不同饲喂方式对南方奶牛产奶性能、养分消化和代谢的影响

研究了具有南方奶牛日粮类型特征的相同精粗比日粮的不同饲喂方式对奶牛的采食行为、产奶性能、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物的影响.选用体重相近的12头荷斯坦奶牛,采用单因子设计,根据产奶量、胎次及泌乳天数随机分为2组(n=6),分别为精粗分饲组(SI)和全混合日粮组(TMR),精饲料:粗饲料均为50:50.试验结果表明:奶牛采食量无差异,在相同精粗比日粮下,TMR饲养技术极显著减少了奶牛的采食时间(P<0.01),显著增加了反刍时间(P<0.05),TMR组奶牛的乳脂率、4%标准奶产量、乳脂产量、乳糖产量和乳固形物产量分别比SI组显著提高11.20%、11.60%、17.50%、13.21%和9.86%(P<0.05),但对奶牛咀嚼行为、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物影响不显著(P>0.05).在南方奶牛典型日粮采用TMR饲养技术时,与精粗分饲相比,可提高奶牛的产奶性能,但对奶牛的采食量、咀嚼行为、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物没有显著影响.     

不同饲喂方式对南方奶牛产奶性能、养分消化和代谢的影响

研究了具有南方奶牛日粮类型特征的相同精粗比日粮的不同饲喂方式对奶牛的采食行为、产奶性能、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物的影响。选用体重相近的12头荷斯坦奶牛,采用单因子设计,根据产奶量、胎次及泌乳天数随机分为2组（n=6）,分别为精粗分饲组（SI）和全混合日粮组（TMR）,精饲料：粗饲料均为50：50。试验结果表明：奶牛采食量无差异,在相同精粗比日粮下,TMR饲养技术极显著减少了奶牛的采食时间（P〈0.01）,显著增加了反刍时间（P〈0.05）,TMR组奶牛的乳脂率、4%标准奶产量、乳脂产量、乳糖产量和乳固形物产量分别比SI组显著提高11.20%、11.60%、17.50%、13.21%和9.86%（P〈0.05）,但对奶牛咀嚼行为、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物影响不显著（P〉0.05）。在南方奶牛典型日粮采用TMR饲养技术时,与精粗分饲相比,可提高奶牛的产奶性能,但对奶牛的采食量、咀嚼行为、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物没有显著影响。     

不同精粗比日粮对奶牛产奶性能、乳品质和免疫力的影响

旨在研究不同精粗比混合饲粮对奶牛产奶性能、乳品质和免疫力的影响,确定泌乳中期奶牛饲粮的适宜精粗比。本研究采用单因素完全随机区组设计,将45头产奶量相近的泌乳中期健康荷斯坦奶牛随机分成3组,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别饲喂精饲料与粗饲料比例为40∶60、50∶50、60∶40的混合日粮,试验期为60d,通过测定各组平均日采食量、平均日产奶量、料奶比、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、乳干物质率、乳体细胞数、IgG含量、IgA含量、IgM含量等检测指标,比较分析不同精粗比饲粮对奶牛产奶性能、乳品质和免疫力的影响。结果显示Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组相比较,平均日产奶量、乳蛋白率、IgG含量、IgM含量均显著提高(P0.05),体细胞数显著降低(P0.05);Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组相比较,平均日采食、平均日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、IgG含量、IgA含量、IgM含量均显著提高(P0.05),料奶比、体细胞数显著降低(P0.05);Ⅲ组与Ⅱ组相比较,平均日产奶量、IgG含量、IgA含量均显著提高(P0.05),体细胞数显著降低(P0.05)。表明饲喂不同精粗比饲料对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛的产奶性能、乳品质、免疫力的影响较大,日粮中精粗比为60∶40的饲喂效果最好,精粗比为50∶50次之,精粗比为40∶60最差。     

全混合日粮对泌乳水牛生产性能的影响

试验旨在研究全混合日粮对泌乳水牛生产性能的影响。选择20头泌乳前期、健康状态良好的奶水牛,按品种、产奶量、产犊时间及胎次相近的原则随机分成2组,每组10头,第1组:传统精粗分开饲喂组;第2组:全混合日粮(TMR)组。结果为:与传统精粗分开饲喂组相比,TMR组水牛的平均日产奶量下降有所减缓,但差异不显著(P0.05),而TMR组水牛的干物质采食量显著提高(P0.05);与传统精粗分开饲喂相比,TMR饲喂方式对泌乳水牛总固形物和乳脂率的影响差异显著(P0.05),但对泌乳水牛乳非脂固形物含量、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、比重的影响差异不显著(P0.05)。试验结果表明,全混合日粮与传统精粗分开饲喂方式相比,可以增加泌乳后期奶牛干物质采食量,对产奶后期产奶量的下降有减缓作用,改善泌乳奶水牛的乳品品质。     

饲喂苜蓿干草对引入澳大利亚奶牛生产性能的影响

为探讨日粮中添加不同比例苜蓿干草,对引入纯种澳大利亚荷斯坦奶牛的影响,选择48头产奶量、膘情、年龄,泌乳阶段一致的引入纯种奶牛进行完全随机单位组设计,分为试验Ⅰ组(对照组)、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组。分别饲喂苜蓿干草2.5kg/d、5kg/d、7.5kg/d,3kg精料基础料加每产4kg奶补1kg产奶料,玉米青贮自由采食。测定产奶量、干物质采食量、乳成分和试验前后奶牛体重。结果对照组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组干物质采食量、产奶量、乳脂率、4%标准乳日产量、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和干物质含量差异不显著(P>0.05);乳脂和乳蛋白的平均日产量均随苜蓿喂量增加而显著增加(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组体细胞数量比对照组显著减少(P<0.05),试验Ⅲ组比对照组和试验Ⅱ组极显著减少(P<0.01)。增加苜蓿干草喂量,对提高引入澳大利亚高产荷斯坦奶牛的产奶量和奶品质有一定提高作用。     

裹包全混合日粮中添加双乙酸钠对奶牛生产性能及消化特性的影响

本试验旨在研究裹包全混合日粮(TMR)中添加双乙酸钠对奶牛生产性能及消化特性的影响.试验选用30头产奶量、胎次、泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦奶牛采用完全随机试验设计,分成3组,每组10头,分别为精粗分开饲喂组(SI)、裹包全混合日粮组(bTMR)和裹包TMR中添加双乙酸钠组(SDA),日粮精粗比均为50:50.试验期10周.试验结果表明,与SI组相比裹包TMR饲喂奶牛极显著提高奶牛干物质采食量、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质的表现消化率(P<0.01),产奶量、4%标准乳、干物质和有机物的表现消化率也有所提高(P>0.05).裹包TMK中添加SDA组奶牛乳脂率、乳脂产量显著提高(P<0.05),乳糖含量也较SI组显著提高(P<0.05),粗脂肪、粗蛋白质的表观消化率和4%标准乳也极显著提高(P<0.01).与精粗分开饲喂方式相比,采用裹包TMR饲喂奶牛可提高奶牛的产奶性能和日粮养分表现消化率,且在裹包TMR中添加双乙酸钠可显著提高乳脂率和乳脂产量(P<0.05).     

人工栽培沙棘枝叶对奶牛产奶性能和血清指标的影响

试验旨在研究人工栽培沙棘枝叶饲喂奶牛对其产奶性能、血清生化指标及健康状况的影响。选择24头体况相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛,按随机单位组试验设计,将试验牛分为3组,对照组饲喂对照混合日粮,试验组分别饲喂混合1.5kg/d和3.0kg/d沙棘枝叶的日粮。结果显示:饲喂沙棘混合日粮可显著提高1.5kg/d组和3.0kg/d组乳脂率、总乳固形物比例(P0.05),3.0kg/d组比对照组的3.5%标准乳产量提高了4.10%,差异显著(P0.05),1.5kg/d组比对照组的3.5%标准乳产量提高了1.48%,差异不显著(P0.05);对牛乳的乳蛋白率、乳蛋白产量、乳糖率、非脂乳固体等指标无显著影响(P0.05);对奶牛血清葡萄糖、血清总甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和乳酸(LA)含量没有显著性影响(P0.05);对奶牛健康状况无显著影响,具有改善奶牛代谢状况的趋势。     

全混合日粮（TMR）饲喂技术对奶牛产奶性能及饲料消化率的影响

文章旨在研究全混合日粮（TMR）饲喂技术对奶牛产奶性能及饲料消化率的影响。试验将100头体重相近、健康状况良好，平均干乳期40 d的奶牛随机分为两组，每组5个重复，每个重复10头。对照组奶牛采用精粗分饲的方法，先粗后精，试验组采取全混合日粮饲喂技术，将精饲料和粗饲料充分混合搅拌后饲喂奶牛。预饲期10 d，正试期100 d。结果发现，与对照组相比，试验组奶牛的产奶量在前40 d均无显著变化（P> 0.05），在60～100 d，试验组奶牛的产奶量均显著高于对照组（P <0.05）；试验组奶牛的末重、平均日增重及平均日采食量显著增加（P <0.05），料重比显著降低（P <0.05）；试验组奶牛的干物质、脂肪及能量的表观消化率均显著增加（P <0.05）。总的来讲，相对于传统的精粗分饲的饲喂模式，全混合日粮（TMR）饲喂模式在改善奶牛生长消化及产奶等方面发挥了极大优势，应用推广全混合日粮（TMR）饲喂技术替代传统饲喂技术必将成为我国奶牛集约化养殖的趋势。     

日粮精粗比对泌乳奶牛咀嚼活动的影响

本试验旨在研究口粮精粗比与泌乳奶牛咀嚼活动的关系.选择4头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的初产荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,按4×4拉丁方设汁,研究精粗比约为30:70的高低质粗料型日粮、30:70的混合型高青贮日粮、50:50的精粗料比例相当的日粮及65:35的高精料日粮对奶牛干物质(dry mater,DM)、中性洗涤纤维(neutraldetergent fiber,NDF)与物理有效NDF(physical effective NDF,peNDF)等营养物质进食量及采食与反刍等咀嚼活动的影响.结果表明:H粮精粗比显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响奶牛DM、NDF和peNDF进食量;显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响奶牛日采食时间和单位DM、NDF、peNDF进食量的采食时间及日采食次数、单次采食时间;显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响除奶牛单次反刍时间和日反刍次数外的反刍活动参数;显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响奶牛日咀嚼时间、单位DM、NDF、peNDF、ADF进食量咀嚼时间及单位DM、peNDF进食量咀嚼次数.由此可知,通过调节咀嚼活动,4种不同精粗比的日粮均能满足奶牛对peNDF的需要量,且能获得维持合适乳脂率和瘤胃pH的咀嚼时间.     

不同粗饲料组合混合日粮对奶牛泌乳性能的影响

本试验通过给奶牛饲喂不同粗饲料组合的TMR日粮,探讨日粮中不同粗饲料组合对奶牛泌乳性能的影响.结果表明,日粮鲜重的精粗比从30∶70提高到40∶60后,奶牛的干物质采食量有显著地增加（P＜0.05）.随着精料比例增加,其能量水平、蛋白含量和乳蛋白率增加.同时,蛋白含量和产奶量都有所提高.在试验二组中用青贮代替了全贮,提高了奶牛的采食量和泌乳性能.说明,奶牛全混合日粮（TMR）可以提高日粮养分表观消化率、产奶量和改善乳蛋白质水平.青贮饲料的蛋白质的降解和利用更容易被瘤胃微生物降解和吸收,从而提高奶牛的泌乳性能,取得较高的经济效益.     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.     

The effects of antibiotic,probiotic, organic acid,vitamin C,and Echinacea purpurea extract on performance,carcass characteristics,blood chemistry,microbiota, and immunity of broiler chickens

The present context investigated the comparative study on the supplementation of antibiotic, probiotic, organic acid, vitamin C, and herbal extract after vaccination into drinking water and their effects on performance, carcass quality, blood biochemical parameters, immune system, and intestinal flora in broiler chicks for 42 days. A total of 420 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned into 7 treatments with 3 replicates (pens) per treatment and 20 male chicks for each replicate (pen). The experimental treatments consisted of drinking water (control, without additive); drinking water + antibiotic sulfamet; drinking water + C-Vet-50; drinking water + antibiotic sulfamet + C-Vet-50; drinking water + probiotic Primalac; drinking water + butyric acid; and drinking water + extract of Echinacea purpurea Moench (coneflower). There were no differences observed among the treatments for feed intake, but during the whole experimental period, the highest body weight gain was found in the chicks fed with drinking water + antibiotic sulfamet + 50 cc vitamin C (P < 0.05). There were no differences (P > 0.05) observed among the treatments for feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05). Moreover, there were no differences reported among treatments for carcass characteristics at the end of the experiment. Among the treatments, drinking water + 50 cc vitamin C, and drinking water + extract of E. purpurea reduced (P < 0.05) the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins. Drinking water + 50 cc vitamin C, drinking water + Primalac, and drinking water + extract of E. purpurea increased (P < 0.05) the lymphocytes count and decreased the heterophils count and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio. The highest Escherichia coli count and lowest Lactobacillus count in ileal content of the broilers were observed in the control group (P < 0.05). The additives used in this study may be incorporated in the drinking water of broiler chickens as growth promoters and for improved performance. A further, wider supplementation study is required to understand the performance, immune system, variation in the intestinal microbial counts, and any other possible alteration in the intestinal biota of the broilers.     

Department of Clinical Veterinary Practices, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4

Circular excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog were studied. A similar sequence of events took place in the two regions although differences did occur due to the different reactions of the tissues which surrounded the wounds. None of the wound cavities became filled with exudate during the early stages of healing. In the thoracic wounds the cavities were largely filled by the swelling and inward movement of adipose tissue. Epithelium first grew on the wound surface in the sector of the wound that was situated in the direction of hair flow. The average time to complete epithelization was similar in both sets of wounds. A zone of alopecia developed around the wounds.