阻燃剂浸渍处理木材方法研究

本研究以ZR-M-301型木材阻燃剂为浸渍药液,樟子松和水曲柳为木材试样,选择常压浸渍、压力浸渍、微波处理后常压浸渍、超声波加压浸渍和微波处理后超声波加压浸渍五种木材阻燃处理方法,经过试验,探索在生产阻燃木材的浸渍方法中引入微波和超声波技术的可行性,找到效果好的木材阻燃处理方法.本研究的创新点是将微波处理与超声波辐射技术应用于木材阻燃处理中,利用微波加热处理改善木材构造的渗透性能,利用超声波的空化作用强化阻燃剂浸入性能,并提出了新的技术路线.     

微波技术在我国木材加工与产品检测中的应用

概述了微波技术在我国木材干燥、木材改性、胶粘剂合成、材料缺陷检测、竹木产品含水率检测和人造板甲醛释放量检测方面的研究成果及应用现状,微波干燥技术使木材在干燥过程中温度梯度和含水率梯度较小,具有加热时间短、干燥质量好、提高出材率等优点;通过微波改性技术,可以赋予竹木材某些特殊的功能,使低档竹木材高档化,从而有效地利用竹木材料,提高经济价值;借助微波技术进行胶粘剂合成,反应速度比传统的加热方法快数十倍;提出了微波技术在木材干燥、木材改性、无损检测、萃取甲醛释放量检测的发展方向和应用前景.     

高频介质加热技术在木材工业中的应用

高频介质加热技术是近几十年来发展起来的一门新技术。它是利用快速变化的高频电磁场对物体进行作用而使其内部发热达到加热的目的,因而具有加热速度快,加热均匀,产品质量等优点。目前,高频加热在木材工业中主要用于木材胶合和木材干燥。本文主要概述了高频热的原理与特点、木材高频加热的种类与应用技术。     

木材微波加热厚度的确定

较之传统加热方法,微波加热是一种新型加热技术,在简述木材微波加热的机理上,阐述了影响木材介电特性的因素,指出其中木材含水率和温度是影响木材节电性质的两个最重要的因素.通过理论计算确定微波在木材中的穿透深度.计算表明:随着木材含水率和微波工作频率的增加,微波在木材中的穿透深度减少;当用频率为915 MH z和2 450 MH z的微波加热或干燥具有高含水率的木材时,木材的最大厚度应分别控制在16 cm和6 cm左右.     

微波技术在木材干燥中的研究进展

微波技术以其独特的加热机理和特点为木材快速高效干燥提供了一条新途径。笔者简述了近年来国内外在木材微波干燥工艺方面取得的一些重要的研究进展,主要集中在微波功率、含水率和温度等基本干燥参数的优化及红外摄像技术等先进检测技术的应用等方面。同时指出了在木材微波干燥基础理论、干燥工艺、木材结构特性与微波加热非均匀性等方面缺乏系统性研究的问题。建议今后应加强基础理论研究并结合现代测控技术进行系统研究。     

浅谈高频加热在木材胶合中的应用

高频介质加热技术是近三十年来发展起来的一门新技术。它的基本原理是利用高频电场对物质内部分子的反复极化,使分子在这种高频交变电场作用下急剧运动而相互摩擦产生热,从而达到加热的目的。由于它的热量是由内向外传递的,具有加热速度快、加热均匀、加热有选择性、产品质量好等优点,因此应用越来越广。在木材加工中,高频介质加热主要用于木材胶合(如胶接、胶拼、封边、胶合成型、胶合空芯或蜂窝板、家具组合装配胶合、层积材胶合、胶合板以     

高频对8种泡桐木材介电性质的影响

本文研究了高频电场中频率与8各泡桐木材介电性质的关系；泡桐木材结构对介电性质的影响。得出频率变化对泡桐木材介电常数、电阻率影响很小，对功率损耗角影响较大；密度对泡桐木材介电性能影响不大。建议在高频加热技术的应用中，利用木材功率损耗角极大值和彬小值的频率，以达到良好的加工和节能效果。     

微波加热在木材工业中的应用

引言微波是近几十年来发展起来的一门新技术,最早是在第二次世界大战中应用于雷达,此后,微波技术得到了迅速发展.50年代应用于地面通讯,60年代后应用于卫星通讯,而微波加热技术在70年代才开始应用.微波是频率约为300MHz～300KMHz即波长约为1mm～1m的电磁波总称.我国规定了微波加热使用的专用频率为890～940 MHz、2400～2500MHz、5725～5875MHz、22000～22500MHz,其中常用频率为915MHz和2450MHz.在木材工业中,微波主要用于木材软化、木材干燥、树脂固化等.     

木材微波处理技术与应用进展

木材在微波作用下可迅速升温超过180℃,内部水分汽化后以蒸汽形式逸出,冲破木材内部薄弱组织。处理后木材的微观结构变化分可为7级,宏观处理效果分为3型。微波技术主要用于木材干燥、膨化、弯曲和检疫等。通过微波膨化技术获得的"微波膨化木"可用于加工制造高性能的改性木、防腐木、阻燃木、木质装饰材料和高导热木材等。     

木材微波干燥技术

木材微波干燥技术刘昌铎（南京国营七七二厂微波所南京２１０００９）美国、日本、加拿大、德国等国的学者在６０年代初就开始研究利用微波干燥木材，认为微波干燥木材是一种最有效的快速干燥方法。我国在７０年代初开展木材微波干燥技术的研究和应用，并取得了一定的成绩...     

Armillaria ostoyae in managed coniferous forests in Kastamonu in Turkey

Although several Armillaria species have been reported in Turkey, there is little information about their ecology in Turkish forests. In this study, we investigated five forest stands, approximately 5–74 ha in size, in Kastamonu province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey for the presence of Armillaria species in stumps and logs. The stands were mixed Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana and Pinus sylvestris forests managed using a selective cuttings system; the proportion of fir in the total number of stems and stumps ranged from 36 to 98%. Based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and intergenic spacer regions of the rDNA, all rhizomorphs sampled from the stumps and logs were of Armillaria ostoyae. The size of the genets was estimated with random amplified microsatellites analysis of the isolates and ranged from single stumps to approximately 450 m². One to seven genets were found in each stand. These results indicate that the genets had arisen from spores and vegetative spread was limited on most sites.     

上海中央公园特大银杏树白蚁防治探讨

通过对上海松江中央公园内65株特大银杏树白蚁为害情况的调查,发现该公园银杏受害率为100%,其中存在活白蚁的银杏占总量的56.9%,采用毒土处理、粉剂疗法、建立白蚁监测点等措施,经过两次灭杀,活白蚁的灭杀率达到92.3%和93.3%,从而使存在活白蚁银杏树的比例从56.9%下降到2.7%,白蚁发生情况明显降低。       

我国食品中农药残留研究进展

随着人们安全健康意识提高,食品中农药残留问题更加受到重视,本文综述了样品预处理研究进展及农药残留快速检测技术研究进展,并简单分析介绍各种方法的优缺点。     

建平半干旱地区石质山地造林技术研究

研究了不同植物在石质山地的造林成活率、土壤化学性质随造林年限的变化和造林措施对土壤化学性质和植物胸径、树高年净生长量的影响。结果表明：不同植物在石质山地的成活率在21%～85%之间,其中白榆和沙打旺的成活率分别为81%和85%,而小叶杨、刺槐、栾树的成活率均在70%左右;植被能明显提高石质山地不同土层的有机质、全N、P2O5含量,但提高程度随土层深度、养分种类和造林年限的不同而不同;在同一土层,生物复合肥料、菌剂和保水剂均显著提高土壤有机质含量（p〈0.01）并显著降低土壤P2O5含量（p〈0.01）;只有保水剂可引起土壤全K含量的明显升高;生物复合肥料、菌剂和保水剂均显著提高白榆、小叶杨、刺槐、栾树树高和胸径的年净生长量,但保水剂的提高程度最高。     

植物DNA甲基化研究进展

植物经常暴露在各种生物和非生物的胁迫之下,这些胁迫会影响植物的生长发育和繁殖并最终导致植物死亡。为了抵御不利的环境条件,植物已经进化出复杂而精细的网络来感知胁迫并激活防御系统。为此,植物激活许多信号转导通路,这些信号转导通路可以改变一些胁迫响应基因的表达,从而引起植物形态、生理和生化的改变以适应逆境。DNA胞嘧啶甲基化是高等真核生物的主要表观遗传机制之一,在维持基因组稳定性和调节基因表达方面起着关键作用。表观遗传变异比遗传变异更为灵活。一旦环境条件发生变化,为了适应新的环境植物都会发生表观遗传的改变。许多研究表明DNA甲基化参与植物的发育和应激反应。基于相关研究对DNA甲基化进行了综述,对植物逆境胁迫有重要意义。     

木材碳封存研究进展

碳封存可以分工业封存和生物封存, 工业封存包括地质封存、海洋封存、矿石碳化以及工业循环利用, 这些方法能快速回收CO₂, 但工艺流程技术复杂, 成本较高。木材碳封存是生物碳封存的一种类型, 树木光合作用吸收的碳主要存贮在木材中。运用木材密度、微密度等检测仪器, 通过确定木材密度变化, 结合其含碳率来计量木材的碳封存过程以及封存过程中碳的分配格局, 同时研究其与环境因子的相关性, 可以为研究森林的碳吸收动态提供便捷的方法和科学的依据。     

Natural regeneration in patch clear-cutting in Picea abies stands in Southern Finland

Abstract

The success of natural regeneration on patch clear-cuts in Norway spruce stands in Southern Finland was examined in terms of stocking and tree height. The experiment was established in mature spruce stands in the submesic Myrtillus (MT) site type. In each of the eight study sites, three plots were treated with clear-cutting and planting, clear-cutting with partial tree retention and planting, and patch clear-cutting without site preparation, respectively. In three of the study sites, one plot with patch clear-cutting and site preparation was established. Each plot was 1 ha, out of which three patches of 40×40 m were clear-cut in the patch treatments. 10–11 years after cutting, the patches had on average 1316 crop trees ha^–1, of which 91% were spruces. Some 27% of the stands were up to the target stocking level (≥1600 ha^?1), and 36% were at least satisfactory (≥1300 ha^?1). Site preparation did not yield greater stocking levels on patches, but that result is ambiguous due to a difference in initial stocking. The average spruce tree height in the patches (0.76 m) was much smaller than in the case of clear-cutting and planting (2.42 m). In conclusion, the patches had been restocked tolerably well with spruce and birch for practical purposes during the 10- to 11-year period, but the regeneration process had been very slow compared to clear-cutting and planting.     

Tree regeneration in patch cutting in Norway spruce stands in northern Finland

The study focused on the success of regeneration on patch cuts in spruce-dominated stands in terms of stocking and tree height. It was based on an experiment in the Kainuu region in northern Finland. The experimental design included 8 stands with 58 clearcut patches of variable size (0.09–0.37?ha), on which either natural regeneration without site preparation or site preparation and planting of Scots pine was applied. A regeneration survey was conducted 13–15 growing seasons after treatments. Patches without site preparation had been restocked quite well from natural seed sources. The average number of trees was about 11,000?ha^?1, of which 1700?ha^?1 crop trees. With site preparation and planting, the stocking levels were also very high, 25,000 and 2100?ha^?1, respectively. One hundred percent of the planted patches and 75% of the naturally regenerated patches had an acceptable density. Restocking was equally good across the range of patch sizes. Tree growth had been somewhat slower in the smallest patches than in the largest ones in the range. Natural regeneration was capable of yielding good regeneration results in most patches, especially when site preparation was applied. Stocking levels and height development were higher yet in the planted patches.     

Changes in micropores in dry wood with elapsed time in the environment

To investigate the changes in microstructures of wood with elapsed time in the environment, CO₂ adsorption onto dry wood was measured at ice-water temperature (273 K) for samples aged from 0.1 years to over 1000 years. The micropore size distribution was obtained using the Horvath-Kawazoe method. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood decreased in number with elapsed time in the environment, and a negative correlation was found between cumulative pore volume for pores smaller than 0.6 nm and elapsed time in the environment. Cumulative pore volume in the 1000-year sample was almost half of that in the 0.1- year sample. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood with a few decades or more of elapsed time increased in number after rewetting and drying. Consequently, microstructures of wood with longer time elapsed in the environment were considered to be more stable, because of longer-term thermal motion and possibly more repeated moisture adsorption and desorption and/or temperature variation in the environment.