稻草粉经白腐真菌降解后蛋白质变化观察

稻草秸秆约占我国草资源的1/3,资源丰富,但是,由于秸秆的木质素与纤维素之间的嵌合,含蛋白质仅占4%～5%,作为饲料利用价值非常低。通过白腐真菌对稻草秸秆处理,除木质素、纤维素被降解外,秸秆蛋白质含量有所提高。本实验是用白腐真菌1024对稻草粉处理,以观察其蛋白质转化情况。1　材料与方法1.1　原料:稻草粉(将稻草粉碎成1ｃｍ长的细粉)、石灰粉、多菌灵。1.2　白腐真菌:由本所收集、分离的菌株。1.3　方法:第一次处理,稻草经石灰水、多菌灵处理后,用高温菌发酵,当发酵温度达72℃后,冷却装袋并接种5%白腐菌,在室温下生长,待菌丝长满后,取出…     

秸秆微贮饲料的制作及应用

秸秆微贮是利用高效复合发酵活干菌在适宜的温度和厌氧条件下 ,通过理化、生化、微生物等协同作用 ,使秸秆发酵。秸秆微贮后粗纤维含量降低 ,消化率提高 ,酸香松软 ,适口性增强。原料简单 ,收获籽粒后的玉米秸、麦秸、稻秸等均可作为微贮原料。但霉变秸秆、高粱秸秆不宜用于制作微贮饲料。1　秸秆制备1 1　将秸秆铡成 2 0～ 5 0厘米长的小段或用揉碎机揉碎、粉碎均可 ,玉米秸秆粉碎 0 5～ 1 0厘米、麦秸粉碎为 0 4～ 0 7厘米、稻草粉碎为 1 0～ 2 0厘米。1 2　各种秸秆单独或搭配微贮均可。2　发酵装置的选择常见的发酵装置有青贮…     

农村秸秆粉碎养畜技术——以锤片式粉碎机为例

农作物秸秆因质地粗硬、适口性差,如不经调制处理,家畜只能采食秸秆的部分叶壳和秆尖,大部分秸秆被白白浪费。采用机械方式将秸秆粉碎,秸秆粉经炖煮、浸泡、发酵等方法处理后,可使秸秆体积变小,质地软化、适口性得到改善,便于家畜采食和咀嚼,提高家畜对秸秆的采食量与利用率,尤其在低精料饲养条件下,粉碎秸秆可明显改进家畜的饲喂效果。     

农村秸秆粉碎养畜技术——以锤片式粉碎机为例

<正>农作物秸秆因质地粗硬、适口性差,如不经调制处理,家畜只能采食秸秆的部分叶壳和秆尖,大部分秸秆被白白浪费。采用机械方式将秸秆粉碎,秸秆粉经炖煮、浸泡、发酵等方法处理后,可使秸秆体积变小,质地软化、适口性得到改善,便于家畜采食和咀嚼,提高家畜对秸秆的采食量与利用率,尤其在低精料饲养条件下,粉碎秸秆可明显改进家畜的饲喂效果。畜粪、尿再还田可有效节省化肥施放,提高土壤肥力。此外,粉碎秸秆还降低养殖成本,增加粮食与     

秸秆压块饲料的利用前景

这里所指的秸秆压块饲料不是指中、低密度的压缩或打捆或颗粒等饲草饲料。而是指秸秆或牧草经铡切后进行高密度压缩成块状 (一般为32×32×50毫米 ,密度为0.7～1) ,它有着很多优势与特点。人们称为牛羊食用的“压缩饼干”或“方便面”。如何开发利用秸秆问题,是当代农业发展的重大课题之一。对此,国家近几年来组织产、学、研等有关部门及力量进行多年有益的探索 ,采用物理 (切断、粉碎、浸泡、蒸煮、辐照、膨化、热喷、颗粒化等 )、化学 (碱化、酸化、碱加酸化、氨化、氧化 )、微生物(青贮、黄贮、发酵、酶解等 )等手段进行处理 ,使秸秆利用…     

秸秆压块饲料

我这里说的秸秆压块饲料不是指中、低密度的压缩、打捆或颗粒等饲草饲料,而是指秸秆或牧草经铡切后进行高密度压缩成块状(一般为32×32×50毫米,密度为700~1000千克/立方米),它有着很多优势与特点。人们之称为牛羊食用的“压缩饼干”或“方便面”。对秸秆饲喂牲畜的利用问题,国家组织产、学、研等有关部门及力量进行多年有益的探索,采用物理(切断、粉碎、浸泡、蒸煮、辐照、膨化、热喷、颗粒化等)、化学(碱化、酸化、碱加酸化、氨化、氧化)、微生物(青贮、黄贮、发酵、酶解等)等手段进行处理,使秸秆利用率有所提高。但总的来说,没有从根本上…     

草粉发酵喂羊效果好

将各种无毒的野草、树叶、作物秸秆以及粮、棉副产品等各种原料，干燥后经加工粉碎成草粉，发酵后用来喂羊。经发酵的草粉不但营养较全面，而且加工制作方法简单，成本低,     

用发酵玉米秸秆粉喂猪研究

为充分利用我国丰富的玉米秸秆，除青贮、氨化作反刍动物饲料外，将玉米秸秆的青绿部分制成粉，运用饲料酵母生物工程发酵技术进行发酵作猪饲料是较好的方法，可使秸秆进一步得到充分利用。l材料与方法1．1　发酵底物玉米秸秆粉的制备　玉米籽实成熟时适时收割玉米秸秆的青绿部分，切成小于1cm长的小段摊晒，经常翻动，防止堆积，一般晒3─4天至适宜粉碎时，将晒干的玉米秸秆小段粉碎为末状，贮存于阴凉干燥处备用，需注意防潮霉变。1．2　试验动物　系解放军某部队农场提供的父本为长白猪，母本为芒台猪所产的仔猪群，健康无病，体重相近，…     

不同处理方式对玉米秸秆营养价值的影响研究

本文通过对比常规玉米秸秆、青贮玉米秸秆、发酵膨化玉米秸秆的营养成分、体内瘤胃消失率及对牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸含量,研究不同处理方式对玉米秸秆营养价值的影响,结果表明,青贮玉米秸秆和发酵膨化玉米秸秆中中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗蛋白质、粗纤维的含量显著低于常规玉米秸秆(P0.05),且青贮玉米秸秆和发酵膨化玉米秸秆各营养成分的瘤胃消失率显著高于常规玉米秸秆(P0.05);青贮玉米秸秆和发酵膨化玉米秸秆的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、挥发性脂肪酸总量显著大于常规玉米秸秆(P0.05);与发酵膨化玉米秸秆相比,青贮玉米秸秆的营养成分含量、体内瘤胃消失率及挥发性脂肪酸均大于发酵膨化玉米秸秆,但差异不显著(P0.05),由此可知,青贮和发酵膨化均可提高粗饲料的利用率,发酵膨化技术也可进行推广普及,应用于广大养殖户中。     

多菌株联合发酵玉米秸秆的固态发酵培养基优化

试验采用由平菇PL-01、黑曲霉M6.300和里氏木霉多菌株联合发酵玉米秸秆的固态发酵培养基,通过研究玉米秸秆固态发酵培养基中尿素[(NH_2)_2CO]、硫酸铵[(NH_4)_2SO_4]、硝酸铵(HN_4NO_3)、膨化羽毛粉、水解羽毛粉及苜蓿粉等氮源物质和无机盐添加量对联合发酵菌株产纤维素酶的影响;得到联合发酵菌株固态发酵玉米秸秆产纤维素酶的优化培养基配方:玉米秸秆粉100.00、(NH_2)_2CO 0.80、(NH_4)_2SO_41.80、七水硫酸镁(Mg SO_4·7H_2O)0.02、无水磷酸氢二钾(K_2HPO_4)0.06、苜蓿粉5.50及膨化羽毛粉2.50 g。在料水比1∶3及p H自然条件下,联合发酵菌株滤纸酶活力(FPA)值达13.69 IU/g,比优化前联合发酵菌株FPA酶活力的最高值提高26.18%。为利用益生菌生产固态发酵玉米秸秆饲料寻找最优培养基配方提供基础。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.