RAPD analysis of genetic variation in natural populations of Betula alnoides from Guangxi, China

There is an urgent need for the developmentof early identification techniques inolive-trees due to the economic importanceof cultivar identification in periods ofexpansion like now. We have been able toidentify 22 olive-tree cultivars using only10 different, specific, repeatable markers.These markers were designed by the cloningof significant RAPD bands obtained in PCRperformed on bulked DNA to retain thegenetic variability of each cultivar.Clones were partially or totally sequencedand new primers derived from thesesequences were used to obtain SequenceCharacterised Amplified Region (SCAR)fragments. We have demonstrated that theuse of the 10 SCAR markers is enough toprovide a simple, cheap, and reliableprocedure to identify 22 geographicallyrelated olive-tree cultivars.     

水稻功能性插入缺失标记（InDel）的筛选与应用

开展水稻品种纯度和真实性鉴定对水稻遗传育种和种子生产有着重要的意义。以245个长江中下游主推水稻品种为研究材料,从643个插入缺失（InDel）位点中筛选出124个功能性多态性位点,建立了InDel高效检测体系。进一步利用InDel标记vf0121641804和SSR标记RM7120分析水稻样品的纯度,同时选用覆盖12条染色体的24对InDel引物和48对SSR标准引物分析水稻品种真实性,结果表明,采用InDel标记检测水稻品种纯度和真实性的结果与采用SSR标记检测结果一致,说明水稻功能性InDel标记也可用于水稻品种纯度和品种真实性的鉴定。在此基础上,鉴定了245个水稻品种124个InDel标记的基因型遗传多样性并进行了聚类分析,结果表明,水稻材料间存在明显的群体结构,基本反映了不同品种间的亲缘关系。水稻功能性InDel标记的筛选与应用,不仅为品种纯度和真实性鉴定、遗传多样性分析提供了新方法;而且可用于分子辅助育种,提高强优势组合的预见性。     

Development of novel microsatellite markers for effective applications in Anthurium cultivar identification

Anthurium andraeanum is one of the most economically important floral crops and potted flowers marketed worldwide. Microsatellite markers are currently the preferred molecular marker owing to the many desirable attributes, including hypervariability, codominance, and amenability to high-throughput genotyping; however, there are few polymorphic molecular markers available for Anthurium. The object of this study was to develop and characterize novel microsatellite markers using the Araceae sequences in GenBank of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) to contribute to molecular identification for cultivar protection. Using 1,579 Araceae expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and the related nucleotide sequences, 100 candidates contained simple sequence repeat (SSR) motifs that were suitable for primer design. Furthermore, 100 pairs of SSR primers were screened against a set of 28 diverse genotypes representing 24 cultivars that included four registration cultivars which were bred from the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI) and 20 commercial cultivars, appended with three hybrid progeny and a mutant line. From the selected six polymorphic SSR loci, 52 alleles were amplified and 27 distinct genotypes were found, except for ‘Tropical’ and its mutant, with a mean number of eight alleles per locus. The polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.86 to 0.93. Based on these results, we proposed a key identification set using four microsatellite markers that is sufficient to discriminate among 24 cultivars. Because the Anthurium microsatellite markers developed in this study are primarily from expressed sequence tags or related genomic sequences, they can be used for cultivar identification and, accordingly, contribute to genetic evaluations in breeding programs.     

基于大豆胞囊线虫抗病候选基因rhg1的InDe1标记发掘与鉴定

大豆胞囊线虫病是严重危害大豆生产的重要病害之一,根据抗病候选基因发掘标记可以为分子标记辅助选择抗病材料提供标记资源。本研究通过对大豆胞囊线虫抗病候选基因rhg1的序列比对分析,发现4个插入/删除位点,针对其中3个多碱基插入/缺失位点开发了InDel标记。应用开发的3个InDel标记对33份栽培大豆进行基因型鉴定,共检测到等位变异11个,平均每个位点3.67个。其中rhg1-I1位点有等位变异5个,rhg1-I2位点有等位变异2个;rhg1-I4位点有等位变异4个。各等位变异发生频率范围为0.8%~77.3%。InDel标记与大豆胞囊线虫抗性间的关联分析表明,rhg1-I4为抗性相关标记,对抗病资源的检出效率为88.2%,对感病资源的检出效率为100%。该标记的288 bp等位变异和294 bp等位变异为抗病相关等位变异,269 bp等位变异和272 bp等位变异为感病相关等位变异。此标记与常用于标记辅助选择的Satt309配合鉴定可以提高SCN抗病资源的检测效率。     

基于重测序的芥蓝(Brassica alboglabra)全基因组InDel标记开发

碱基插入/缺失(InDel)在基因组中的分布密度仅次于SNP且易于基因型分型,成为分子标记开发的主要来源。为了开发芥蓝品种间有多态性的分子标记,本研究利用2份芥蓝自交系重测序数据鉴定的InDel位点,在全基因组范围内设计了367对InDel候选标记。通过PCR检测比较8个芥蓝自交系的多态性,发现284对标记在至少2个芥蓝自交系间有多态性,阳性率为77.4%。本研究利用重测序技术开发芥蓝品种间InDel标记效率较高,为种质资源分析、基因定位、分子标记辅助育种等提供了便捷工具。     

基于名优谷子品种晋谷21全基因组重测序的分子标记开发

小米因其营养丰富日益受到重视, 而小米的品质是民众选择小米时最为关注的指标。晋谷21米质优异, 但由于缺少基因组信息, 严重阻碍了其优异米质形成机制的研究。本研究利用高通量测序技术, 对晋谷21全基因组进行重测序, 获得了14.95 Gb高质量测序数据。进一步将其与豫谷1号参考基因组比较, 发掘了169 037个InDel位点和1 167 555个SNP位点, 其中长度在13~50 bp之间适于琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测的InDel位点为14 578个。选择其中1个SNP位点和68个InDel位点验证, 表明利用二代测序技术开发的InDel和SNP标记真实可靠。基于名优谷子晋谷21重测序数据开发的InDel和SNP分子标记具有通用性, 可用于其他谷子、狗尾草和谷莠子等种质资源的相关研究。同时, 开发了一个晋谷21特异的InDel标记2G5501976, 利用该标记即可快速鉴定待测材料是否为晋谷21及其衍生品种。本研究初步揭示了晋谷21的基因组特征, 不仅为深入解析其优异米质形成的分子机制奠定了基础, 而且为相关分子标记辅助育种、遗传分析和基因克隆提供了分子标记资源。     

利用等位基因特异扩增快速检测水稻香味基因

水稻香味受隐性基因控制, 杂合材料不表现出香味, 因此在香稻选育中需要寻找一种快速、简便的香味基因检测方法。本试验通过等位基因特异扩增(ASA)方法对9个香稻和3个非香稻品种 (品系), 以及3个香稻/非香稻组合的F1的香味基因, 进行快速检测。结果显示, 纯合非香稻可获得长度为585和355 bp的两条带, 纯合香稻可获得长度为577和257 bp的两条带, 杂种F1可获得长度为355、257和580 bp左右的3条带。供试材料的分子检测结果与香味基因型完全相符, 所用方法快速有效, 可应用于香稻育种实践。     

利用SSR标记鉴定主要梨栽培品种

为了维护生产者和育种者的利益,提供快速可靠的品种鉴定方法具有重要意义。笔者根据目前基因库中梨的DNA收录序列设计开发SSR引物,用筛选出的6对图谱清晰SSR引物对19个主要梨栽培品种进行SSR分析。通过类似于植物常规分类方法,编制19个梨品种的指纹检索表,可以将供试的19个主要梨栽培品种鉴别分开。通过检索GeneBank收录的DNA序列作为筛选SSR标记的途径,大大降低了引物开发的成本和缩短了SSR体系建立的时间,是一种简单、快速的方法。     

籼粳稻基因组295个InDel标记的开发

插入/缺失(InDel)分子标记具有使用简单,结果清晰可靠的优点。本研究通过比对粳稻品种日本晴和籼稻品种93-11的基因组序列,在全基因组范围内设计了634对InDel候选标记,通过PCR检测比较2种粳稻(日本晴和台中65)和2种籼稻(93-11和黄华占)的多态性,发现295对标记在2种籼稻间及2种粳稻间均带型一致,而在籼、粳亚种间有多态性,因此这套295对标记可以在涉及籼粳亚种的基因定位和分子育种中应用。     

Genetic variation among cultivars of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) detected by RAPD markers amplified from bulk genomic DNA

Summary The use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers obtained from bulked samples was investigated for cultivar identification in red clover. Pooled samples were examined in order to minimize variation within cultivars. To determine the appropriate number of individuals to include in the bulked samples representing each cultivar, DNA samples from two, three, four, five, ten and twenty individuals were pooled. Twenty was found to be an appropriate number of red clover individuals per bulk in order to amplify only the DNA sequences shared among most individuals in each cultivar. Fourteen 10-mer primers were used to amplify genomic DNA from combined leaf samples of 15 red clover cultivars from European, Japanese and North American origins. A total of 79 amplified products, of which 55 were polymorphic, was obtained. Cultivar-specific bands were observed with 13 primers. The amplification patterns obtained from two primers could distinguish all 15 red clover cultivars. Rogers' genetic distances for all 105 pairwise comparisons were calculated to evaluate relationships among these cultivars. Cluster analysis based on these genetic distances separated these 15 cultivars into three groups, with two of the groups consisting of a single Japanese cultivar each, while the third group included cultivars from European, North American, and Japanese origins.     

一个与水稻直立穗基因qPE9-1关联的InDel标记的设计与验证

水稻穗型是重要的农艺性状,也是水稻高产的重要决定因素之一。本研究根据水稻弯曲穗品种与直立穗品种在直立穗基因qpe9-1第5外显子处存在的核苷酸差异设计了1对插入-缺失标记(Insert/Delection),InDel-E5。利用该功能标记对24份水稻品种资源材料及直立穗分离群体F2进行标记基因型分析,研究结果表明,直立穗品种均表现为缺失带型,弯曲穗品种均表现为非缺失带型,F2群体中杂合带型和非缺失带型均为弯曲穗,而缺失带型均为直立穗,说明利用该标记可以快速、准确的鉴定出直立穗品种和单株。     

水稻香米基因标记的开发与应用

稻米的香味是稻米食味品质的重要指标,而香味是受隐性核基因控制,杂合基因型不表现出香味,因此在香米育种中需要寻找一种快速、简便、准确的香味基因检测方法。本实验分别设计了水稻香米基因fgr的2个等位基因的基因标记（InDel-E2、InDel-E7）,利用这两个标记对20个香米和2个非香稻品种（品系）,以及2个香米／非香米组合的F1进行快速检测。结果显示,InDel—E2能检测到11个香米品种（品系）,InDel-E7可检测其余9个香米品种（品系）,且2个标记都能检测杂合基因型,说明本研究中的20个香米品种（品系）受2个香米基因控制。供试材料的分子检测结果与香米的基因型完全相符,因此本研究开发的2对标记可应用于香米育种的基因标记辅助选择和新香米基因的筛选。     

Discriminating durum wheat cultivars using highly polymorphic simple sequence repeat DNA markers

The winter type durum wheat varieties of Anatolia used in this study were differentiated for the first time by using simple sequence repeat (SSR) DNA markers or microsatellites. Seven microsatellite markers were used to distinguish four well‐adapted landrace selections, five cultivars and seven recently obtained advancing lines. The loci of seven microsatellites were all homozygous, but the WMS6 locus occurred with two alleles in all the genotypes. The genotypes were all distinguished from each other, with the number of alleles ranging from five to 13. The lowest and highest polymorphism information content (PIC) values were observed to be 0.609 and 0.872, respectively. Three markers alone, WMS6, WMS30 and WMS120, can distinguish all 16 genotypes. UPGMA dendogram, based on a similarity matrix by a simple matching coefficient algorithm, is in accordance with the available pedigree information.     

两个低谷蛋白基因插入缺失标记的设计与验证

低谷蛋白稻米是肾脏病人极有效的食疗辅助品,培育低谷蛋白功能性水稻品种具有重大意义。低谷蛋白基因Lgc1作为培育低谷蛋白功能性水稻品种的优质资源,受到了育种家的青睐。为提高低谷蛋白基因Lgc1分子标记辅助选择的准确性,我们根据其突变体在两个谷蛋白基因GluB4和GluB5间的碱基缺失,设计出了Lgc1基因的插入缺失标记InDel-Lgc1-A和InDel-Lgc1-B。利用InDel标记对W3660(Lgc1低谷蛋白品种)/南粳46(谷蛋白正常品种)的F2分离群体和13份水稻品种进行检测验证。依据其PCR扩增产物的电泳带型,可准确地区分出低谷蛋白纯合基因、谷蛋白正常纯合基因和杂合基因型3种带型,且3种带型与其植株或品种相应的蛋白性状表现完全一致,表明这两对InDel标记可用于Lgc1低谷蛋白基因资源的鉴定以及分子辅助育种。     

水稻苗期耐低温基因COLD1新功能标记的设计与验证

籼稻和粳稻在苗期耐低温基因COLD1的第4外显子存在1个功能性单碱基变异SNP2,粳型COLD1 ^Jap等位基因低温耐受性表现更强,具有重要的育种利用价值。通过籼粳杂交,可将粳型COLD1 ^Jap等位基因导入籼稻品种,提高其低温耐受力。为提高COLD1基因的选择效率,根据粳型COLD1 ^Jap与籼型COLD1 ^Ind基因存在的单核苷酸差异,结合扩增受阻突变体系PCR的技术原理设计功能标记。应用5个籼稻品种、5个粳稻品种、1个籼粳杂交F₁个体以及1个籼粳杂交F₂群体对功能标记进行检测验证。结果表明,所设计的功能标记可准确区分纯合粳型COLD1 ^Jap、纯合籼型COLD1 ^Ind和杂合基因型,其扩增带型与基因型完全一致,是一种鉴定COLD1基因的有效方法。该标记弥补了前人设计的衍生型酶切扩增多态性序列功能标记费用昂贵、操作复杂及费工费时等不足,可广泛应用于水稻COLD1基因的资源鉴定和分子标记辅助选择育种。     

2012年北方春大豆国家区试大豆品种纯度鉴定、分子ID构建及遗传多样性分析

为了鉴定北方春大豆组国家区域试验大豆品种的纯度、构建参试大豆品种的分子ID及品种间遗传关系分析,从而有效地指导中国北方春大豆新品种的选育和推广。通过对参加2012年北方春大豆国家区试的94份大豆材料用分布在大豆基因组8个连锁群的13对SSR标记进行分析。结果表明：94份参试大豆品种纯度分布范围为53.85%~100%,平均纯度为99.02%;利用Satt231、Satt288、Satt160、Satt193和Sat-092这5对引物可以将94份参试大豆品种区分开,并获得唯一的分子ID;94个参试大豆品种间遗传相似系数为0~0.846,平均相似系数为0.2783,说明参试大豆品种间遗传差异性较大。通过SSR标记分析,可以有效地鉴定参试大豆品种的纯度、建立参试大豆品种的分子ID及实现品种间遗传关系分析。     

以DNA位点纯合率评价小麦品种的一致性和稳定性

为了解小麦杂交组合高世代株系和我国小麦品种的DNA位点纯合率,及其评价小麦品种一致性和稳定性的可行性,采用172对SSR、99对EST-SSR和76对AFLP-SCAR引物,检测了10个F₄代株系、10个F₅代株系和511个品种的DNA位点纯合率。结果表明,F₄代和F₅代株系的DNA位点纯合率分别为82.1%~94.5%和95.7%~99.4%。根据F₅代500个单株的DNA纯合位点比率,推测出F₆代株系的DNA位点纯合率为98%~100%。在511个品种中,有10%的品种其DNA位点纯合率低于95%。通过比较证明,DNA位点纯合率越高品种的一致性和稳定性越好。对2006—2009连续3个年度国家冬小麦区域试验品种的检测证明,DNA位点纯合率高于95%的大多数品种和DNA位点纯合率为90%~95%的少数品种具备一致性和稳定性;DNA位点纯合率低于90%的品种不具备一致性和稳定性。说明可以将DNA位点纯合率作为评价小麦品种一致性和稳定性的辅助标准。并提出了以20个个体为样本、检测50个DNA位点的小麦品种DNA位点纯合率检测方法以及检测方法中需注意的细节。     

Discovery of single nucleotide polymorphism in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Capsicum</Emphasis> and SNP markers for cultivar identification

Molecular markers based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are abundant and evenly distributed in a whole genome enough to distinguish individuals in a population. In recent years, sets of SNP markers have been designed and applied for cultivar identification in various crop species. This paper is the first to report the development of a panel of SNP markers for variety identification in peppers. We used conserved ortholog set II (COSII) markers developed from conserved unigenes between tomato and Arabidopsis to identify SNPs in peppers. We tested 438 COSII primer sets amplified as single PCR products out of a total 600 COSII primer sets. Among the 438 COSII primers, 170 primer sets (38.8%) showed polymorphisms between Capsicum annuum ‘RNaky (RN)’and C. chinense ‘PI 159234 (234)’. In contrast, only 48 primer sets (11.0%) out of 438 primers sets were polymorphic between C. annuum ‘Perennial (PER), and ‘Dempsey (DEMP)’. The average frequency of SNPs plus InDels between C. annuum and C. chinense was 1/189 bp and between C. annuum spp. was 1/948 bp. Primer sets showing SNP between C. annuum PER and DEMP were re-designed to Allele Specific PCR (AS-PCR) primers and we finally selected a total of 40 SNP markers for cultivar identification. As the result, we were able to discriminate 97.5% of the 81 commercial hot cultivars and 100% of the 17 sweet pepper cultivars. We conclude the paper by discussing the use of the SNP marker set for cultivar identification and other applications.     

Development and application of allele-specific PCR assays for imazethapyr resistance in rice (Oryza sativa)

Outcrossing or cross hybridization is a potential concern in herbicide-resistant crop management strategies such as in the Clearfield™ rice system. Recent studies have shown that the mutated acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene that confers resistance to imazethapyr (Newpath) herbicide can be transferred from Clearfield rice cultivars via cross pollination under field conditions to weedy red rice. Resistance of commercial Clearfield rice cultivars to imazethapyr is due to the presence of two point mutations in the ALS gene that result in amino acid substitutions from serine to asparagine (S to D) and glycine to glutamic acid (G to E). We report here development of a DNA-based method that involves application of allele-specific PCR assays to distinguish herbicide-susceptible and resistant ALS alleles in either homozygous or heterozygous genotypes produced from natural outcrosses between Clearfield varieties CL121, CL141, CL161 and weedy red rice. PCR assays that can distinguish between the homozygous and heterozygous imazethapyr-resistant S₆₅₃D and G₆₅₄E SNP alleles of the rice ALS gene were developed and evaluated. A total of 483 individual red rice plants were successfully screened for the presence of S₆₅₃D SNP and another 145 F₂ individuals from natural red rice × CL121 hybridizations were screened for the presence of the G₆₅₄E SNP. The PCR-based assays produced during this study are simple, rapid, inexpensive, reproducible and require only standard PCR and electrophoretic instruments that can be applied toward outcrossing evaluation and effective weed management strategies for the Clearfield crop system.