 h后,东亚小花蝽成虫存活率、产卵前期、产卵量、寿命等生殖特性指标的差异。结果表明：随着温度的升高,东亚小花蝽成虫的存活率从94.44%下降到68.89%;东亚小花蝽雌虫的产卵前期随温度升高而延长,25℃恒温条件下雌虫产卵前期平均为2.56 d,43℃高温处理1 h后延长至4.11 d;短时高温冲击显著降低东亚小花蝽成虫的单雌产卵量,25℃恒温条件下单雌产卵量平均为60.44粒,41℃冲击1 h后,其产卵量为24.10粒,43℃冲击1 h后仅为13.78粒;东亚小花蝽成虫寿命随温度的升高而降低,25℃恒温条件下,雌成虫寿命平均为15.33 d,而43℃高温冲击1 h后,雌虫寿命仅为8.11 d。以上结果表明,短时高温冲击导致东亚小花蝽生殖适应性下降。     

Plasma diagnosis from thermal noise and limits on dust flux or mass in comet giacobini-zinner

Thermal noise spectroscopy was used to measure the density and temperature of the main (cold) electron plasma population during 2 hours (1.5x10(5) kilometers perpendicular to the tail axis) around the point of closest approach of the International Cometary Explorer (ICE) to Comet Giacobini-Zinner. The time resolution was 18 seconds (370 kilometers) in the plasma tail and 54 seconds (1100 kilometers) elsewhere. Near the tail axis, the maximum plasma density was 670 per cubic centimeter and the temperature slightly above 1 electron volt. Away from the axis, the plasma density dropped to 100 per cubic centimeter (temperature, 2x 10(4) K) over 2000 kilometers, then decreased to 10 (1.5x 10(5)K) over 15,000 kilometers; outside that region (plasma tail), the density fluctuated between 10 and 30 per cubic centimeter and the temperature between 1x 10(5) and 4 x10(5) K. The relative density of the hot population rarely exceeded a few percent. The tail was highly asymmetrical and showed much structure. On the other antenna, shot noise was recorded from the plasma particle impacts on the spacecraft body. No evidence was found of grain impacts on the antennas or spacecraft in the plasma tail. This yields an upper limit for the dust flux or particle mass, indicating either fluxes or masses in the tail smaller than implied by the models or an anomalous grain structure. This seems to support earlier suggestions that these grains are featherlike. Outside the tail, and particularly near 10(5) kilometers from its axis, impulsive noises indicating plasma turbulence were observed.     

Oxygen consumption of a flying bird

Budgerygahs (Melopsittacus undulatus) flew with a minimum oxygen consumption of 38 milliliters per gramhour at each of three speeds between 19 and 33 kilometers per hour in a recirculating wind tunnel. An oxygen debt accumulated in the first minute of flight and was repaid in the minute following cessation of flight. Frequency of wingbeat was independent of flight speed. The data suggest that flying budgerygahs have a higher cardiac output per kilogram of body weight than mammals and that flight muscle of the budgerygah is among the most metabolically active tissues known.