种植密度氮肥互作对棉花产量及氮素利用效率的影响

种植密度和氮肥投入是棉花生产中重要的管理措施,为提高棉花产量与氮素利用效率,于2013-2014年以转Bt+Cp TI品种中棉所79为材料,在河南省安阳市中棉所试验农场设置了3个种植密度(分别为3.00,5.25,7.50株/m~2),4个氮肥用量(分别为0,112.5、225.0、337.5 kg/hm~2,以N计),探讨种植密度与氮肥对棉花产量及氮素利用效率的影响,结果表明:棉花的叶面积指数、生物量与氮吸收量随种植密度和氮肥用量的增加而增加,而收获指数随种植密度和氮肥用量的增加而下降,中密中氮处理(种植密度5.25株/m~2、施氮量225.0 kg/hm~2)单位面积成铃数较多,籽棉和皮棉产量、氮肥回收利用率优于其他处理,高密低氮处理(种植密度7.50株/m~2、施氮量112.5 kg/hm~2)氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥偏生产力、氮生理利用率高于其他处理,而籽棉、皮棉产量与中密中氮处理较接近,研究表明增密减氮可实现棉花的高产高效。     

Combined nitrogen input from legume residues and fertilizer improves early nitrogen supply and uptake by wheat

Soil nitrogen (N) supply for wheat N uptake can be manipulated through legume and fertilizer N inputs to achieve yield potential in low‐rainfall sandy soil environments. Field experiments over 2 years (2015–2016) were conducted at 2 different sites in a low‐rainfall sandy soil to determine the soil N supply capacity relative to wheat N uptake at key growth stages, after a combination of crop residue (removed, wheat or lupin) and fertilizer N (nil, low or high N) treatments were manipulated to improve wheat yield. We measured the temporal patterns of the soil profile mineral N and PAW to 100 cm depth, wheat aerial biomass and N uptake in both years. In 2016 we also measured the disease incidence as a key environmental variable. There was 35 kg ha^?1 more soil mineral N to 100 cm depth following lupin than wheat residues at the end of the fallow on average in both years. In a below average rainfall season, wheat biomass produced on lupin residues was responsive to N input with soil profile mineral N depleted by increased crop N uptake early in the season. In an above average rainfall season, a higher soil mineral N supply increased actual and potential grain yield, total biomass, N uptake, harvest index and water use efficiency of wheat, regardless of the source of N. Our study showed that the combination of lupin residues with high N rate increased soil profile mineral N at early growth stages, providing a greater soil N supply at the time of high wheat N demand, and the inclusion of a legume in the rotation is critical for improving the N supply to wheat, with added disease break benefits in a low‐rainfall sandy soil environment.     

Effects of vertical distribution of soil inorganic nitrogen on root growth and subsequent nitrogen uptake by field vegetable crops

Information is needed about root growth and N uptake of crops under different soil conditions to increase nitrogen use efficiency in horticultural production. The purpose of this study was to investigate if differences in vertical distribution of soil nitrogen (N_inorg) affected root growth and N uptake of a variety of horticultural crops. Two field experiments were performed each over 2 years with shallow or deep placement of soil N_inorg obtained by management of cover crops. Vegetable crops of leek, potato, Chinese cabbage, beetroot, summer squash and white cabbage reached root depths of 0.5, 0.7, 1.3, 1.9, 1.9 and more than 2.4 m, respectively, at harvest, and showed rates of root depth penetration from 0.2 to 1.5 mm day^?1 °C^?1. Shallow placement of soil N_inorg resulted in greater N uptake in the shallow‐rooted leek and potato. Deep placement of soil N_inorg resulted in greater rates of root depth penetration in the deep‐rooted Chinese cabbage, summer squash and white cabbage, which increased their depth by 0.2–0.4 m. The root frequency was decreased in shallow soil layers (white cabbage) and increased in deep soil layers (Chinese cabbage, summer squash and white cabbage). The influence of vertical distribution of soil N_inorg on root distribution and capacity for depletion of soil N_inorg was much less than the effect of inherent differences between species. Thus, knowledge about differences in root growth between species should be used when designing crop rotations with high N use efficiency.     

Nitrogen uptake,nitrate leaching and root development in winter‐grown wheat and fodder radish

Early seeding of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been proposed as a means to reduce N leaching as an alternative to growing cover crops like fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.). The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of winter wheat, seeded early and normally, and of fodder radish on N dynamics and root growth. Field experiments were carried out on a humid temperate sandy loam soil. Aboveground biomass and soil inorganic N were determined in late autumn; N uptake and grain yield of winter wheat were measured at harvest. Nitrate leaching was estimated from soil water samples taken at 1 m depth. Root growth was measured late autumn using the core break and root washing methods. Winter wheat root growth dynamics were followed during the growing season using the minirhizotron method. The 2013–2014 results showed that early seeding of wheat improved autumn growth and N uptake and reduced N leaching during the winter compared with the normal seeding time. Early‐seeded wheat (WW_early) was, however, not as efficient as fodder radish at reducing N leaching. Proper establishment of WW_early was a prerequisite for benefiting from early seeding, as indicated by the 2012–2013 results. Early seeding improved root growth throughout the 2013–2014 growing season compared with normal seeding time, but had no significant effect on crop grain yield. Our results indicate the potential of using early seeding as a tool to limit drought susceptibility and increase nutrient uptake from the subsoil.     

华北潮土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作包气带氮素淋溶机制

合理水氮管理可以实现作物目标产量和品质、维持土壤肥力和降低环境污染。然而,自20世纪90年代以来,我国农田过量施氮和大水漫灌等问题突出,引起农业面源污染日趋加重,地下水硝酸盐污染成为一个普遍现象。本文以华北潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米体系为研究对象,采用数据整合和文献分析的方法,阐明了典型农田硝态氮淋溶的时空特征及影响因素,研究了地表裂隙和土壤大孔隙对硝态氮淋溶的影响,定量了氮素在地表-根层-深层包气带-地下水的垂直迁移通量及过程。结果表明,农户常规管理的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系氮素盈余较高(299～358kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)),导致土壤根区和深层包气带累积了大量的硝态氮。冬小麦季硝态氮的迁移主要受灌溉影响,以非饱和流为主,且迁移距离较短;春季单次灌溉量低于60 mm,可以有效控制水和硝态氮淋溶出根区。冬小麦耕作和灌溉引起的地表裂隙对水氮运移的贡献不大。雨热同期的夏玉米季,土壤水分经常处于饱和状态,再降雨就可以导致硝态氮淋溶出根层进入深层包气带。夏玉米季极易发生硝态氮淋溶事件(占全年总淋溶事件的81%左右),硝态氮淋溶量占全年总淋溶量的80%左右,且单次淋溶事件的淋溶量较高。大孔隙优先流对夏玉米季根区硝态氮淋溶的贡献率在71%左右,这些硝态氮脱离了作物根系吸收范围,反硝化作用对硝态氮去除具有一定作用。在华北气候-土壤条件下,特别应注意冬小麦收获后土壤不应残留过多硝态氮,以避免夏玉米季降雨发生大量淋溶;夏玉米季需要注意施氮与作物需氮的匹配。由于夏玉米追肥困难,生产上提倡一次性施肥措施,控释肥应该能够发挥更大作用。未来气候变化,导致夏季极端高强度降雨事件的频率增加,将会加剧包气带累积硝态氮通过饱和流或优先流向地下水的迁移。合理的水氮管理是从源头上减少硝态氮向深层包气带和地下水迁移的主要措施。     

灌水次数对绿洲春玉米田氮素损失及水氮利用效率的影响

该文研究灌水次数对绿洲农田氮素损失及水氮利用效率的影响。2015年在甘肃省武威市石羊河流域绿洲农田设置了5种灌溉施肥处理:分别为传统施肥(N_1)+传统灌水4次处理(I_1N_1),优化施肥(N_2)+优化灌水4~7次处理(分别为I_2N_2、I_3N_2、I_4N_2和I_5N_2)。应用农田水氮管理模型(soil water heat carbon and nitrogen simulator,WHCNS)模拟分析了不同灌水次数下的作物产量、水氮动态过程及水氮利用效率,最后应用综合指数法筛选了农田最佳的水肥管理方案。结果表明:模型模拟的土壤含水率、土壤硝态氮含量、作物产量和叶面积指数与实测值均吻合良好,一致性指数在0.74及以上。5个处理中I_3N_2处理的春玉米产量、水分和氮素利用效率均最高,分别为17 077 kg/hm~2、3.23 kg/m~3和40.1 kg/kg。I_1N_1处理的水分渗漏和硝态氮淋失量均最大,而I_5N_2处理的最小。在灌溉定额一定的条件下,随灌水次数增加,水分渗漏量逐渐减少,同时硝态氮淋洗和氨挥发也逐渐减少,而反硝化和作物吸氮量逐渐增加。综合指数法评价结果表明I_3N_2处理为该地区最佳的水肥管理方案。因此,在该地区适当增加灌水次数和减少单次灌水量,不仅可以维持作物产量不变,而且显著减少了水分渗漏和氮素淋洗,同时提高了水氮利用效率。结果可为荒漠绿洲地区制定合理的水肥管理措施提供指导。     

小麦根蘖发育和产量对耕作和追氮方式以及施氮量的响应

  【目的】  黄淮平原小麦生产中大量施用氮肥,探讨不同耕作和施肥方式对小麦根蘖发育的影响,以期实现减氮不减产并提高氮肥利用率的目标。  【方法】  2016—2018年连续两个种植年度,以半冬性中熟小麦品种矮抗58为材料,采用裂裂区设计试验方法,主区为施氮量 (240 、180 kg/hm2),副区为耕作方式 (旋耕、深耕),副副区为追肥方式 (撒施、隔行开沟追肥、隔二行开沟追肥),研究了小麦根系生长和生理活性、主茎和分蘖发育动态与成穗、籽粒产量和氮肥利用率。  【结果】  小麦不同生育时期单株次生根数、根系活力、单位面积茎蘖数、叶面积指数 (LAI) 均随施氮量降低而降低。与旋耕相比,深耕条件下小麦生育中、后期单株次生根数和单位面积茎蘖数增多、根系活力提高、LAI增大。生育后期,隔行开沟追肥的单株次生根数、根系活力、单位面积茎蘖数和LAI最高,撒施次之,隔二行开沟追肥最低。减量施氮较常规施氮籽粒产量降低了2.41%,氮肥偏生产力、氮肥吸收效率和氮肥内在利用率分别增加了29.67%、25.69%和2.29%。与旋耕相比,深耕条件下籽粒产量增加了5.60%,氮肥偏生产力和氮肥吸收效率分别提高了4.48%和8.47%。不同追肥方式中,隔行开沟追肥的籽粒产量最高,氮肥偏生产力和氮肥吸收效率显著提高,较撒施分别提高了3.62%、3.98%和7.38%,较隔二行开沟追肥分别提高了5.93%、6.34%和12.93%。  【结论】  深耕可提高生育中、后期小麦单株次生根数、根系活力和单位面积茎蘖数。常规施氮 (纯氮240 kg/hm2) 结合深耕 (深度25～30 cm)、隔行开沟追肥,可获得最高小麦产量;减施25%氮肥 (180 kg/hm2) 会导致籽粒产量降低,但结合深耕并采用隔行开沟施肥方式,可显著提高氮肥利用率,部分降低减氮所造成的产量损失,是获得高产高效的最佳组合。     

Effect of time of application on nitrogen uptake,partitioning, and remobilization in walnut trees

Walnut tree requires a relatively high amount of nitrogen (N). To avoid loss in the environment, N uptake efficiency (NUE) should be optimized. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of time of N application on NUE, partitioning, and remobilization in walnut trees. Two-year-old trees were planted in 40-L pots and fertilized with 1 g of ¹⁵N-enriched (5 atom %) N at: 1) bud burst, 2) pistillate flower maturity, and 3) late summer. One week after fertilization, the percentage of N derived from fertilizer and NUE were higher in trees fertilized in late summer, than other timings. N uptake was linearly related to root dry weight. At May 2008 harvest, the N stored in trunk and twigs was remobilized to the developing leaves and to the roots. Late summer N application appeared to be the most effective in providing N for walnut spring new growth.     

Optimizing nitrogen management strategy under wheat straw incorporation for higher rice production and nitrogen use efficiency

Nitrogen (N) application plays an important role in rice production. Limited attention has already been paid to optimizing N fertilizer management strategy for higher grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of rice with crop residue incorporation. Field experiments were conducted with the objective to determine the response of several N application methods to rice production and to evaluate their NUE. Three N fertilizer application methods, i.e., local farmers' N fertilizer practice (FNP), modified farmers' N fertilizer practice (MNP), and increased the amount of N fertilizer practice (INP), were adopted with zero N application as control (CK). The results showed that, compared with that under FNP, grain yield was significantly higher under MFP, owing to signficantly enhanced total spikelets as a result of more panicles per unit area. Relative to FNP, MNP markedly increased nitrogen agronomic efficiency (AE_N), nitrogen recovery efficiency (RE_N), nitrogen physiological efficiency (PE_N) and nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFP_N), but AE_N, PE_N and PFP_N of INP were significantly lower. Further analysis showed that the number of tiller, leaf area index, aboveground biomass, SPAD value, plant N content and N uptake at the early vegetative stage were improved significantly under MNP compared to those under FNP, contributing to higher total aboveground biomass and total N uptake.     

Agronomic Assessment of Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Spring Wheat and Interrelations with Leaf Greenness Under Field Conditions

Four spring wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown without (N0 = 0 kg N ha^?1) and under ample (N1 = 250 kg ha^?1) nitrogen (N) fertilizer in field experiments in two seasons. The aim was to assess genotypic variation in N use efficiency (NUE) components and N-related indices during grain filling thus to identify superior wheat genotypes. Leaf chlorophyll (SPAD) readings at crucial growth stages were employed to help differentiate genotypes. Interrelations between yield and N-related indices with SPAD, where also assessed to explain possible pathways of improving NUE early in the growing season. Results showed that genotypic effects on NUE were mostly evident in 2000, a year with drier preanthesis and wetter postanthesis than the normal periods. ‘Toronit’ almost always had the highest biomass yield (BY) and grain yield (GY). Except in 1999 under N0, ‘L94491? showed the highest % grain N concentration (GNC). Genotypes affected SPAD at almost all stages and N fertilization delayed leaf senescence for all genotypes and growth seasons. Correlations between SPAD at different growth stages and GY, N biomass yield at maturity (NBYM) and GNC were significant (P≤ 0.001), positive and strong/very strong (>r = 0.7). N translocation efficiency (NTE) was inversely related to PANU (~r = ? 0.77, P≤ 0.001), suggesting that N after anthesis is being preferentially transported to the ears to meet the N demand of the growing grains. It is concluded that there is still a large potential for increased NUE by improved N recirculation, use of fast and inexpensive crop N monitoring tools and high yielding, N uptake efficient genotypes.

Abbreviations: NUE, Nitrogen use efficiency; SPAD, Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter, NHI, nitrogen harvest index; HI, Harvest index; NTE, N translocation efficiency from vegetative plant parts to grain; DMTE, dry matter translocation efficiency; CPAY, contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to yield; PANU, Post-anthesis N uptake, d.a.s., days after sowing, N0, zero (0) kg ha^?1 applied N fertilizer, N1, 250 kg ha^?1 applied N fertilizer.     

玉米氮高效品种的生物学特征

提高氮肥利用率依赖于氮肥优化管理及作物氮素营养效率的遗传改良。本文分析了作物氮高效的定义,并以玉米为例,分析了氮高效的生物学机制,提出了玉米氮高效品种的生物学特征。本文认为,玉米氮高效品种的生物学特征为:(1)在开花前,维持稳定的氮吸收,并将所吸收的氮素高效利用于穗的发育,提高小花结实率,为产量形成过程中的碳、氮积累提供较大的库;根系生长发育能力强,能建成较大的根系,以满足籽粒生长期氮素吸收的要求;有较强的叶片扩展能力,保持较大的叶面积。(2)在开花后,充分利用前期建成的根系,高效吸收土壤中的矿化氮,用于籽粒生长所需,从而减少叶片中氮素的输出,减缓叶片衰老(保绿性强),维持叶片较高的光合效率,为籽粒灌浆提供碳化合物。因此,在氮高效育种中,应注重穗部性状(大穗,结实能力强)、根系性状(发达的根系,功能期长)与叶片性状(保绿性好)的结合。     

中国玉米小麦产量与氮肥利用效率同步提高的研究进展

Achieving both high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) simultaneously has become a major challenge with increased global demand for food, depletion of natural resources, and deterioration of environment. As the greatest consumers of N fertilizer in the world, Chinese farmers have overused N and there has been poor synchrony between crop N demand and N supply because of limited understanding of the N uptake-yield relationship. To address this problem, this study evaluated the total and dynamic N requirement for different yield ranges of two major crops (maize and wheat), and suggested improvements to N management strategies. Whole-plant N aboveground uptake requirement per grain yield (N _req) initially deceased with grain yield improvement and then stagnated, and yet most farmers still believed that more fertilizer and higher grain yield were synonymous. When maize yield increased from < 7.5 to > 12.0 Mg ha^-1, Nreq decreased from 19.8 to 17.0 kg Mg^-1 grain. For wheat, it decreased from 27.1 kg Mg^-1 grain for grain yield < 4.5 Mg ha^-1 to 22.7 kg Mg^-1 grain for yield > 9.0 Mg ha^-1. Meanwhile, the percentage of dry matter and N accumulation in the middle-late growing season increased significantly with grain yield, which indicated that N fertilization should be concentrated in the middle-late stage to match crop demand while farmers often applied the majority of N fertilizer either before sowing or during early growth stages. We accordingly developed an integrated soil-crop system management strategy that simultaneously increases both grain yield and NUE.     

宽幅播种提高不同播期小麦产量与氮素利用率

为明确在较宽播期范围内可实现小麦高产高效稳产的播种方式及其理论基础,采用宽幅播种和常规条播2种播种方式,设计10月3日(早播)、10日(传统播期)、17日(晚播)和24日(再晚播)共4个播期处理(分别用D1、D2、D3、D4表示),研究了播种方式与播期互作对小麦产量和氮素吸收利用的影响。相对于常规条播,宽幅播种通过提高单位面积分蘖数和穗数,平均提高产量16.68%;通过提高氮素吸收效率(吸氮量/供氮量)、稳定或提高氮素利用效率(产量/吸氮量),平均提高氮素利用率(产量/供氮量)16.64%。随播期推迟,2播种方式下单位面积穗数、单穗籽粒质量分别呈降低和升高趋势,相对于D1和D2播期,宽幅条件下D3、D4播期的成熟期穗数下降比例显著低于条播,并与其单穗籽粒质量提高的比例相当,进而实现9.00 t/hm2水平的高产稳产;常规条播下晚播因穗数大幅下降导致减产,平均减产0.34 t/hm2。随播期推迟,2播种方式下氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率分别呈降低和升高趋势,相对于D1、D2播期,宽幅条件下D3、D4播期氮素吸收效率下降的幅度与氮素利用效率提升的幅度相当,因此仍可维持较高的氮素利用率;常规条播下晚播处理氮素吸收效率下降的幅度显著高于氮素利用效率提升的幅度,进而导致氮素利用率平均降低1.01 kg/kg。相对于常规条播,小麦生产上采用宽幅播种,在高产高效的同时可实现较宽播期范围内产量和氮素利用率的稳定。     

施氮量对不同氮效率玉米品种根系时空分布及氮素吸收的调控

【目的】研究不同氮效率夏玉米根系的时空分布、 植株氮素吸收利用特性及其对氮素用量的响应,探讨玉米氮素高效利用的生理基础,以期探明通过采用氮高效品种、 促进根土互作、 提高根系与水肥时空耦合、 提高玉米氮素利用效率,强化环境友好型生产的有效途径。【方法】试验于2011-2012年在山东农业大学黄淮海玉米技术创新中心（N3618,E11712）和作物生物学国家重点实验室进行,以氮高效玉米品种郑单958（ZD958）和氮低效品种玉米秀青73-1（XQ73-1）为试验材料,在大田条件下设置两个氮素水平（0和315 kg/hm2）,采用土壤剖面取样法和系统取样法分别进行根系相关指标、 干物质及氮素积累与分配的测定。【结果】ZD958整个生育期根系相关指标（根系干重、 根长密度、 根系TTC还原量、 根系吸收面积及活跃吸收面积）及其在深层土壤（60-100 cm）中所占的比例、 单株生物量、 单株绿叶面积、 植株氮素积累量、 单株籽粒产量均显著高于XQ73-1（P0.05）,抽雄期和完熟期根系干重、 根长密度、 根系TTC还原量、 根系吸收面积、 根系活跃吸收面积、 单株绿叶面积分别比XQ73-1高12.02%、 8.39%、 25.34%、 34.48%、 29.22%、 7.76%和36.74%、 24.21%、 36.29%、 29.94%、 32.83%、 13.73%,完熟期单株生物量、 植株氮素积累量、 籽粒产量分别比XQ73-1高11.65%、 11.78%、 15.16%。施氮后两品种各指标均显著提高,ZD958和XQ73-1根系干重、 根长密度、 根系TTC还原量、 根系吸收面积、 根系活跃吸收面积、 单株绿叶面积抽雄期分别提高8.13%、 6.12%、 18.08%、 15.10%、 24.71%、 12.06%和7.19%、 4.59%、 10.47%、 10.82%、 13.02%、 7.15%,而完熟期分别提高16.48%、 22.43%、 19.26%、 15.03%、 27.45%、 14.97%和15.02%、 14.59%、 13.01%、 12.81%、 21.95%、 11.06%; 单株生物量、 植株氮素积累量、 单株籽粒产量完熟期分别提高9.40%、 10.08%、 13.43%和5.20%、 8.56%、 9.69%。相关分析表明,植株吸氮量与根长密度、 根系干重、 根系活跃吸收面积呈显著线性正相关（相关系数均在0.8以上）。 ZD958花前根系对氮素的响应度高于XQ73-1,花后则低于XQ73-1。【结论】氮高效玉米品种ZD958根系总量大、 深层土壤根系多、 根系活力高、 氮素吸收能力强; 施氮条件下优势更加明显,对ZD958作用大于XQ73-1,说明氮高效玉米品种发达且分布合理的根系保证了植株对氮素的吸收,有利于进行光合生产、 获得较高籽粒产量。两品种对氮素的响应不同,氮高效品种花前对氮素的响应度高于氮低效品种,花后则相反。因此,可过适度减少氮高效品种花前施氮量、 增加花后施氮量,而适度增加氮低效品种花前施氮量、 降低花后施氮量来促进根系发育,提高氮素利用效率。     

土壤微生物量氮对小麦各生育期氮素形态的调控

  【目的】  土壤中氮素的有效性很大程度上影响着作物对氮的吸收。明确各形态氮素对作物吸氮量的贡献,研究调控土壤氮素形态的因素,为培育氮素高效和作物高产的土壤提供理论依据。  【方法】  试验基于河南新乡的“国家潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益监测基地”长期定位试验,以不施肥 (CK)、施NPK化肥 (NPK) 和1.5倍NPK化肥并配施有机肥 (1.5MNPK) 3个处理的土壤作为低肥力 (F1)、中肥力 (F2) 和高肥力 (F3) 土壤进行小麦盆栽试验。3个肥力土壤处理施肥方法相同,盆钵埋于土壤内,盆钵顶部露出地面5 cm。分别在小麦拔节期、孕穗期和成熟期采集土壤和植株样品,测定小麦产量、各生育期吸氮量,分析土壤有机氮、矿质氮 (铵态氮和硝态氮)、固持氮库 (微生物量氮和固定态铵) 含量差异,并通过结构方程模型 (SEM) 建立各形态氮素与小麦吸氮量的相关关系。  【结果】  3个肥力水平土壤矿质氮含量在小麦生长期内总体呈下降趋势,收获期土壤矿质氮含量在F1、F2、F3中分别比播种前显著下降了2.9、1.8和6.8 mg/kg。从拔节期到收获期,土壤微生物量氮在F1先增加后降低,在F3中持续增加,在F2中先降低后增加。土壤固定态铵含量在拔节期前和孕穗期后均无显著变化,但从拔节期到孕穗期,3个肥力土壤中固定态铵含量均显著提高。而固持氮库在不同肥力土壤间差异明显,其从播种前到拔节期在F1中增加了10.6 mg/kg,而在F2和F3中分别降低了14.3和32.2 mg/kg;从拔节期到孕穗期都显著增加;从孕穗期到收获期在F1中降低了2.4 mg/kg,而在F2和F3中分别增加8.2和8.7 mg/kg。小麦的产量和吸氮量均在F3中最高,F1中最低;氮素表观平衡在F1中最高,F3中最低。SEM分析结果表明,固持氮库可直接正向调控小麦吸氮量,有机氮库通过固持氮库和矿质氮库之间的变化而间接调控小麦吸氮量。  【结论】  包含微生物量氮和固定态铵的固持氮库可直接正向调控小麦吸氮量,有机氮库通过影响固持氮库和矿质氮库间接调控小麦吸氮量。由于固定态铵在拔节前和孕穗期后含量较为稳定,在高肥力土壤上微生物量氮随着小麦生育期的推进显著增加,可促进小麦的生长和氮素吸收,减少肥料氮的残留量,较高的微生物量氮又可作为氮库来固存易损失的矿质氮和肥料氮。     

Timely supplemental irrigation changed nitrogen use of wheat by regulating root vertical distribution

Crop nitrogen (N) uptake depends on the root absorption area and the soil N availability which are closely related to the soil water status. With the increasing water shortages in the North China Plain, supplemental irrigation (SI) to winter wheat is a promising technique. To clarify the relationships between water and nitrogen use, four SI regimes in Tritcum aestivum L. cv. Jimai 22 were set up: no‐irrigation after emergence (T1), SI at jointing and anthesis (T2), SI at sowing, jointing and anthesis (T3), and SI at pre‐wintering, jointing and anthesis (T4). The results indicate that T2 had higher root length density (RLD) and root surface area density (RAD) in the 0–20, 60–80, and 80–100 cm soil layers, as well as higher post‐anthesis N uptake from soil by 23–26% in 2012–2013 and 162–177% in 2013–2014, compared to T3 and T4. The grain yield under T2 was lower than T3 but was not significantly different from T4, whereas its water use efficiency (WUE) was higher relative to both T3 and T4. There were no significant differences among T2, T3, and T4 in N use efficiency (NUE). The N uptake after jointing and WUE were positively correlated with the RLD and RAD in the 0–20 cm soil layer. The NUE was positively correlated with the RLD and RAD in the 20–40 cm soil layer. These results indicate that timely SI at jointing and anthesis was dependent on a suitable water supply at sowing, which increased the soil water content in the upper soil layer after jointing and improved the absorption area of the roots in both the deep and surface soil layers; this further improved the post‐anthesis N uptake from the soil and the WUE. This approach can be a valuable way to maintain high grain yields and NUE in winter wheat while using less irrigation and achieving higher WUE in the North China Plain.     

不同肥料运筹对夏玉米田间土壤氮素淋溶与挥发影响的原位研究

运用排水采集器法和通气法结合田间原位试验,研究了不同肥料运筹对夏玉米田间土壤氮素淋溶与挥发的影响。结果表明,在夏玉米生长季节,田间土壤水分淋溶体积达63.49～7.L/hm2,且表现与灌溉水量和降雨量正相关。与单施氮肥相比,有机肥配施氮肥在夏玉米生长发育前期易加剧水分的淋溶;氮素淋溶损失量明显高于氨挥发损失量,且二者均随施氮量的增加而升高;与单施氮肥相比,有机肥配施氮肥极显著地增大了氮素淋失量,减少氮素的氨挥发损失量,总体分析显示,有机肥配施氮肥极显著增大了氮素净损失量和氮素损失率;在夏玉米生长期内,施肥运筹的田间土壤淋溶水硝态氮浓度均呈现双峰趋势,以硝态氮形式淋失是田间土壤氮素淋失的主要形式,铵态氮浓度则呈现先升后降的趋势,铵态氮的累计淋失量很少。同时发现,大口期夏玉米生长旺盛,对氮素的需求强烈可以减少氮素的淋失和氨挥发损失,适量增加夏玉米大口期的追肥量,是提高氮肥利用效率的有效途径。     

Effects of tied-ridge,nitrogen fertilizer and cultivar on the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of sorghum in semi-arid Ethiopia

Moisture deficit, poor soil fertility and lack of improved varieties constrained sorghum production in north-eastern Ethiopia. An experiment was conducted in 2002 at Kobo and Sirinka in north-eastern Ethiopia to study the possible effects of seedbed, nitrogen fertilizer and cultivar on the yield and N use efficiency (NUE) of sorghum. The experiment was carried out in a split–split plot design with seedbed (tied-ridge vs. flatbed planting) as main plots, N fertilizer (0, 40 and 80 kg N ha^?1) as subplots and sorghum cultivars (Jigurti, ICSV111 and 76T1#23) as sub-sub plots, with three replications. At Kobo, the seedbed by cultivar interaction affected all parameters. Nitrogen fertilization increased biomass yield and NUE at both locations and grain yield at Sirinka. Cultivars showed different performance where ICSV111 and 76T1#23 were superior in grain yield, N uptake and concentration, N harvest index and NUE of grain (NUEg) compared with Jigurti. Thus, planting ICSV111 and 76T1#23 in tied-ridging and with N fertilization at Kobo and in flatbed and with N fertilization at Sirinka is recommended. This study revealed that tied-ridging is not a solution in all areas where moisture deficiency is a problem. Its effectiveness is affected by rainfall amount and soil type.     

不同滴灌施肥策略对棉花氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的影响

在温室条件下应用^15N标记尿素进行了不同滴灌施肥策略对棉花氮素吸收和氮肥利用率影响的盆栽试验.根据滴灌灌水施肥时段的分配,设置四种不同氮肥滴灌施肥策略.研究结果表明,不同滴灌施肥策略显著影响棉花的干物质重和氮素吸收量,棉花的氮素吸收量明显受到根系生长的影响,整株氮素吸收量与根干物质重之间呈显著的正相关关系.在一次灌溉过程中先滴1/2时间的肥液,然后再滴1/2时间清水的施肥策略可显著促进棉花根系的生长,增加棉花的氮素吸收量,减少氮肥在土壤中的残留,提高氮肥利用率.因此,在膜下滴灌条件下采用合适的施肥策略有助于提高肥料的利用效率.     

Effect of nitrogen rate on plant nitrogen loss in winter wheat varieties 1

Gaseous nitrogen (N) loss from winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants has been identified, but has not been simultaneously evaluated for several genotypes grown under different N fertility. Two field experiments were initiated in 1993 and 1994 at the Agronomy Research Station in Stillwater and Perkins to estimate plant N loss from several cultivars as a function of N applied and to characterize nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A total of five cultivars were evaluated at preplant N rates ranging from 30 to 180 kg·ha^‐1. Nitrogen loss was estimated as the difference between total forage N accumulated at anthesis and the total (grain + straw) N at harvest. Forage, grain, straw yield, N uptake, and N loss increased with increasing N applied at both Stillwater and Perkins. Significant differences were observed among varieties for yield, N uptake, N loss, and components of NUE in forage, grain, straw, and grain + straw. Estimates of N loss over this two‐year period ranged from 4.0 to 27.9 kg·ha^‐1 (7.7 to 59.4% of total forage N at anthesis). Most N losses occurred between anthesis and 14 days post‐anthesis. Avoiding excess N application would reduce N loss and increase NUE in winter wheat varieties. Varieties with high harvest index (grain yield/total biomass) and low forage yield had low plant N loss. Estimates of plant loss suggest N balance studies should consider this variable before assuming that unaccounted N was lost to leaching and denitrification.