白浆型床土人参红皮病发生原因的研究

本文采用生态样块的方法，对白浆土区人参红皮病发生条件做了较深入的研究。结果表明，在床土处于田间持水量且通气状况良好情况下，活性还原有机物质仍可形成，并促进土壤铁，锰氧化物活化，使亚铁，二价锰积累。人参红皮病是亚铁在参根周皮氧化沉积的结构，也可能是参根对亚铁毒害作用的保护性反应，而二价锰对红皮病有抑制作用。     

红皮病人参周皮层无机元素的相关性

采用中子活化法测定了１４个人参周皮层样品（６年生）中３１种无机元素的含量,进而建立相关矩阵,明确了Ｆｅ、Ａｌ、Ｅｕ、Ｓｃ、Ｌａ与病情指数呈显著正相关,即有促进人参红皮病发生的趋势;Ｍｎ、Ｍｇ、Ｋ与病情指数呈显著负相关,即有抑制参根发病的趋势,为进一步研究化学控制提供了有益的启示。     

腐殖物质对有机污染物的吸附行为及环境学意义

综述了近年来腐殖物质的研究进展,具体包含以下几个方面的内容:腐殖物质的分离、纯化、元素组成和结构特征及其环境意义。重点讨论了腐殖物质的环境学意义,阐述了腐殖物质主要是胡敏素在吸附疏水性有机污染物的过程中所起到的重要作用,其中包括可溶性腐殖物质的增溶作用和不溶性腐殖物质———胡敏素的吸附固定作用;且对吸附/解吸的机理及一些模型的建立进行了探讨。最后针对研究中面临的问题,提出了今后的重点研究方向。     

酸性二甲基亚砜和碱混液提取土壤胡敏酸效率及其特性的比较研究

土壤中的腐殖物质大多数是同无机成分相结合以复合体形式存在，大部分不溶于水。为了研究腐殖物质的本质和特征，需要将腐殖物质同无机成分分离开来。目前最常用的提取剂是NaOH和Na4P2O7或其混合液。含强碱的提取剂虽具有提取效率高等优点，但也存在提取过程中腐殖物质被氧化变性，以及一     

不同施肥条件土壤胡敏酸能态的初步研究

地球的腐殖质层是太阳能的巨大贮存库,在陆地的生物能量贮存中,约有50%含于腐殖质中。因此土壤中的有机质转化是最有意义的能量转化过程之一。此外,土壤肥力水平除与腐殖质的数量有关外,腐殖物质的组成、特性也是重要的影响因素。能态是腐殖物质的一种重要特性,腐殖物质能态的研究有助于加深对腐殖物质特性的认识。因此研究土壤腐殖质形成过程的能量转化,以及不同条件下土壤腐殖物质的能态特征具有重要的意义。     

腐殖物质的某些物理化学性质

土壤腐殖物质的形状,与土壤物理性质和物理化学性质有密切关系.已经知道,线型分子对土壤颗粒的团聚化有着特别良好的作用^[1].腐殖物质是土壤中主要的有机物质.     

醌-氨基酸聚合物(合成胡敏酸)中氮素形态的初步研究

现时人们普遍认为,酚类化合物与氨基酸、多肽及蛋白质等含氮化合物的缩合反应及碳水化合物与氨基化合物的棕化反应既是环境中腐殖物质形成的重要途径,也是形成腐殖物质未知态氮的重要机制。     

接种微生物条件下牛粪＋麦秸堆腐过程有机组分的动态变化

大量排放的畜禽粪便若利用不当则会对环境构成威胁,经微生物发酵、制成高效有机肥料是粪肥与秸秆综合利用的一种重要方式。试验以牛粪添加不同比例的小麦秸秆为原料,在接种和非接种微生物的条件下进行堆腐,研究了腐解过程有机组分及腐殖物质的动态变化。结果表明,随着腐解进行,乙醇溶性组分含量逐渐降低;水溶性组分含量先升高再降低;半纤维素和纤维素含量随腐解进行呈现一定波动,但总体呈降低趋势;木质素含量呈增加趋势;全碳含量降低,腐殖物质碳占全碳的比例逐渐增加,H/F比值逐渐升高。秸秆的加入比例越高越有利于木质素的积累,牛粪所占比例越大则越有利于腐殖物质的形成。接种微生物可促进有机物料中各有机组分的分解,并有利于腐殖物质的形成。     

纯培养条件下蓝细菌形成腐殖物质的可能性研究

采用红外光谱和元素分析,初步研究了纯培养条件下水华鱼腥藻(一种常见蓝细菌)不同生长期的菌体和胞外代谢物以及作为唯一基质形成的菌体混合物的结构特征。结果表明:蓝细菌样品的红外光谱图中均没有1 720 cm-1峰。2 926/1 650比值显示,水华鱼腥藻对数生长期与衰亡后期的菌体芳香物质含量高,复杂度与土壤富里酸接近,但低于土壤胡敏酸;微生物处理能使菌体混合物具有更多芳香族物质,但1 530 cm-1峰消失,表明部分C=C及氨基酸类物质被分解。相对于土壤腐殖物质,水华鱼腥藻菌体的H/C比值及(O+S)/C比值均较大,即缩合度较低而氧化度较高;经微生物处理后,其缩合度进一步降低,氧化度升高。总之,本实验条件下蓝细菌自发形成腐殖物质的可能性较低,且其作为唯一基质在其他微生物作用下形成的菌体混合物与土壤腐殖物质在结构上存在差距,但从蓝细菌的组成与结构上看,其可为腐殖物质的形成提供物质条件。该结果为土壤腐殖物质的形成研究与起源探索提供了一定的科学依据。     

森林生态系统中硒与腐殖物质之间缔合作用的实验证据

在针叶林土壤和水系统中，硒通常与腐殖物质缔合存在，为进一步澄清有关机理，作者将标记亚硒酸盐和非标记亚硒酸盐加入两个林地表土和一个棕色湖水样品中，并应用连续提取方法和色谱分析技术对硒和腐殖物质间的缔合作用进行了测定，结果表明，通过微生物的还原作用，加入的亚硒酸盐大部分被林地表土所固定，硒优先进入了低分子量的腐殖物质组分中，相反，在棕色湖水样品的试验中，硒的还原反应速率慢，因此，在所试验的条件下当竞争     

胆碱对人参碳代谢及磷吸收的影响

应用~(14)C、~(32)P示踪试验表明,4年生人参青果期喷施胆碱后,其光合速率提高14.22％;~(14)C同化产物转移率增加21.82％,~(14)C同化物在参根总皂甙中的含量(dpm)比对照增加10.66％。胆碱对人参叶面喷施磷的吸收有促进作用,磷的吸收率增加17.81％,根部~(32)P的积累增加31.2％,人参根产量提高28.7％。     

不同生育期同化的光合产物在人参体内的转移和分配

在人参不同生育期,采用(14)~CO_2标记整体植株的方法,测定人参同化(14)~C产物的分配比率和残留率。结果表明,展叶末期同化的光合产物60％用于建造人参营养体,为地上部各器官的生长发育提供碳源和能源;绿果期以后的同化产物是参根中干物质和有效成份构成的主要来源;施用人参复合肥料,4年生参根干重及总皂甙含量较对照提高16.1％和4.3％。     

吉林省参地水土保持及可持续利用

人参适宜在土层深厚 ,土壤肥沃的坡地上生长。种植人参采用皆伐林地、清除根茬、顺坡做床的方法 ,从栽培到收获的 6a时间内需换床 1次 ,参后地在 30～ 40a内不能重复利用 ,造成严重水土流失。其整地、晒地期由于土地失去了原有植被的保护 ;管理期间面积占参地 2 0 %～ 2 5 %的作业道要承受整个参地的降水量 ;参后弃地土质疏散、表土裸露 ,在这 3个不同阶段均需采取相应的水土保持措施 ,防止水土流失。     

Soil–root cross‐talking: The role of humic substances

The biological activity of humic substances (HS) has been elucidated in the last 40 years. Growth enhancement from HS has been demonstrated in several plants in the laboratory and the field. Morphogenesis effects have also been investigated and include induction of lateral root formation and root hair initiation in intact plants and stimulation of root and shoot development in treated cell calluses. HS enhance nutrient use efficiency, aiding assimilation of both macro and microelements and promoting plant growth by the induction of carbon, nitrogen, and secondary metabolism. The review aims are to: (1) shed light on the mechanism by which plants “talk” with soil through humic substances, (2) elucidate the plant responses to the stimulatory effects of HS, the regulatory circuits that allow plants to cope with humus, and the feedback between plant community structures, and (3) show (in light of recent debate about the alkaline extraction of soil humic substances) the plant capability to acquire biologically active substances from soil. It will be shown that plants modify soils, creating and maintaining favorable habitats for growth and survival. Therefore, organic substances exuded by roots are not a wasteful loss of carbon and energy. They represent an evolved strategy by which plants “talk” to the soil. The mobilization of bioactive organic/humic substances from bulk soil or bulk humus is critical to plant and soil health.     

短枝西洋参培植技术的研究

对青果期两年生西洋参＾１４Ｃ同化产物分配及根活力的测定表明,两年生西洋参于移栽前切除部分主根,后续生长中,参株发育正常,侧根及须根系发育良好,主根缩短;果期叶面喷施ＡＢＴ增产灵,能促进同产产物向根部转移,提高根系活力,尤其是提高侧根根系活力。可以认为,在培植短枝西洋参过程中,移栽前切除部分主根是一简便而有效的主要措施,而适时施用ＡＢＴ增产灵是必要的配套技术。     

吉林人参产业发展探讨

通过市场调查数据及与韩国产高丽参的对比,分析了吉林省人参产业发展存在的问题及根源,提出了加快吉林人参产业发展的建议。即坚持标准化种植,提高人参种植质量;加强人参产品的研发;加强宣传力度,提高市场声誉;整合资源,做强品牌。     

吉林人参产业发展探讨

通过市场调查数据及与韩国产高丽参的对比,分析了吉林省人参产业发展存在的问题及根源,提出了加快吉林人参产业发展的建议。即坚持标准化种植,提高人参种植质量;加强人参产品的研发;加强宣传力度,提高市场声誉;整合资源,做强品牌。     

Chemical properties of humic matter as related to induction of plant lateral roots

A series of humic matter samples isolated from a soil sequence, different oxisols, size‐fractionated from a vermicompost humic acid and subjected to chemical modifications, were characterized by CPMAS ¹³C‐NMR spectroscopy. The relative signal areas in chemical shift regions of NMR spectra of the four sets of samples were analysed by principal component analysis (PCA). Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was applied to build a classification model, which allowed the recognition of humic matter according to its origin. The relationship between carbon species and biological activity of humic acids, as promoters of lateral root emergence, was obtained by applying PLS multivariate analysis. This showed that lateral root emergence was mostly related to NMR parameters such as the hydrophobicity index (HB/HI) and the 40–110 and 160–200 ppm chemical shift regions (hydrophilic carbon HI), while the content of hydrophobic (HB) carbon in humic samples was negatively correlated with induction of lateral root hair. Our results represent a step further in the structure‐bioactivity relationship of natural humic substances and confirm their role as plant root growth promoters.     

Effect of soil humic substances on surface redox activity of oat roots

The effect of a low molecular weight (<5kDa, LMW) and a high molecular weight (>5kDa, HMW) humic fractions on surface redox activities of oat roots was studied. Oxidation of the electron donor NADH and reduction of the artificial electron acceptor ferricyanide [K3Fe(CN)6] exogenously supplied to the roots both alone or in combination, was measured in the presence or absence of soil humic substances. HMW humic fraction inhibited NADH oxidation either in the presence or absence of ferricyanide, while LMW humic fraction inhibited NADH: ferricyanide oxidoreductase activity due to the contemporary addition of the two redox compounds to the solution bathing the roots. NADH: ferricyanide oxido‐reduction was partially due to the release of substances from the roots. However, the presence of soil humic fractions (LMW or HMW) did not significantly modify this behaviour. Rather, the inhibitory effect of soil humic substances was even more evident when the oxidoreduction solely due to the root activity was considered. The results confirm the presence of multiple types of oxidoreductase activities at the surface of oat roots and show that the two humic fractions HMW and LMW may differently affect these activities. Partial inhibition of NADH oxidase activity is interpreted as a possible way of interference of humic substances with metabolic processes involved in cell wall formation. The effects on surface redox activities are discussed in terms of the role of soil humic substances in promotion of plant growth.