湛江农垦甘蔗机械化收获实践与分析

湛江农垦是我国最早开展甘蔗机械化收获大田作业的单位。本文回顾了自2011/2012年榨季以来,该单位使用的甘蔗收割机机型、机组配套、作业成本和作业效果等机械化作业实践情况,并做了简要分析,得出结论:机械化收获是我国甘蔗产业亟需推广应用的技术;行距是影响甘蔗收割机作业效率和作业质量的关键农艺参数;针对目前农场1.2 m的种植行距,我国需要有适合1.2 m行距的甘蔗收割机;糖厂、农机服务公司和蔗农之间现有机制阻碍了甘蔗收获机械化的发展,需要有一个合适的协调管理机制。     

湛江农垦甘蔗机械化种植实践与分析

湛江农垦是我国最早开展甘蔗机械化种植生产的单位。本文回顾了自2007/2008年榨季以来该单位采用的甘蔗种植机机型、机组配套、人员配置、作业成本和作业效果等机械化作业实践情况,并做了简要分析。改进或改变种植机作业方式,减少或取消喂种人工数量;选用合适的肥料形式,取消拌肥人工;采用专用苗圃以减少选种人工费用:这将大幅度降低种植费用,是甘蔗机械化种植技术的发展方向。     

现代农装北方(北京)农业机械有限公司8120型牵引式甘蔗联合种植机简介

一、简介甘蔗种植机械化在中国尚属空白,而我国甘蔗种植面积达1800多万亩,位居世界第三,我国甘蔗种植省份的实际情况是,甘蔗种植地块90%属于个体经营,100亩以上的甘蔗连片种植很少,离国外甘蔗生产实行全程机械化作业还有很大的     

甘蔗种切割防伤芽装置设计

目前,我国甘蔗种植基本上都沿用古老的手工作业方式,工效低,劳动强度大,经济效益差,推行机械化种植成为一种必然的发展趋势。然而甘蔗机械化种植普遍存在着伤芽率高这一问题,降低了蔗种的出芽率。我国甘蔗种植机在作业过程中主要类型为：边砍边种的种植机。但此类机型仍普遍存在以下问题：     

甘蔗机械化生产技术

正一、甘蔗联合种植机械化技术技术概述:甘蔗联合种植机械化技术是指采用甘蔗联合种植机,一次完成开沟、施肥、切种、摆种、覆土、镇压、盖膜等作业的技术。采用甘蔗联合种植机械化技术种植甘蔗,可以大大提高种植作业效率和作业质量,节约生产成本,减少机器入地次数和对土壤的压实。该项技术正在广西、广东和云南各大甘蔗主产区进行示范和推广,逐步被广大蔗农认可和接受,特别是在农场、甘蔗种植大户中应用较广泛。     

农艺技术在甘蔗机械化种植中的应用

<正>我国作为蔗糖生产大国，近年来甘蔗糖产量已得到了明显提升。但是从甘蔗种植现状来看，我国的机械化种植程度还相对较低，在播种、收获等环节仍以人工作业为主，劳动强度大，功效相对低。对比世界发达国家，每吨原料蔗糖的生产成本往往要高出近一倍，因此提高甘蔗种植机械化水平势在必行。在甘蔗种植过程中种植户采用机械化技术，可以降低甘蔗生产成本，促进我国蔗糖业的快速发展，提高糖业在国际市场中的竞争力。     

广西贵港市甘蔗生产及机械化发展现状分析

甘蔗生产机械化是我国农业机械化发展的“短板”之一,深入了解甘蔗种植和机械化发展的基本情况,对推动甘蔗生产机械化有很重要的意义。本文通过对广西甘蔗主产区之一的贵港市农村、农场甘蔗生产情况的调研,分析了该地区甘蔗生产现状和机械化的发展进程。广西贵港市甘蔗种植地段丘陵山区较多、地块较小,同时,现阶段的机器设备技术和“三包”维修服务不完善,作业服务费用较高,惠农政策不健全等,导致了甘蔗生产机械化进程缓慢。应积极推行由政府引导,科研部门、企业、相关组织和种植户等全力配合的经营服务模式,促进甘蔗生产全程机械化得以早日实现。     

2CZY-2型甘蔗种植机试验和分析

对2CZY-2型甘蔗种植机作业性能行了试验测试,并与人工作业进行了比较分析,对存在的不足进行了改进试验。结果表明：2CZY-2型甘蔗种植机性能稳定,机械化种植工效是人工的4倍、成本比人工降低489元/hm2,经济效益和社会效益显著,为甘蔗机械化的发展提供重要的实践和理论依据。     

加强产品质量管理 稳步推进甘蔗生产机械化

甘蔗种植、收获环节机械化作业水平低,是我区甘蔗生产机械化的“瓶颈”。近年来,我区各级农机部门按照自治区党委、政府的部署要求,把加快甘蔗生产机械化,特别是种植、收获环节机械化作为农机化工作的重中之重,实施农机购置补贴等扶持政策拉动,加大甘蔗种植、收获机械试验、示范,     

3ZSP-2型多功能甘蔗中耕管理机变量施肥控制系统

针对目前机械化甘蔗中耕管理技术的综合经济效益不显著、机械化程度低等问题,结合南方蔗田多为中小型地块的现状,基于甘蔗种植农艺要求,分析总结了国内外甘蔗中耕管理机作业特点,并基于C语言设计了具有变量监控和报警功能的甘蔗中耕管理机施肥控制系统,可以及时、准确地监测肥量的变化,提高施肥的质量和效率。该机具既可用于宿根甘蔗除草、破垄、施肥和培土,又可用于新种植甘蔗苗期各项中耕管理作业,工作质量稳定,作业效率高,满足中耕管理要求,为机械化中耕管理技术的推广和应用奠定基础。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。