基于全生命周期理念的新能源开发转换过程中的环境问题探讨

围绕着当前的热门话题——新能源与环境问题展开讨论,明确了新能源的定义及其界定对象,从全生命周期的角度对新能源开发、转换和使用终结过程中可能产生的环境问题进行了分析,发现太阳能、风能、生物质能、核能以及煤炭液化都不同程度地产生了污染,主要集中在水体污染、噪声污染、大气污染、生态破坏等方面,并提出了解决对策.     

Recent progress in the direct liquefaction of coal

Interest in direct coal liquefaction steadily decreased during the 1980s as the price of crude oil dropped; there is now only one integrated coal liquefaction pilot plant active full time in the United States. The economics derived early in the decade established the price of transportation fuels from coal at $80 per barrel or higher. However, there have been dramatic improvements in the technology since 1983 that have not been widely appreciated. Recent designs and cost estimates show that a 60 percent decrease in the cost of liquid fuels from coal to an equivalent of $35 per barrel for crude oil. Although this cost is not low enough to justify immediate commercialization, additional improvements have been identified that could make direct liquefaction an attractive way to produce gasoline and other conventional fuels.     

Coal science: basic research opportunities

More fundamental knowledge of coal (knowledge of its structure and its behavior during conversion processes) is essential before we can generate new technologies necessary for the efficient use of coal in the future. Herein are suggested specific basic research opportunities in the areas of coal characterization, gasification, combustion, and liquefaction, along with an assessment of the impact such research programs could have. Critical characterization needs include qualitative and quantitative determination of the chemical forms of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur and reliable methods for the measurement of surface area, pore volume, and weight-average molecular weights. Mechanistic studies aimed at increasing understanding of the thermal breakdown of the functionalities in coal, the behavior of coal in the presence of molecular and donor hydrogen environments, and carbon gasification and hydrocarbon synthesis reactions starting from carbon monoxide and hydrogen will lay the scientific foundation for the development of new processes for converting coal into clean usable fuels and chemicals.     

微波加热下竹粉苯酚液化的优化工艺研究

以苯酚为液化剂,浓硫酸为催化剂,采用微波加热对竹粉进行液化处理,研究液化条件对液化残渣率的影响,结果表明：竹粉微波液化的优化工艺参数为：微波加热时间8 min、液固比4.5∶1.0、反应温度150℃、催化剂用量9％、微波功率500 W,在此工艺下液化产物的残渣率仅为0.327％;在微波液化过程中,温度是影响液化效率最主要的因素,然后依次是催化剂用量、反应时间、液固比;红外光谱分析表明,竹粉苯酚液化后,芳环被引入到竹粉的分子结构中。     

Liquid fuels from coal: from R & d to an industry

On the basis of current U.S. oil imports, room now exists for a U.S. coal liquids industry. Unfortunately, technology is not available which can produce coal liquids at a price competitive with imported oil. Direct liquefaction technology is under development, but the prospects are that the technology will not be economic at the time the pioneer commercial plant should be constructed to provide the foundation for a possible coal liquids industry in the 1990's. Government support of coal liquefaction R & D has created the conditions that make possible the development of the technology, and probably government incentives for pioneer plants will be needed. With the proper incentives pioneer plants will lead to lower costs, and this, plus rising prices, will create the conditions necessary to develop a multiplant industry.     

Status of the Development of EDS Coal Liquefaction

This article traces the evolution and development of a modern coal liquefaction technology, the EDS (Exxon Donor Solvent) process, over a period of 15 years. During this time the technology has been advanced from laboratory experiments to a pilot plant with a coal feed rate of 250 tons per day, and findings from several areas of science and technology have been important. The process is now in the final stage of development to generate the data needed to design a plant of commercial size.     

Reactivity of organic compounds in hot water: geochemical and technological implications

Understanding of the reactivity of organic molecules in hot water is developing from studies aimed at explaining how organic matter (kerogen) forms in natural environments and then breaks down into energy source materials. In natural systems where kerogens are depolymerized, hot water is ubiquitous and usually contains salt and minerals. Reactions such as ionic condensation, cleavage, and hydrolysis are facilitated by changes in the chemical and physical properties of water as temperature increases. These changes make the solvent properties of water at high temperature similar to those of polar organic solvents at room temperature, thus facilitating reactions with organic compounds. An understanding of aqueous organic chemistry may lead to potential applications in areas as diverse as the recycling of plastics, the synthesis of chemicals, and coal liquefaction.     

木薯酒糟苯酚液化工艺的研究

[目的]研究木薯酒糟苯酚液化工艺。[方法]利用单因素及正交试验考察液固比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度对木薯酒糟苯酚液化效果的影响。[结果]结果表明,液固比对液化效果的影响最显著,其次分别为催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度。木薯酒糟苯酚液化的最优工艺为：液固比6：1,反应温度160℃,反应时间120min,催化剂用量为苯酚含量的6％时,残渣率小于5％。通过FT-IR对液化产物、液化残渣的结构进行表征,证明木薯酒糟液化产物中引入新的芳环结构。[结论]该研究结果为木薯酒糟的利用开辟了一条新途径。     

甘蔗渣苯酚液化的工艺研究

[目的]研究甘蔗渣苯酚液化的最佳工艺。[方法]通过单因素试验考察了反应时间、反应温度、苯酚与甘蔗渣质量比、催化剂用量等对甘蔗渣液化率的影响,并通过正交试验确定最佳液化工艺。[结果]在甘蔗渣苯酚液化过程中,反应温度对液化效果的影响最为显著,其次是反应时间,5%～8%催化剂用量对液化效果影响不大。甘蔗渣苯酚液化的最佳工艺：催化剂用量7%,液化温度160℃,苯酚与甘蔗渣质量比为6,液化时间110 min。在此工艺下,甘蔗渣的液化率为98.67%。[结论]该研究为甘蔗渣的综合利用提供了理论依据。     

核桃壳纤维素液化的研究

以残渣率、游离酚含量和可被溴化物含量为指标,采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)为分析手段,研究了酸催化条件下苯酚液相中核桃壳纤维素的液化.结果表明:核桃壳纤维素在酸性条件下苯酚液相中的液化实质上是纤维素的缓慢降解过程,在纤维素分子链降解为低聚糖等低分子物的同时,可能存在葡萄糖吡喃环的开环反应;在液化残渣率降低、纤维素分子量大幅下降的同时,伴随着液化中间产物与苯酚的反应,生成可溶于苯酚液相的液化产物,并使液化体系游离酚含量和可被溴化物含量降低.     

Acid-base structure of coal-derived asphaltenes

Asphaltenes, the key intermediates in the liquefaction of bituminous coals, consist of hydrogen bonded complexes which can be separated into their acidic and basic components. The acidic components contain all, while the basic components contain none, of the exchangeable protons present. The significance of these findings with respect to coal structure and coal solubilization is discussed.     

X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic Investigation of Sulfur Sites in Coal: Organic Sulfur Identification

High-resolution x-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to probe the chemical and structural environments of sulfur in coal. Measurement of the sulfur Kedge spectra down to 2472.0 electron volts under nonvacuum conditions was made possible in an all-helium path, and a Stern-Heald type ion chamber was used for fluorescence detection. For a number of selected sulfur-containing minerals and organic model compounds, results show that near-edge spectral features are diagnostic for sulfur in specific organic moieties such as thiols, disulfides, and various heterocyclics, as well as in mineral sulfide and sulfate phases. The spectrum of a model system containing 35 percent iron pyrite and 65 percent benzothiophene was found to match the observed spectral features of a bituminous coal from the eastern United States.     

木材液化

综合论述了近２０ａ来国外木材液化的研究状况。以酚为溶剂、有或无催化剂的木材液化为例,论述了液化木材制备流程及其性质、木材液化过程中的反应和影响因素。阐述了在我国开发木材液化研究的意义。     

亚/超临界甲醇体系中磷钼酸催化液化木粉

以杉木屑为原料,研究磷钼酸在亚/超临界甲醇条件下的催化液化性能,并探讨反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量和杉木屑用量对杉木屑液化率的影响.结果表明该磷钼酸在亚/超临界甲醇条件下具有很好的催化液化性能.在150 m L甲醇、0.5 g催化剂、1 g杉木屑、240℃条件下反应30 min,液化率达到93.32%.采用SEM、FT-IR和GC-MS对液化残渣、轻油和重油进行表征.结果表明,残渣主要是由木质素或木质素衍生物组成;而液化产物轻油主要是由酯类、酚类、醛类、酮类等组成,主要是由纤维素及半纤维素与甲醇反应得到;而液化产物重油中的酚类物质主要是由木质素液化反应得到.     

人工线源液化起动泥沙试验研究

通过横断面渗流土工试验,人工加压线源液化土体,观察到泥沙起动的过程和液化土体横断面的基本形态,发现线源渗透破坏服从最小阻力趋向原则。利用土体产生渗透破坏而深层起动泥沙的潜力,通过河道中泓取直深埋压力渗管,达到节水冲沙、稳定主槽、降槽防洪之目的。     

基于土壤液化原理的荸荠采收船的研究

荸荠的生长环境特殊,收获仍旧采用传统手工挖掘,劳动效率低,劳动强度大,难以挖净,而薯类收获机械又难以适应水田荸荠的收获,通过对荸荠生长地的土壤成分分析,基于土壤液化原理,搭建了小型实验平台,对荸荠挖掘机理进行了试验模拟。提出了一套适用于水田作物荸荠机械挖掘、筛分的流程,并对挖掘原理进行了实验探究。根据实验数据分析,获得了影响荸荠收获的主要因素。研究表明利用土壤液化原理可以使砂壤土液化,为该原理用于荸荠采收提供依据,为荸荠挖掘机样机的试制提供设计参考。     

LNG绕管式换热器壳程对流换热数值模拟

绕管式换热器是天然气液化的核心设备,其换热性能的优劣严重影响液化工艺水平。基于绕管式换热器的结构及特性,采用Fluent软件,对LNG绕管式换热器壳程单相混合冷剂的对流换热进行了数值模拟。结果表明:换热管管径是影响壳侧换热的重要因素,壳侧换热系数、壳侧冷剂压降均随换热管管径、壳侧冷剂质量流量的增大而增大。模拟结果与已有实验值的偏差均控制在20%以内,二者具有较高的匹配性,说明采用新建立的数值模拟模型用于绕管式换热器换热性能研究具有可行性。     

Selective, nickel-catalyzed hydrogenolysis of aryl ethers

Selective hydrogenolysis of the aromatic carbon-oxygen (C-O) bonds in aryl ethers is an unsolved synthetic problem important for the generation of fuels and chemical feedstocks from biomass and for the liquefaction of coal. Currently, the hydrogenolysis of aromatic C-O bonds requires heterogeneous catalysts that operate at high temperature and pressure and lead to a mixture of products from competing hydrogenolysis of aliphatic C-O bonds and hydrogenation of the arene. Here, we report hydrogenolyses of aromatic C-O bonds in alkyl aryl and diaryl ethers that form exclusively arenes and alcohols. This process is catalyzed by a soluble nickel carbene complex under just 1 bar of hydrogen at temperatures of 80 to 120°C; the relative reactivity of ether substrates scale as Ar-OAr>Ar-OMe>ArCH(2)-OMe (Ar, Aryl; Me, Methyl). Hydrogenolysis of lignin model compounds highlights the potential of this approach for the conversion of refractory aryl ether biopolymers to hydrocarbons.     

木材褐腐过程中化学组成对其液化的影响

为了探明木材腐朽程度引起的化学组成变化规律与液化特性之间的关系，该文利用褐腐真菌茯苓对马尾松木材进行不同程度的生物降解预处理，用残渣率指标、GPC、FTIR和NMR对木材的液化程度及液化产物特征进行了表征。结果表明:褐腐木材在液比为2和磷酸催化条件下可取得良好的液化效果。对褐腐木材而言，随腐朽时间从3周延长至7周，液化残渣率逐渐降低，液化产物中残留的苯酚量逐渐减少，液化产物的分子量和分子量分布逐渐增大。当腐朽时间达到11和15周时，残渣率迅速下降，分子量和分子量分布继续呈上升趋势，而残留的苯酚量却有微弱的增加。说明褐腐处理的木材比正常木材在苯酚中的液化条件温和，木材腐朽程度越严重，液化反应越容易，腐朽时间11周(1％NaOH抽出物含量为54％)是木材在苯酚中的液化反应由难到易的转折点。FTIR和NMR结果显示:腐朽木材与苯酚的酚化反应主要发生在酚羟基的邻位和对位，且以单取代为主，木材组分通过酚化反应转化为含有活性部位的酚类物质。      

生物质热解液化技术的生命周期评价

为探究生物质热解液化技术能源转化过程的效率、经济性及温室气体排放,依据全生命周期评价分析原理,建立废弃秸秆热解制备液体燃料技术全生命周期模型,对该过程进行全生命周期分析,评价范围包括秸秆的收集和运输、干燥和粉碎、生物质热解、木炭加工和余热利用。结果表明：生物质热解液化技术的能量产出投入比为20.43;处理湿秸秆的纯利润约为289.38元/t,销售利润率达52.11%;CO₂当量排放为34.10 g/MJ。生物质热解液化是一种兼具能量效益、经济效益和环境效益等极具潜力的生物质利用技术。