不同机械深耕的改土及促进作物生长和增产效果

长期不合理耕作导致土壤结构性能恶化、土壤耕性变差,限制作物根系下扎、影响土壤生产潜力发挥。为了改善土壤耕层构造,该试验采用自主研发的改土机械ES-210型深松犁和前置式心土(亚表层)耕作犁进行深耕,以灭茬旋耕(常规耕作)为对照,进行大区耕作对比试验。结果表明:1)深松、亚表层耕作处理与对照相比,耕层土壤固相率分别降低1.6%~3.3%、2.8%~4.5%,液相、汽相相对增加,三相比更趋于合理化;打破犁底层,降低耕层土壤硬度,其中20~35 cm土层效果更为明显;耕层土壤有效水含量上升1.1%~1.2%、0.9%,束缚水(无效水)含量下降0.4%~1.1%、0.5%~0.9%。2)深松、亚表层耕作处理比对照根长增长,其中甜菜增长5.1%、2.9%,大豆增长11.5%、13.2%;干物质积累量增加,其中甜菜增加2.3%~4.1%、3.1%~4.8%,大豆增加7.8%~10.0%、10.4%~13.6%;3)深松、亚表层耕作处理与对照相比,其中甜菜增产8.5%、12.6%;大豆增产5.0%、6.1%;深松及亚表层耕作改土处理分别比对照增收1003.3、1454.4元/hm2,其中收益大小为亚表层耕作处理深松处理对照。可见,采用ES-210深松犁及心土耕作犁深耕改土,改变了土壤耕层构造,起到扩库增容的效果;改善了作物根系生长环境,提高了作物产量,为今后农业耕作机械的发展提供了技术支撑。     

施磷深度和深松对春玉米磷素吸收与利用的影响

【目的】 磷肥施用深度是影响玉米对磷吸收利用的因素之一,深松可以打破犁底层,促进根系重心下移,提高根系的生理活性。研究深松措施下不同施磷深度春玉米对磷素吸收利用的影响,以期明确深松措施下春玉米高产栽培减磷增效的适宜施磷方式。 【方法】 2014年采用裂区田间试验,以耕作方式为主区,设旋耕、深松 + 旋耕两个处理;以施磷深度为副区,设6 cm (P6)、12 cm (P12)、18 cm (P18)、24 cm (P24) 4个处理,以不施磷肥为CK。2015年进行了深松措施下大田验证试验。测定了春玉米植株地上部干物质重、磷含量、磷素吸收量,分析了不同施磷深度下春玉米的磷素吸收效率和磷肥利用效率的差异性,讨论了土壤磷素分布与春玉米根系分布的匹配关系对磷素吸收和磷肥利用的影响。 【结果】 不同施磷深度下春玉米籽粒产量均表现为P12 > P6 > P18 > P24,耕作措施间表现为深松 + 旋耕处理高于旋耕处理,在深松 + 旋耕处理下P12处理与其他处理间的差异均达到显著水平。植株地上部磷含量吐丝期和完熟期均以P12处理最高,P6处理次之,P24处理最低。干物质重均以P12处理最高,耕作措施间表现为深松 + 旋耕处理高于旋耕处理,旋耕处理下吐丝期和完熟期不同施磷深度处理间差异均不显著,深松 + 旋耕处理下吐丝期不同施磷深度处理间差异均不显著,完熟期P12处理与P24处理之间的差异达到了显著水平。磷素吸收量均以P12处理最高,旋耕处理下吐丝期前P12处理较P6处理 (常规施磷深度) 提高7.47% (2014),吐丝期后P12处理较P6处理提高3.85% (2014),深松 + 旋耕处理下吐丝期前P12处理较P6处理提高10.32% (2014)、9.01% (2015),吐丝期后P12处理较P6处理提高9.34% (2014)、10.20% (2015),深松进一步促进了春玉米对磷素的吸收,且在吐丝期后表现得更为明显。磷素吸收效率均以P12处理最高,P6处理次之,P24处理最低,P12处理与其他处理之间差异均达到了显著水平。磷肥利用效率均以P12处理最高,在旋耕处理下P12处理较P6处理提高19.22% (2014),深松 + 旋耕处理下P12处理较P6处理提高29.22% (2014)、29.04% (2015)。 【结论】 深松措施下,磷肥施用深度适度下移至 12 cm 可提高春玉米的磷素吸收效率、磷肥利用效率和籽粒产量,是玉米高产栽培减磷增效的有效途径。      

耕作和施肥方式对土壤水分及饲用玉米产量的影响

为探究耕作和施肥方式对西北半干旱区饲用玉米(Zea may L.)土壤水分和产量的影响,以饲用玉米陇饲1号为材料,设置传统旋耕、立式深旋耕2种耕作方式以及单施化肥、有机肥替代化肥2种施肥方式组合,共4个处理,研究不同的耕作和施肥方式对饲用玉米土壤贮水量、花前花后耗水量、单株鲜重和干重以及产量的影响。结果表明,与传统旋耕相比,立式深旋耕能够降低饲用玉米0~300 cm土层土壤贮水量,提高花前耗水量,降低花后耗水量,增加生育期总耗水量,而有机肥替代化肥能够降低立式深旋耕方式下土壤总耗水量;立式深旋耕使成熟期单株干重增加1.3%~10.6%,单株鲜重增加4.9%~21.9%,而且不同程度增加了饲用玉米株高、穗长、穗粗、行粒数、百粒重、双穗率,降低了秃顶长,以上指标的变化均有利于高产试验形成。3年试验中立式深旋耕化肥处理较其他处理的籽粒产量增加1.8%~38.6%,丰水年生物量增加1.2%~15.1%,立式深旋耕有机肥处理较其他处理提高了干旱年生物量4.9%~21.9%、籽粒产量水分利用效率6.3%~34.8%、生物量水分利用效率7.1%~21.5%。综上,立式深旋耕能够改善作物生长土壤环境,有利于饲用玉米对土壤水分的吸收以及干物质量的积累,其组合化肥处理可以增加饲用玉米籽粒产量和丰水年生物量,组合有机肥替代处理可增加干旱年饲用玉米生物量和水分利用效率。本研究为西北半干旱区饲用玉米高产高效可持续生产提供了理论依据。     

In-row tillage methods for subsoil amendment and starter fertilizer application to conservation-tilled grain sorghum

Acid subsoils and tillage pans limit crop yields on sandy soils of the Southern Coastal Plain of the United States. Studies were conducted for 3 years on two soils with acid subsoils and tillage pans to determine the effect of starter fertilizer (22 kg N, 10 kg P ha⁻¹ and fluid lime (1350 kg ha⁻¹) placement with in-row tillage methods on growth and yield of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown in a conservation-tillage system. Fertilizer and lime were applied in factorial combinations in the in-row subsoil channel, in a narrow (4-mm) slit 18 cm below the tillage pan (slit-tillage), or 7 cm to the side of the row incorporated 7 cm deep. Slit-tillage was as effective as subsoiling in two of the four tests where plant growth and grain yield responded to deep tillage. Of the other two tests where there was a response to deep tillage, slit-tillage resulted in a 6% decrease in grain yield compared to subsoiling in one test, and an 8% yield increase in the other. Starter fertilizer placement was not critical, but response to starter fertilizer occurred only when deep tillage, either in-row subsoiling or slit-tillage, was used in conjunction with the fertilizer. Starter fertilizer consistently increased early-season plant growth; however, yield response to starter fertilizer was highly dependent on rainfall. Starter fertilizer application increased yield in only one of five tests. There was no benefit from injecting lime.     

Remediation of subsoil compaction and compaction effects on corn N availability by deep tillage and application of poultry manure in a sandy-textured soil

Subsoil compaction may reduce the availability and uptake of water and plant nutrients thereby lowering crop yields. Among the management options for remediating subsoil compaction are deep tillage and the selection of crop rotations with deep-rooted crops, but little is known of the effects of applications of organic amendments on subsoil compaction. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of subsoil compaction on corn yield and N availability in a sandy-textured soil and to evaluate the use of deep tillage and surface applications of poultry manure to remediate subsoil compaction. A field experiment planted to corn (Zea mays L.) was conducted from 2000 to 2001 on a Reelfoot fine sandy loam (fine-silty, mixed thermic Aquic Argiudolls) formed in silty alluvium located in southeast Missouri near the Mississippi River. Treatments were arranged in a factorial design with three levels of subsoil compaction and subsoiling and four rates (averaging 0, 6, 11 and 18 Mg ha⁻¹) of poultry manure. Subsoil tillage to a depth of 30 cm had multiple effects, including overcoming a natural or tillage-induced dense layer or pan and increasing volumetric soil water content and crop N uptake, especially in the 2001 cropping year with low early season precipitation. N recovery efficiency (NRE) was significantly higher in the subsoil treatment compared to the highest compaction treatment in 2001. No significant interactions between manure rates and compaction and subsoiling treatments were observed for corn grain and silage yields, N uptake and NRE. Average increases in corn grain yields over all manure rates due to subsoil tillage of compacted soil were 2002 kg ha⁻¹ in 2000 and 3504 kg ha⁻¹ in 2001. Application of poultry manure had a consistent positive effect on increasing grain yields and N uptake in 2000 and 2001 but did not significantly alter measured soil physical properties. The results of this study suggest that deep tillage and applications of organic amendments are management tools that may overcome restrictions in both N and soil water availability due to subsoil compaction in sandy-textured soils.     

有机肥施用量和耕作方式对旱地土壤水分利用效率及作物生产力的影响

为了探索旱地农业连作春玉米田不同保护性耕作措施下土壤蓄水保墒效果与不同施肥处理组合下春玉米的增产增收效应,在2014—2016年通过大田试验,研究了旱地农田冬闲期免耕、深松和翻耕3种耕作方式对玉米田冬闲期蓄水保墒效果及玉米生育期3种耕作处理与高、中、低有机肥3种施肥处理组合对春玉米生育期土壤水分动态、产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明,免耕和深松与翻耕相比,蓄水效果较好;2个试验年度冬闲期,免耕和深松较翻耕分别高1.3,0.9个百分点。免耕、深松较翻耕处理0—200 cm土层2年土壤平均贮水量分别增加20.8,22.1 mm;玉米生长生育期在高有机肥条件下,免耕、深松较翻耕处理0—200 cm土层土壤平均贮水量分别高44.2,34.6 mm;以高有机肥深松处理产量、WUE和纯收益最高。2年平均产量、WUE和纯收益分别为9 332.40 kg/hm^2,22.01 kg/(hm^2·mm)和5 104.1元/hm^2,高有机肥免耕处理次之,较高有机肥免耕处理增产和增收分别为7.4%和3.9%。综合考虑各处理土壤蓄水保墒效果和玉米增产增收效应,高有机肥深松是旱区连作玉米田最优的耕作和施肥处理组合。     

Effects of rotational tillage practices on soil structure,organic carbon concentration and crop yields in semi‐arid areas of northwest China

Continuous conventional tillage can cause serious soil degradation in rain‐fed agriculture, which reduces crop productivity. Adopting suitable tillage practices is very important for improving the soil and increasing crop productivity. Between 2007 and 2010, a 3‐year field study was conducted in semi‐arid areas of southern Ningxia, China, to determine the effects of rotational tillage practices on bulk density, soil aggregate, organic carbon concentration and crop yields. Three tillage treatments were tested: no‐tillage the first and third year and subsoiling the second year (NT/ST/NT); subsoiling the first and third year and no‐tillage the second year (ST/NT/ST); and conventional tillage each year (CT). A conventional tillage treatment was used as the control. Under the rotational tillage treatments, the mean soil bulk density at a depth of 0–60 cm was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by 4.9% compared with CT, and with the best effect under ST/NT/ST. The soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and aggregate size fractions and stability at 0–40 cm depth were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in rotational tillage treatments when compared with the conventional tillage, and the ST/NT/ST treatment produced the highest increases. Significant differences were detected in the SOC concentration in 2 to 0.25–mm size fractions at 0–30 cm depth between rotational tillage treatments and conventional tillage. Biomass and grain yield with the rotational tillage practices were significantly positively influenced over 3 years, and ST/NT/ST produced the highest average crop yields among the three treatments. Therefore, it was concluded that the application of rotational tillage with subsoiling every 2 years and no‐tillage every other year (ST/NT/ST) should be of benefit in promoting the development of dryland farming in semi‐arid areas of northwest China.     

有机物料深耕还田改善石灰性黑钙土物理性状

为明确不同深耕方式和有机物料配施还田的改土效果,在黑龙江省安达市石灰性黑钙土上开展了深松、秸秆心土还田、秸秆心土还田+鸡粪3种深耕处理对不同土层土壤物理性状影响的研究,并与常规耕作进行了比较。结果表明:耕层土壤三相比处理间变化无规律,20 cm以下土层秸秆心土还田处理和秸秆心土还田+鸡粪处理降低土壤固相效果明显;深耕处理不同土层含水率均高于对照,其中30~50 cm土层差异明显;秸秆心土还田+鸡粪处理有增加土壤孔隙率、孔隙比和土壤饱和导水率的效果;各深耕处理20~50 cm土层土壤容重和硬度与对照相比降低;深松处理增产效果不明显,秸秆心土还田处理比对照平均增产10.5%,秸秆心土还田+鸡粪处理平均增产36.14%,该研究通过明确有机物料不同深耕改土措施对土壤物理性质的影响及与玉米产量的关系,为有机物料深耕还田改善石灰性黑钙土提供理论参考依据。     

The effect of subsoiling on soil resistance and cotton yield

Soil compaction occurs due to heavy wheeling or repetitive tillage in the field. Soil compaction changes the soil physical parameters and water infiltration that cause reduction in the crop yield. Proper subsoiling alleviates the negative effect of soil compaction. The objectives of the research was to examine the effects of subsoiling on the resistance of the soil and to find out deep tillage effects on the cotton yield and the convenient time for applying subsoil treatment for reducing the soil compaction. One-pass (B) and two-passes (C) subsoil treatments were applied in the fields where wheat, silage maize (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crops were grown by 2 years rotation. The experiment was started in 1998 and carried out for 4 years. Soil penetrations were measured during the experiments years at thaw conditions of silty-clay soil (43% clay, 50% silt, 7% sand) before seedbed preparation in autumn seasons. According to the results, the subsoiling treatments created statistically significant effects on the soil resistance (P<0.05) comparing the control plots (A). The initial disruption in subsoiled plots has almost disappeared after 2 and 4 years in B and C plots, respectively. The soil resistance in C plots was lower than in B plot. The percentage of decrease in the soil resistance from A to B and A to C plots was calculated as 13.3 and 26.2%, respectively, in the first year. In the effective subsoiling area from 0.20 to 0.50 m depth, the ratio of penetration decrease in both plots was about 7–8% per year. The difference of penetration decrease between B and C plots was found to be about 15.8% level. Cotton yields at each subsoiled plots increased slightly comparing with control plots (A) where subsoiling was not applied. However, these increments were found to be statistically insignificant. It may be concluded that the subsoiling treatments does not affect the crop yield in intensive and fully irrigated field conditions.     

不同土壤耕作方式对东北风沙土区玉米田土壤质量及产量的影响

[目的]研究黑龙江省西部不同土壤耕作方式对玉米产量及土壤性状的影响,为该地区农业生产提供参考。[方法]比较常规耕作、旋耕、翻耕、深翻和超深翻耕作对玉米产量和土壤物理特性的影响。[结果]翻耕和超深翻耕作增加了土壤含水量和田间持水量,降低了耕层土壤渗透速率、土壤容重和土壤紧实度,但是增加犁底层土壤渗透速率、土壤容重和土壤紧实度。翻耕、深翻和超深翻处理耕层土壤三相结构距离(STPSD)和土壤结构指数(GSSI)较好;翻耕、深翻和超深翻处理显著降低犁底层土壤的GSSI,增加STPSD;旋耕处理没有显著影响犁底层土壤GSSI和STPSD。与常规耕作处理相比,翻耕和超深翻分别增加玉米产量7.6%和6.0%。翻耕比超深翻玉米产量高10.9%。深翻处理玉米产量为5.58t/hm2,比常规耕作减产8.1%。[结论]在不完全打破犁底层情况下,在黑龙江西部地区翻耕是比较理想的耕作方式。     

Effects of Green Manure and Compost Of Pea Plant on Wheat

Cereal based cropping systems have been established for food security in many countries where farmers use plenty of chemical fertilizers, but adoption of leguminous crop in the system is not popular. Excessive use of fertilizers is responsible for health and environmental hazards. Adoption of legume in cereal based cropping systems and improvement of organic fertilizer are needed to reduce chemical fertilizer use. Pot experiments in the greenhouse were carried out with green manure (GM) and compost of green pea (Pisum sativum L.) plant residue (PP) with dried chicken manure (CM) and/or rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) oil residue (RR) at Gifu University, Japan during 2004-2007. The goal of the experiments was to assess: the effectiveness of GM and compost on growth and yield of wheat and ii) the efficiency of GM and compost to supply nutrients. After pod harvest, PP was mixed with CM or RR or half of CM plus half of RR, or nothing was mixed with PP for making GM and compost for wheat. Results of two pea-wheat cycles revealed that composts of PP with CM and CM plus RR were enriched by higher microbial activity; maintained the activity at a higher rate in the soil and supplied sufficient nutrients to wheat. As a result, wheat harvested higher amount of N P K with efficient recovery rate, which improved yield components and yield. Apparent nutrient recovery efficiencies of the composts could save fertilizer use and environment. Although higher value was found from compost than GM of similar organic materials, but among the GM treatments, PP with CM plus RR also gave higher yield. Moreover, instead of having enough nutrients, RR can not supply nutrients satisfactorily due to delay release but CM itself is efficient and stimulates RR to release nutrients. Therefore, pea compost with CM or CM plus RR is recommended for wheat.     

盐碱地玉米产量及土壤硝态氮对深松耕作和秸秆还田的响应

【目的】盐碱地是我国重要的土地资源,研究合理可行的耕作技术和培肥措施,为提高产量和实现盐碱地农业可持续发展提供理论依据。【方法】2014-2017年,在山东省滨州市无棣县的盐碱土上,以玉米为供试作物,连续进行了4年田间试验。试验采用裂区设计,以耕作方式为主区,分别设夏季旋耕15 cm (R)和旋耕后再深松35 cm处理(S);副区为冬季秸秆还田量,设秸秆半量还田(3350 kg/hm^2,B)和秸秆全量还田(6700kg/hm^2,Q)两个用量,以无秸秆还田为对照。所有处理的养分总量保持一致。开花后每隔10天取样1次,直到收获期,测定植株干物质和穗位叶硝酸还原酶活性。在玉米小口期、开花期及收获期,取0-100 cm土层样品,每10 cm为一层,测定了土壤硝态氮含量及累积量。【结果】各生育期玉米干物质积累量和产量在两个耕作方式间的差异不显著,与秸秆半量还田相比,秸秆全量还田处理开花期前干物质量较少,但在开花期时,已经开始赶超秸秆半量还田的处理。在收获期,秸秆全量还田处理的干物质量显著高于秸秆半量还田处理的干物质量,4年中的提高幅度为8.6%~9.7%,秸秆全量还田处理的籽粒产量显著优于秸秆半量还田处理(P <0.05)。4年干物质积累量,SQ处理平均比SB、RQ和RB分别提高2.5%~7.3%、1.6%~4.2%和7.6%~20.3%。深松与秸秆全量还田有明显的正耦合作用,秸秆全量还田与深松耕作相结合有利于籽粒产量的提高,与其他处理差异显著(P <0.05)。相同耕作方式下,4年中秸秆全量还田处理的平均硝态氮含量在小口期低于秸秆半量还田,在开花期显著高于秸秆半量还田,但在收获期又显著低于秸秆半量还田的处理,硝态氮累积量平均降低17.9%(P <0.05)。在4年中深松耕作处理的0-100 cm平均硝态氮累积量比旋耕处理的显著降低8.9%。【结论】在供试盐碱地土壤条件下,秸秆全量还田结合浅旋耕后再深松的效果最好,可提高玉米产量,减少土壤中硝态氮的累积。     

深松促进春玉米干物质和磷素的积累与转运

为研究深松对春玉米干物质和磷素积累与转运的影响。以郑单958和先玉335为供试品种,设旋耕（R）、深松+旋耕（S+R）2个处理,通过连续2年的田间定位试验。结果表明,S+R处理显著（P<0.05）提高2个品种春玉米的产量、吐丝期干物质和磷积累量、干物质和磷转运量,尤以郑单958表现明显;磷收获指数、磷吸收效率、磷肥偏生产力均表现为S+R处理高于R处理,其中郑单958磷收获指数、磷吸收效率处理间差异均达到显著水平（P<0.05）,而先玉335处理间差异不显著。深松能促进春玉米干物质和磷的积累、转运,提高磷的收获指数、吸收效率和偏生产力,但不同玉米品种间存在显著的差异,郑单958产量和磷效率对深松更为敏感。该文可为春玉米高产高效栽培提供依据。     

应用15N示踪技术研究耕作方式对甘蔗氮肥吸收利用的影响

为探讨甘蔗适宜的机械耕作方式,以甘蔗品种桂糖42号为材料,采用田间微区¹⁵N示踪技术,研究深松45 cm+旋耕25 cm(T1)、深翻40 cm+圆盘耙碎土25 cm(T2)和旋耕25cm(T3)3种耕作方式对氮肥利用效率及去向的影响。结果表明,3种耕作方式下新植蔗吸收的N有43.40%~46.45%来自当季施用的氮肥,氮肥利用率、残留率和损失率范围分别为14.39%~18.43%、50.70%~55.49%和26.08%~34.91%;宿根蔗吸收的N来自上季施用氮肥的比率为13.27%~14.78%,上季氮肥在宿根季的利用率、残留率和损失率范围分别为7.79%~10.35%、31.41%~34.12%和11.02%~11.50%;两季甘蔗收获后,氮肥残留均随土层深度的增加而明显递减,但T3在0~20 cm土层残留较多,其他耕作方式在20~60 cm土层残留较多。两季甘蔗干物质积累量、肥料氮来源比率、氮肥利用率及氮肥残留率以T1最高,T2次之,T3最低,T1与T3间差异达显著水平;两季甘蔗氮肥损失率以T3最高,T2次之,T1最低,其中在新植蔗3个处理间的差异达显著水平。综上,在红壤旱地,深松深翻能促进甘蔗对氮肥的吸收,减少氮肥损失,增加甘蔗产量,其中深松45 cm+旋耕25 cm(T1)的耕作方式效果较好。本研究结果可为红壤蔗地合理耕作提供科学依据。     

Effect of subsoiling on soil properties and winter wheat grain yield

A 2‐year field experiment was carried out in loessal soil in a semi‐humid climate to explore the integrative influences of subsoiling on soil properties and winter wheat grain yield. Results showed that it was essential to deepen the plough pan in loessal soil. The sharply increased soil penetration resistance (>7 MPa) in plough pan under dry soil condition was especially harmful for plant growth. In rotary tillage treatment, the waterlogging conditions caused by shallow plough pan slightly produced macropores and preferential water flow. Significantly, higher grain yield was obtained in the subsoiling tillage treatment, increased by 21.9% in 2016 and 11.3% in 2017, respectively. Subsoiling tillage improved the resilience of winter wheat under adverse climate conditions. Subsoiling tillage should be popularized in loessal soil with shallow plough pan in semi‐humid climate. This study may provide valuable information on soil sustainable use and management in loessal soil.     

内蒙古河套平原灌区玉米适宜耕作方式研究

【目的】浅旋耕是内蒙古河套灌区常用的耕作方式,长期采用浅旋耕导致耕层变浅、犁底层变硬、土壤保水保肥能力下降。本文探索了翻耕和深松对内蒙古河套平原灌区不同产量水平下玉米农田土壤肥力的作用,以明确适宜本地区长期可持续的耕作技术。【方法】本研究在巴彦淖尔市黄河沿岸进行。选择了长期引黄灌溉,且分别采用浅旋耕 (10—15 cm)、传统翻耕 (20—30 cm) 和深松 (30—35 cm) 3种耕作措施及低、中、高3个产量水平地块。在玉米收获后,采集0—20、20—35和35—50 cm土层样品,测定土壤容重、土壤固液气三相比、土壤水分含量和养分含量,调查玉米产量,分析传统翻耕和深松对不同产量水平地块土壤质量及玉米产量的作用效果,以及不同产量水平地块采用深松和传统翻耕的增产潜力。【结果】3个产量水平土壤上,深松和翻耕较浅旋耕处理的土壤含水量分别提高7.25%～32.11%、5.36%～21.91%,土壤容重降低5.23%～8.61%、0.69%～4.91%,土壤固液气三相比R值降低12.24%～89.97%、7.30%～57.74%,土壤全氮含量提高了17.88%～55.60%、9.81%～22.25%,土壤速效磷含量提高21.23%～41.26%、10.84%～22.04%,土壤速效钾含量提高36.85%～71.99%、6.01%～50.99%,土壤有机质含量提高28.85%～54.14%、14.63%～36.38%;深松的效果显著好于传统翻耕。低、中、高产量水平地块采用深松,玉米的增产潜力分别为29.56%、25.37%、16.13%,采用传统翻耕分别为22.75%、16.96%、16.55%,采用深松的增产潜力大于采用翻耕。【结论】内蒙古河套平原耕作措施由浅旋耕改为深松与传统翻耕,能显著改善低、中、高产肥力地块土壤的理化特性,并提高玉米产量,其中深松效果均好于传统翻耕。低肥力与中肥力水平下采取深松耕作效果最佳,高肥力水平下深松与传统翻耕均可。     

休闲期耕作方式和施用保水剂对旱地小麦产量及水分利用率的影响

为探讨提高旱地麦田休闲期土壤蓄水保水能力、保证旱地小麦稳产高产的有效途径,本研究采用双因素裂区试验,主区为耕作方式(深松、深翻和旋耕),副区为保水剂施用量(0、45、90 kg·hm^-2),研究了耕作方式和施用保水剂对土壤含水量、土壤养分、旱地小麦产量和水分利用率的影响,并分析了土壤含水量、生育期耗水量与旱地小麦产量及其构成因素和水分利用率之间的相关关系。结果表明,与休闲期旋耕相比,休闲期深松提高了播前20~160 cm土层的土壤含水量,休闲期深翻提高了播前0~20 cm和60~140 cm土层的土壤含水量,加速了收获期20~200 cm土层的水分利用;并通过增加穗数和穗粒数使旱地小麦产量分别提高了12.63%和6.88%,显著提高了水分利用率和降水利用率,20~40 cm土层有机质、碱解氮、速效磷含量总体提高。休闲期耕作,配施保水剂45 kg·hm^-2显著提高了旱地小麦休闲期蓄水保水能力、水分利用率和产量。休闲期深松增产效果和提高水分利用率效果优于休闲期深翻。旱地小麦产量和降水利用率与播前60~120 cm土层含水量呈正相关。本研究结果为晋南旱地小麦优化耕作方式和保水剂施用量提高产量和水分利用率提供了理论依据,对旱地小麦稳产高产、减小年际间产量波动具有重要意义。     

Cotton response to in-row subsoiling and potassium fertilizer placement in Alabama

In the USA a suggested method for correcting late season K deficiencies in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is by in-row deep placement of K fertilizer. Experiments were conducted on three Alabama soils (southeastern USA) for 3 years to evaluate cotton response to K fertilizer when surface broadcast with and without in-row subsoiling (to 38 cm depth) or deep placed in the in-row subsoil channel. Potassium was applied at rates ranging from 0 to 84 kg K ha⁻¹. Deep placement was achieved with a fertilizer applicator developed to distribute dry fertilizer at three depths down the back of the subsoil shank. All three soils also had deep placement treatments of 1680 kg ha⁻¹ agricultural limestone with and without 84 kg K ha⁻¹. Soils were an Emory silt loam (fine-silty, siliceous Fluventic Umbric Dystrochrepts), a Norfolk sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous Typic Kandiudults), and a Lucedale sandy clay loam (fine-loamy, siliceous Rhodic Paleuduts). All three soils had medium soil test K concentrations in the plow layer and medium or low concentrations of K at greater depths. The Norfolk soil had a well-developed traffic pan and in-row subsoiling increased seed cotton yields by an average of 22% during the 3 years of the study. Cotton responded to K fertilization in 2 out of 3 years at each location (6 out of 9 site-years) regardless of the method of K application. Annual applications of 84 kg K ha⁻¹ increased 3 year average seed cotton yields by 17%, 10% and 19% on the Emory, Norfolk and Lucedale soils, respectively. Deep placement of agricultural limestone with or without K fertilizer for cotton did not increase cotton yields.     

The effect of subsoiling and irrigation on potato production

Thin tillage pans restrict water movement and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) root penetration in fine-textured soils of the Columbia Basin in central Washington State, U.S.A. Deep chiseling beneath potato rows, with simultaneous deep incorporation of fertilizer, was used to break-up the pans, enabling deeper root development. The effects of subsoiling on soil physical conditions and on potato production were examined under varying rates of irrigation. Deep tillage decreased soil strengths and bulk densities and increased porosity to depths of 10–16 cm below the pans. These improved subsoil physical conditions resulted in deeper root penetration, but the additional rooting only amounted to a small increase to the total root system. Cubic polynomial regressions demonstrated that subsoiling significantly increased potato yields under very droughty conditions but had no significant effects at intermediate (near optimum) levels of water application. Potato quality (percentage of U.S. No. 1 grade tubers and tuber specific gravity) was generally unaffected by deep tillage. These results indicate that, for potatoes, appropriate irrigation management can be used to overcome problems of restricted root penetration and impeded water movement caused by tillage pans.     

不同耕作施肥方式对夏玉米氮素利用及土壤容重的影响

合理的耕作与施肥方式是实现作物高产高效的重要措施,为研究不同耕作及施肥方式对夏玉米氮素利用、产量和土壤容重的影响,在2016年和2017年夏玉米生长时期分别设置免耕浅施肥(T1)、深松全层施肥(T2)、新型深松两肥异位分层施肥(T3)3种耕作施肥方式。结果表明:与T1比,2种深松处理的成熟期植株干物质积累量、全氮积累量平均分别提高9.68%,13.97%,夏玉米平均增产17.20%;深松耕作处理的氮肥生产效率和农学效率较T1平均分别增加14.74%和59.95%,氮肥表观利用率平均抬升14.15个百分点;0—40 cm土壤容重降低8.54%。深松耕作方式下,与T2比,T3的成熟期植株干物质积累量、全氮积累量平均分别提高9.41%,6.28%,夏玉米平均增产9.70%,氮肥生产效率和农学效率分别增加8.59%和32.32%,氮肥表观利用率抬升14.10个百分点。与T1比,2种深松施肥方式T2和T3均显著降低土壤容重,提高夏玉米产量,促进氮肥利用。控释氮肥与深松两肥异位分层施肥(T3)相结合的方式能够更加有效地降低土壤容重,提高作物产量和氮素利用效率,是黄淮海平原区夏玉米生产中值得推荐的一种新型耕作施肥方式。