沼液堆肥化与牛粪堆肥化的发酵特性及腐熟进程

为评价沼液作为堆肥含氮添加剂的应用效果,开发沼液的处理应用技术,以牛粪树叶堆肥为对照,将沼液和树叶混合堆制发酵,探讨其发酵特性与腐熟进程。研究结果表明,环境温度一直在10℃以下,沼液堆肥化和牛粪堆肥化均能经历35d以上的堆温超过50℃的高温发酵;而沼液堆肥化超过50℃的高温期持续时间比牛粪堆肥化少8d;经60d的发酵沼液堆肥化的半纤维素含量从发酵初期的12.14%下降到6.53%,纤维素含量由20.5%下降到9.8%;而牛粪堆肥化的半纤维素含量从12.8%下降到9.56%,纤维素含量由21.5%下降到15.9%。可见沼液堆肥化的分解更彻底。从C/N、温度、可溶性糖含量、含水量、种子发芽指数综合评价两种堆肥的腐熟度,沼液堆肥化进入腐熟状态约经30d,而牛粪堆肥化进入腐熟约需45d。     

外源微生物对堆肥理化性质及酶活影响的研究

利用牛粪和稻草为原料进行堆肥实验,通过测定堆肥过程中的温度、含水率等物理、化学指标以及酶活性的变化,研究了接种外源微生物对堆肥过程的影响。结果表明,接种外源微生物比对照提前2d达到高温期,并且维持时间长。大肠杆菌数量及植物毒性比不接种大幅度降低,纤维素酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶均有所增加。说明接种外源微生物可以使堆肥中微生物数量增多,加速堆料中有机物的分解,加快堆肥腐熟,缩短堆肥反应的进程,对优化堆肥工艺具有重要的意义。     

风管加设导流板对牛粪堆肥效果和微生物群落的影响

通风是影响堆肥效果的重要因素,通风小孔出流速度及方向由管内流速和静压产生的流速共同决定。由于近进风口处管内流速相对较高,小孔出风气流向风管轴线偏斜,近进风口区域物料存在通风弱区。为避免该区域通风量不足影响堆肥效果,该研究在风管首个出风小孔后端（以进风气流方向计）加设导流板(0.75、1、1.25 cm),基于计算流体力学（computational fluid dynamics,CFD）方法确定导流板高度,并设置2组试验,以加设导流板为处理组（T）,无导流板为对照组（CK）,探究导流板对牛粪堆肥效果和微生物群落的影响。研究结果表明,导流板可显著降低近进风口处通风弱区,且板高度显著影响均匀性,高度为0.75、1、1.25 cm时气流平均速度分别提高10.8%、34.0%、34.2%。处理组（T）与对照组（CK）相比,处理组物料高温期温度提升2.1 ℃,堆肥结束时含水率降低5.5%,挥发性固体含量降低2.4%,种子发芽指数提高20.9%。高通量测序结果表明,增设导流板可显著提高微生物群落的多样性与丰富度,特别是高温阶段高温双岐菌属（Thermobifida）和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）以及降温与腐熟阶段糖单胞菌属（Saccharomonospora）和副土地杆菌属（Parapedobacter）的相对丰度。通过冗余分析表明,Thermobifida、Bacillus与温度呈正相关,与C/N呈负相关,Saccharomonospora、Parapedobacter与Germination Index呈正相关,与Volatile Solids Content呈负相关,表明风管加设导流板可促进物料有机质降解,提高腐熟效果。该研究可为堆肥风管设计提供技术支持。     

Effect of Catch Cropping on Phosphorus Bioavailability in Comparison to Organic and Inorganic Fertilization

ABSTRACT

Phosphorus (P) is a limited resource and its efficient use is a main task in sustainable agriculture. In a 3-year field experiment the effects of catch cropping [oil radish (Raphanus sativus), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), serradella (Ornithopus sativus), ryegrass (Lolium westerwoldicum), and phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia)] of organic fertilization (cattle manure and biowaste compost) and of inorganic fertilization (Triple-Superphosphate) on plant and soil parameters were investigated on a P-poor loamy sand in Northeast Germany. The catch crops were sown in September and remained on the plots until next spring. Then the main crops oilseed rape (Brassica napus), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare), or spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) were cultivated. The yield and P uptake of the main crops were determined. Furthermore, in the soil the organic matter content, pH, phosphorus (P) in soil solution (Psol), double-lactate and oxalate P content, P sorption capacity, and degree of P saturation were measured. All applied forms of fertilizer affected the P contents in soil and the yields and P uptakes of main crops. For green fertilization especially phacelia was found to contribute to the P supply of the main crops, since it increased the P uptake as well as the P contents in soil significantly. The cultivation of ryegrass led to a reduction of the P availability in soil. For example, in average of the three years the Psol content was 0.35 mg L^{? 1}when phacelia was cultivated and 0.22 mg L^{? 1} when ryegrass was cultivated. The cultivation of phacelia had a comparable effect on soil and plant parameters as the organic and mineral fertilization. An improved P availability and P utilization by catch cropping can reduce the need for external P input which may help to save the limited P resources worldwide.     

Interactions between soil organic matter level and soil tillage in a growing crop: N mineralization and yield response

Four levels of soil organic matter (SOM) had been established on a coarse sandy loam after application of four combinations of mineral fertilizer, animal manure, straw incorporation and catch crops for 12 years. Soil tillage was carried out in a growing spring barley crop (Hordeum vulgare) to examine the potential for improving the synchrony between soil N mineralization and crop N demand. Tillage raised soil nitrate concentrations temporarily but did not influence barley dry matter (DM) yield. At maturity, both grain DM yield and N uptake were largest on soil with the highest OM level. The previous OM applications had a pronounced influence on crop development and N availability, but soil tillage did not significantly improve the synchrony between soil N mineralization and crop N demand.     

Catch Crop and Animal Slurry in Spring Barley Grown with Straw Incorporation

Abstract

Four rates of straw (0, 4, 8 and 12 t ha^?1 yr^?1) were incorporated in a field experiment with continuous spring barley. The experiment was conducted on a sandy soil (5.5% clay) and a sandy loam soil (11.2% clay). After eight years, the straw incorporation was combined with catch-crop growing with and without winter application of animal slurry and also spring fertilization with mineral fertilizer (0, 50, 100 or 125 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1). The combined experiment was conducted for three lyears on the sandy soil and for four years on the sandy loam soil. The effects on barley dry matter yield and N uptake are presented together with the long-term effects of the straw incorporations on crop growth and soil C and N. Grain yield on the sandy loam was unaffected by straw incorporation. On the sandy soil the highest straw application rates reduced grain yield in the unfertilized barley. When the barley received mineral fertilizer at recommended levels (100 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1), grain yield on this soil was also unaffected by the high straw rates. Including a catch crop had a positive effect on the grain yield of barley on both soils. The total N uptake in grain and straw generally increased with straw application up to 8 t ha^?1 yr^?1. With the highest straw application rate (12 t ha^?1 yr^?1), the total N uptake decreased but still exceeded N uptake in barley grown with straw removal. The barley accumulated higher amounts of N when a catch crop was included. The total N uptake in the barley was significantly higher after animal slurry application. The extra N uptake, however, was much lower than the amounts of N applied with the slurry. Incorporation of straw had only a small influence on N uptake after slurry application. The straw, therefore, was not able to store the applied N during winter. In the two four-year periods before the combined experiment, grain yield on the sandy loam was generally negatively affected by straw incorporations. In the second period, N uptake began to show a positive effect of the straw. On the sandy soil, grain yield and N uptake during the whole period were generally positively affected by the straw incorporations except for the highest straw rate (12 t ha^?1 yr^?1). The sandy loam soil showed higher increases in C and N content after the repeated straw incorporations and catch-crop growing than the sandy soil. When application of animal slurry was combined with the catch crop, no further increases in soil C and N were found relative to soil where a catch crop was grown without slurry application. Large amounts of the N applied with the slurry may therefore have been lost by denitrification or nitrate leaching.     

绿肥压青对南方春玉米根际土壤肥力的影响

采用黑麦草、毛叶苕子、紫云英3种绿肥材料进行玉米地压青试验,研究了绿肥压青对南方春玉米根际土壤肥力的影响.结果表明,与无绿肥压青比较,3种绿肥压青对春玉米根际土壤速效养分和有机质含量均有提高效应,其中黑麦草和毛叶苕子的增效最为显著;对玉米根际土壤速效养分而言,毛叶苕子增效好于黑麦草;就有机质而言,黑麦草和毛叶苕子增效相当.研究表明毛叶苕子和黑麦草可作为南方春玉米前茬地的优势绿肥品种.     

蔬菜废弃物堆肥对设施蔬菜产量和土壤生物特性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了蔬菜废弃物堆肥对小白菜的增产效果、土壤养分含量、土壤微生物量和酶活性的影响。结果表明,蔬菜废弃物堆肥能够显著提高盆栽小白菜的产量和品质,其中30 t/hm2的高量蔬菜废弃物堆肥将产量提高了66.26%,将品质指标Vc、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著提高了35.64%、183.36%和39.42%。蔬菜废弃物堆肥能够显著提高土壤质量,有机质、总氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量和土壤微生物量碳、氮,以及土壤淀粉酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、脱氢酶活性的土壤质量指标。与牛粪相比较,高用量的蔬菜废弃物堆肥处理在小白菜产量、可溶性蛋白含量、土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量、磷酸酶活性上显著高于牛粪;而在可溶性糖含量、土壤有机质含量、土壤微生物量、淀粉酶、脱氢酶活性上显著低于牛粪。综合而言,蔬菜废弃物堆肥能够提高土壤质量,增加蔬菜产量和品质;在蔬菜产量方面,蔬菜废弃物堆肥优于牛粪,在蔬菜品质和土壤质量方面,蔬菜废弃物堆肥与牛粪相当。     

Subsoil loosening in a crop rotation for organic farming eliminated plough pan with mixed effects on crop yield

Compacted subsoil may reduce plant root growth with resulting effects on plant uptake of water and nutrients. In organic farming systems subsoil loosening may therefore be considered an option to increase nutrient use. We investigated the effect of subsoil loosening with a paraplow to ca. 35 cm depth within a four-crop rotation in an organic farming experiment at Foulum (loamy sand) and Flakkebjerg (sandy loam) in Denmark. In each of the years 2000–2003, half of four plots per site were loosened in the autumn bearing a young grass-clover crop (mixture of Lolium perenne L., Trifolium repens L. and Trifolium pratense L.) established by undersowing in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The grass-clover was grown for another year as a green manure crop and was followed by winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.):barley and spring barley in the following 3 years. On-land ploughing was used for all cereal and pulse crops. Penetration resistance was recorded in all crops, and the results clearly showed that subsoil loosening had effectively reduced the plough pan and that the effect lasted at least for 3.5 years. Measurements of wheat root growth using minirhizotrons at Foulum in 2002/2003 did not show marked effects of subsoil loosening on root frequency in the subsoil. Subsoil loosening resulted in reduced growth and less N uptake of the grass-clover crop in which the subsoil loosening was carried out, probably due to a reduced biological nitrogen (N) fixation resulting from a smaller clover proportion. This had a marked effect on the growth of the succeeding winter wheat. Negative effect of subsoil loosening on yield of winter wheat and spring barley was observed without manure application, whereas small positive yield effect of subsoil loosening was observed in crops with a higher N supply from manure. Yield decrease in winter wheat was observed in years with high winter rainfall. There was no significant effect of subsoiling on grain yield of the lupin:barley crops, although subsoiling had a tendency to increase crop growth and yield during dry summers. Our results suggest that subsoil loosening should not be recommended in general under Danish conditions as a measure to ameliorate subsoil compaction.     

不同菌剂在鸡粪堆肥中的应用效果

选出适宜的鸡粪堆肥菌剂及其与辅料的配比,对促进鸡粪堆肥的效果具有重要的意义。本研究采用了接种不同菌剂的堆肥发酵试验,研究不同鸡粪堆肥过程中堆肥的养分、理化性状和发芽指数等参数变化。结果表明,接种等量不同微生物菌剂的堆肥效果基本一致,比鸡粪(CK)处理的发酵温度提前9~10 d达到50℃;种子发芽指数达到85.2%~87.3%,提高45.2%~47.3%;发酵周期缩短了12 d。接种菌剂处理比仅加米糠处理的发芽指数平均提高了18.8%。聚类分析得出5个处理的堆肥效果被分成了3类,接菌剂处理划归为第一类,表明3种菌剂堆肥效果基本相同;仅加米糠处理是第二类;鸡粪(CK)处理是第三类。本试验在鸡粪和米糠的C/N为25.5的条件下,分别接种3种不同的微生物菌剂(0.05%)的处理,堆肥效果较一致,比仅加米糠和纯鸡粪处理堆肥效果好。     

海泡石添加对猪粪堆肥腐熟和水溶性有机质的影响

为明确黏土矿物的投加对畜禽粪便堆肥腐熟和稳定化的影响,该研究以猪粪和杨木木屑为原料,探究添加海泡石对堆肥基本理化性质、不同成分有机质含量以及溶解性有机质（Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM）结构的影响。结果表明,添加海泡石后堆体最高温度比对照有所下降且电导率上升9.69%,而C/N则降低2.81%,同时种子发芽指数提高11.96%,显示腐熟状况更好;DOM含量降低7.84%而胡敏酸占比提高9.71%,使得堆体有机质更加稳定。荧光光谱分析表明,添加海泡石堆体DOM的荧光谱图中,长波长的峰强在较短时间内出现了明显增加;三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析显示,添加海泡石增加了堆体中高芳香性组分的占比。相关性分析结果表明,添加海泡石后,高芳香性组分与总有机碳之间相关性更为显著,说明海泡石在碳素分解的同时促进了其聚合,从而出现了胡敏酸与高芳香性荧光组分的增长。添加海泡石既能促进堆体腐熟,又可转化调控碳素进而提高堆体稳定性,有利于堆肥的后续农田施用。     

添加碳酸盐岩对好氧堆肥发酵过程、养分和腐熟度的影响

为探索农用矿物\"西班牙河\"碳酸盐岩作为堆肥添加剂对堆肥发酵效果的影响,以动物源堆肥(猪粪堆肥)和植物源堆肥(包菜堆肥)为例,研究碳酸盐岩对堆肥发酵过程(堆肥温度、有机碳动态、全氮动态、碳氮损失)、堆肥产品养分(全氮、全磷、全钾、全钙、全镁)和腐熟度(电导率、种子发芽指数)的影响.试验设置不添加碳酸盐岩对照和添加碳酸盐岩...     

猪粪堆肥提取液对棉花生长和养分代谢的影响

为了研究猪粪堆肥提取液的促生效果,通过盆栽试验研究了分别浇施以0.5 mol.L-1硫酸钾和水为浸提剂提取的猪粪堆肥提取液（分别简称为K和W）对棉花生长的影响。结果表明：（1）施用K和W能显著增加棉花植株的株高、果枝数、蕾数、棉铃数。籽棉产量分别比清水对照（CK）增加了2.30倍和1.86倍,但是K和W两者之间差异不显著。（2）棉花现蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期的植株生物量分别比CK增加了71.4%和52.9%、114.2%和83.5%、106.1%和90.5%,氮磷钾累积量与CK比较显著增加。K处理的棉花在现蕾期和花铃期的植株干重显著高于W处理。（3）从现蕾期到吐絮期,棉花植株功能叶硝酸还原酶活性随之增加,而可溶性蛋白含量却随之降低。与CK比较,施用K和W能显著增加不同时期棉花植株功能叶片硝酸还原酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量。花铃期K处理的功能叶硝酸还原酶活性显著高于W处理。K处理和W处理的棉花功能叶可溶性蛋白含量分别比CK增加了1.24倍和3.01倍（现蕾期）、59.1%和40.0%（花铃期）。（4）施用两种猪粪堆肥提取液,在一定程度上都能增加棉花叶片可溶性糖和淀粉含量,但各处理间差异不显著。上述结果表明,猪粪堆肥提取液能明显改善棉花植株的生长发育,显著增加棉花产量,可以作为优质有机液体肥料。