利用木屑制备油气回收和液相脱色颗粒活性炭的研究

以木屑为原料用不同浓度的磷酸溶液做活化剂制备吸附汽油蒸汽的载体颗粒活性炭和液相脱色用颗粒活性炭。采用正交试验研究了磷酸浓度、磷酸与木屑的重量比、活化温度、活化时间等因素对活性炭吸附性能的影响。结果表明,最佳的工艺条件为:磷酸浓度85%,磷酸与木屑的质量比1.9:1,活化温度430℃,活化时间90min。在最佳工艺条件制得活性炭试样的丁烷工作容量为12.50 g·100 mL~(-1),亚甲基蓝吸附值为255 mg·g~(-1),活性炭试样的BET比表面积和孔容积分别为2 024.15 m~2·g~(-1)和1.654 3 cm~3·g~(-1)。     

硼酸催化制备木屑活性炭工艺及孔结构特征

以木屑为原料,磷酸为活化剂,硼酸为催化剂制备活性炭。通过正交实验考察了活性炭制备过程中磷屑比、硼酸添加量,活化温度和活化时间等因素对活性炭性能的影响。实验结果表明:生产活性炭的最佳工艺条件为磷屑比为1.5∶1,硼酸的添加量为1%,活化温度是400℃,活化时间为60 min,此时活性炭的得率为33.5%,亚甲基蓝吸附值为225 mg/g,碘吸附值为855 mg/g。添加硼酸的制备方法要比传统的用磷酸制备时的条件更加温和,通过调整工艺条件,可以改变活性炭产品的孔隙结构,生产出用于不同环境的液相吸附专用活性炭。     

桉树锯末制备颗粒活性炭实验研究

以桉树锯末和磷酸为原料制备了颗粒活性炭,研究浸渍比、活化温度、活化时间等对产品得率、强度和吸附性能的影响。实验得到最佳工艺条件为:磷酸与原料浸渍比为2∶1,温度300℃,预处理1 h,机械成型后,再以10℃/min升到活化温度450℃,活化1 h。此条件下,制备得到的活性炭性能指标为:强度95%,亚甲基蓝吸附值172.5 mg/g,碘吸附值790 mg/g,A法焦糖100%,得率40%左右。     

Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon by Mechanochemical Process with Zinc Chloride as Activator

研究利用机械力化学技术制备了性能良好的活性炭.采用Central Composite Design中心复合设计和响应面分析,对影响活性炭碘吸附值的主要影响因素进行多项回归模型建立和参数优化,并通过低温液氮( N2/77 K)吸附测定较优条件下制备的活性炭的比表面积、孔容及孔径分布.结果表明,利用氯化锌为活化剂的机械力化学技术制备活性炭的较优工艺条件为:氯化锌与绝干木屑的质量之比(锌屑比)值3.00,研磨时间10 min,活化温度584℃,活化时间2.5h,此条件下制备的活性炭碘吸附值为1 262.47 mg/g.     

微波辐射磷酸法制备竹材活性炭及表征

以竹屑为原料,采用微波辐射磷酸法制备活性炭。讨论了微波功率、活化时间及磷酸质量分数等工艺条件对竹材活性炭吸附性能的影响。研究结果表明,在磷酸质量分数、活化时间和微波功率3个因素中,微波活化时间对活性炭质量指标影响最大,延长时间可以提高其产品的吸附性能;微波辐射磷酸法制备竹材活性炭的较优工艺条件为:微波功率600 W、活化时间16 min、磷酸质量分数50%。在此条件下制得的活性炭的碘吸附值850.6 mg/g、亚甲基蓝吸附值233.8 mg/g、比表面积920.5 m2/g。     

稻壳基活性炭制备及表征

以稻壳为原料,采用碱金属氢氧化物活化法制备活性炭,探讨了原材料与活化剂的配比、活化温度和活化时间等因素对活性炭的吸附性能的影响,确立了调控活性炭性能的工艺方法和工艺条件.利用扫描电镜观察了活性炭的形貌特征,利用X射线衍射分析了稻壳活性炭中微晶的晶体结构.研究结果表明:1以稻壳为原料,KOH为活化剂制备活性炭的适宜工艺条件为:活化剂/炭为4,活化温度为750℃,活化时间为1 h.所制得的活性炭的碘吸附值为1 240 mg.g-1,亚甲基蓝吸附值为150 mL.g-1.     

磷酸法颗粒活性炭对无水乙醇的吸附性能

采用磷酸活化法制备木质颗粒活性炭,并探讨其对无水乙醇的吸附性能。结果表明,随着捏合温度、捏合时间、浸渍比、活化温度和保温时间的增加,活性炭的乙醇吸附率呈先升后降的趋势。在较佳生产工艺:捏合温度130℃,捏合时间60min,浸渍比1.25,活化温度450℃和保温时间1.0 h下,颗粒活性炭的乙醇吸附率为63.38%。     

磷酸活化草浆黑液木质素制备活性炭的研究

用磷酸活化草浆造纸黑液木质素制备活性炭.探讨了磷酸在木质素活化过程中的作用,研究了磷料比、活化温度、活化时间对所制活性炭的比表面积和对正丁烷吸附量的影响.结果表明,草浆造纸黑液木质素是一种优良的制备活性炭的原料,磷酸不仅是脱水剂,而且还是活化过程的保护剂.活性炭制备条件为:磷料比值2.5,活化温度450℃,活化时间60...     

葵花籽壳制取活性炭的工艺研究

以葵花籽壳为原料,比较了水蒸气物理法、磷酸转炉法和磷酸微波法制取的活性炭,以磷酸微波法制取的活性炭各项性能较优.在微波功率为700 W的条件下,采用正交试验法对磷酸微波法制取活性炭性能的影响因素如:活化剂浓度、处理时间及催化剂用量进行系统研究,得到磷酸微波法制备活性炭的最佳工艺.亚甲基蓝吸附值的最佳工艺条件为磷酸浓度30 °Be′、活化时间25 min、催化剂1用量4 %、催化剂2用量2 %;碘吸附值的最佳工艺条件为磷酸浓度35 °Be′、活化时间25 min、催化剂1用量4 %、催化剂2用量2 %;焦糖脱色率的最佳工艺条件为磷酸浓度30 °Be′、活化时间35 min、催化剂1用量2 %、催化剂2用量2 %.     

机械力化学法制备氯化锌法活性炭及其性能表征

研究利用机械力化学技术制备了性能良好的活性炭。采用Central Composite Design中心复合设计和响应面分析,对影响活性炭碘吸附值的主要影响因素进行多项回归模型建立和参数优化,并通过低温液氮(N2/77 K)吸附测定较优条件下制备的活性炭的比表面积、孔容及孔径分布。结果表明,利用氯化锌为活化剂的机械力化学技术制备活性炭的较优工艺条件为:氯化锌与绝干木屑的质量之比(锌屑比)值3.00,研磨时间10 min,活化温度584℃,活化时间2.5 h,此条件下制备的活性炭碘吸附值为1 262.47 mg/g。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.