均质压力对玉米淀粉机械力化学效应的影响

为了研究均质压力对玉米淀粉微观结构及理化性质的影响,该文以玉米淀粉为原料,通过X-射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、快速黏性分析仪(rapid visco analyser,RVA)、偏光显微镜(polarizing microscope,PLM)、激光共聚焦显微镜(confocal laser scanning microscopy,CLSM)等手段研究不同压力(20、60、100、140 MPa)下淀粉结构及性质变化,并探究其相互关系,揭示均质压力对淀粉颗粒机械力化学效应。结果表明:均质压力处理对玉米淀粉结构及性质产生显著影响。经20~140 MPa处理后,与原淀粉相比,中央腔及孔道结构模糊,粒径、糊化黏度减小,结晶度下降,水溶指数和透光率呈上升趋势。20~100 MPa范围内,随均质压力增大,淀粉颗粒形貌逐渐破坏,球状凸起结构增加,100 MPa处理时中心球体最为明显,且与60 MPa相比,结晶度变大,膨胀度显著下降。当140 MPa处理时,颗粒内部球状凸起、碎片及孔洞结构显著减少,偏光十字破坏,糊化焓降低。可见不同均质压力对淀粉颗粒的无定形区、亚结晶区和结晶区产生不同程度的机械力化学作用,导致淀粉颗粒内部依次发生了聚集和团聚效应。该结果为研究淀粉化学活性及生产高性能变性淀粉提供理论支撑。     

颗粒型抗性淀粉的制备及性质

为了提高抗性淀粉含量,并获得抗性淀粉的制备方法和最适工艺参数,该试验采用湿热处理、酶法处理以及酶法协同湿热处理3种方法改性高直链玉米淀粉（Hylon Ⅶ）,分别得到抗性淀粉质量分数为51.5%、42.5%和55.1%的产品。异相酶法处理协同湿热处理可使抗性淀粉含量有所提高。淀粉经过3种方法处理后仍保持偏光十字和颗粒形貌,为颗粒型抗性淀粉;与原淀粉相比,适当的湿热处理和酶法处理可使淀粉的直链淀粉含量显著提高;X-射线衍射表明酶解处理和湿热处理没有改变淀粉的晶型,仍为“B”型晶型;差示扫描量热图谱表明抗性淀粉样品的糊化起始温度、峰值温度、终止温度和焓值均升高。湿热处理和酶法处理可制备出热稳定性好的颗粒型抗性淀粉。     

红花甜荞籽粒淀粉的理化特性

为明确红花甜荞籽粒淀粉理化特性,选用12个红花甜荞品种为材料,分析了其淀粉颗粒形态、粒度分布特征、直链淀粉含量、溶解度、透明度及糊化特性以及品种间差异。结果表明,红花甜荞淀粉颗粒多为不规则多角形和球形,多角形多且颗粒较大,球形颗粒较少且颗粒小,淀粉粒径范围介于0.38～25.78 μm;品种间淀粉粒径、直链淀粉含量、溶解度、透明度存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）;起始糊化温度在62.80～72.60℃,峰值黏度在126.58～141.00 RU;品种间谷值黏度、最终黏度、破损值、回生值和峰值时间差异显著。定边甜荞谷值黏度大,为118.00 RU;破损值及回生值小,分别为13.00和57.33 RU;达到峰值时间最长,达5.80 min;淀粉糊稳定性好。因此,在进行优质专用品种选育和产品加工时,应根据不同目标选择不同的甜荞品种。     

机械活化预处理甘蔗渣制备醋酸纤维素的工艺

为开发利用甘蔗渣,制备高取代度的醋酸纤维素,该文采用自制搅拌磨对甘蔗渣进行机械活化预处理,以不同活化时间的甘蔗渣为原料,醋酸酐作为乙酰化剂,浓硫酸为催化剂,制备醋酸纤维素。以醋酸纤维素的取代度为评价指标,分别探讨机械活化时间、反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量、液固比等因素对甘蔗渣乙酰化反应的影响,并在此基础上采用正交试验确定制备工艺的最佳条件。结果表明,机械活化对甘蔗渣乙酰化反应具有显著的强化作用,经机械活化预处理后的甘蔗渣比原甘蔗渣更容易进行乙酰化反应。主要的原因是机械活化破坏了甘蔗渣中木素对纤维素的包裹作用,结晶结构受到破坏,降低纤维素的结晶度,乙酰化试剂更容易渗透到甘蔗渣内部使纤维素发生乙酰化反应,降低了对反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量、液固比的依赖性,提高了反应活性。以活化60min的甘蔗渣为原料进行乙酰化反应,在液固比为12 mL/g,催化剂质量分数为4%,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为3.0h的条件下,可制得取代度为2.81的醋酸纤维素。并采用红外光谱（IR）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X-射线衍射（XRD）对甘蔗渣醋酸纤维素的结构进行了表征。研究结果将为制备高取代度醋酸纤维素提供依据和基础数据。     

几种淀粉的糊化特性及力学稳定性(简报)

为探索淀粉糊化的力学稳定性,以不同来源淀粉为原料,采用快速黏度分析仪于不同搅拌速度下,研究外力作用对淀粉糊化特性的影响,为淀粉质食品的品质控制提供依据。结果表明,不同来源淀粉的黏度曲线及其力学稳定性有差异。以小麦淀粉的糊化温度最低;马铃薯淀粉糊的黏度和温度稳定性最大;马铃薯和莲子淀粉的峰值黏度较高,冷糊稳定性好;莲子淀粉的热糊稳定性差;玉米淀粉糊易于老化。外力作用对淀粉糊的黏度曲线有影响。较强的外力作用后,会导致淀粉糊的强度、黏度和糊化温度降低,改善热糊稳定性和冷糊稳定性。淀粉糊化的力学稳定性与其颗粒强度有关,较大颗粒强度的淀粉的力学稳定性较好。     

饲料限水糊化动力学及其颗粒结构特性的表征

饲料的糊化作为一种功能特性广泛存在于饲料的热加工中,水分、温度和时间是影响饲料糊化的重要工艺参数。为探究饲料在水热处理过程中的糊化动力学参数及饲料颗粒结构的内在变化,该研究基于均匀板加热法,将25%和30%水分的育肥猪配合饲料,分别在75、80、85、90和95℃温度下,进行0.5、1、3、5、7和10min加热时间的热处理,分析热处理后饲料样品的糊化程度、糊化动力学参数、结晶特性、双折射特性和微观形貌等理化性质。结果显示,水分是饲料糊化的第一限制性因素,25%和30%水分饲料的最大糊化度分别为0.320 6±0.016 2和0.668 8±0.015 0,饲料的糊化过程遵循非线性一级动力学模型,且在热处理时长达到3 min左右时,糊化度趋向糊化终端的渐进值;由Arrhenius公式回归得到的25%和30%水分饲料糊化活化能分别为11 356.58和52 705.59 J/mol,是限制水分条件下的"不完全糊化活化能"。具有不同双折射消失程度的颗粒共存于同一热处理样品体系中,淀粉颗粒双折射性的消失从颗粒中心开始,热处理样品微观结构的变化主要表现为颗粒中心无定形区的优先破坏,中心结构的破坏导致颗粒表面塌陷,并促进了存在于淀粉颗粒无定形区直链淀粉的浸出;经过热处理样品的结晶图谱由A型转变为V型;晶体结构的破坏和重组同时发生但程度不同,样品的相对结晶度表现为先降低,并在特征温度明显回升后再次下降。研究结果为饲料热加工中原料的相互作用及变化机制提供了基础数据,对饲料调质和膨化工艺的优化具有潜在的应用价值。     

低温挤出-多酶协同降解脱胚玉米中淀粉的机理

为了改变目前挤出酶解谷物淀粉仅添加一种酶制剂(α-淀粉酶),只能降解淀粉的α-1,4糖苷键,不能降解支链淀粉的α-1,6糖苷键,限制淀粉转化成葡萄糖的收率进一步提高的现状,该文应用低温(≤80℃)挤出-多酶(α-淀粉酶、糖化酶、普鲁兰酶)协同降解技术,制备挤出过程中物料的石蜡显微制片,观察脱胚玉米经低温挤出-多酶协同降解处理后,细胞壁、细胞中的淀粉颗粒和蛋白质颗粒的分布状况以及淀粉含量、糊化度、可溶性糖含量的变化。结果表明:在挤出过程中,淀粉发生糊化和降解,表观淀粉质量分数减少,从81.50%减少到74.40%,可溶性糖质量分数增加,从1.07%增加到2.26%,挤出过程中加入酶制剂后这种变化更加明显。添加单一α-淀粉酶表观淀粉质量分数从79.72%减少到69.16%,可溶性糖质量分数从6.54%增加到7.90%。添加α-淀粉酶和糖化酶表观淀粉质量分数从81.42%减少到72.45%,可溶性糖质量分数从11.65%增加到14.71%。添加α-淀粉酶和普鲁兰酶表观淀粉质量分数从81.31%减少到70.31%,可溶性糖质量分数从6.74%增加到8.29%。添加α-淀粉酶、糖化酶、普鲁兰酶3种酶时淀粉质量分数从81.06%减少到69.05%,可溶性糖质量分数从11.25%增加到16.35%。因此,3种酶(α-淀粉酶、糖化酶、普鲁兰酶)协同作用对淀粉降解以及可溶性糖含量的增加作用效果最好。显微切片的分析结果表明:添加3种酶制剂(α-淀粉酶+糖化酶+普鲁兰酶)的切片,细胞结构中淀粉颗粒被降解破坏的程度大于添加1种(耐高温α-淀粉酶)、2种(α-淀粉酶+糖化酶,或者α-淀粉酶+普鲁兰酶)酶制剂的细胞结构中淀粉颗粒被降解破坏的程度。低温挤出-多酶协同降解后,脱胚玉米挤出物的总淀粉含量降低、可溶性糖含量增加,糊化度增加。试验表明:添加3种酶制剂协同降解脱胚玉米中淀粉的作用效果优于添加1种酶制剂或2种酶制剂的淀粉降解效果,为进一步提高淀粉转化成葡萄糖的收率提供科学依据。     

热塑性辐照玉米淀粉薄膜的制备及表征

为了提高热塑性淀粉基薄膜的力学性能,采用0、10、20、30、40、50 kGy 6个剂量的~(60)Co-γ射线对玉米淀粉进行辐照处理,研究辐照对玉米淀粉结构、颗粒尺寸的影响;并以辐照玉米淀粉为原材料,采用挤出造粒、熔融吹塑法制备热塑性辐照玉米淀粉薄膜,研究辐照剂量对热塑性薄膜力学性能、表面形貌的影响。结果表明,~(60)Co-γ射线能够有效破坏玉米淀粉分子内、分子间氢键,降低玉米淀粉的刚性;能够有效减小玉米淀粉的颗粒尺寸,增加玉米淀粉的加工流动性。随着辐照剂量的增加,热塑性辐照玉米淀粉薄膜的力学性能不断增加;未熔融颗粒不断减少,表面形貌更加均匀、平整。综合考虑热塑性辐照玉米淀粉薄膜的力学性能和钴源能耗,40kGy剂量辐照的玉米淀粉制备的热塑性淀粉基降解薄膜更具有实用价值。本研究结果为辐照玉米淀粉制造热塑性降解薄膜提供了理论依据和实际参考。     

玉米淀粉高压糊化动力学的初步探讨

通过计算玉米淀粉高压糊化的动力学参数认为，作为能独立改变物质状态的两种因素—压力和热，它们使淀粉糊化的反应同属一级反应，由此根据已有的热糊化动力学理论提出了保压时间与淀粉糊化度的动力学关系式，解释了高压淀粉糊化机理和影响糊化速度的因素     

酶法制备玉米缓慢消化淀粉的工艺条件优化

缓慢消化淀粉是一种新型功能性淀粉,具有多种生理功能。该文以蜡质玉米淀粉为原料,采用酶控制降解技术及湿热-冷却技术制备缓慢消化淀粉,确定其优化工艺条件。研究结果表明：普鲁兰酶用量9 U/g,酶作用时间7 h,淀粉乳浓度12.5%,热处理时间50 min,热处理温度110℃,储藏温度1℃,储藏时间2 d,烘干温度60℃,并在此条件下进行3次重复试验,缓慢消化淀粉得率为27.33%。     

机械活化醋酸酯淀粉的制备及其生物降解塑料膜性能

为了有效提高淀粉基生物降解塑料的性能,本试验对机械活化1.0 h的玉米淀粉（MAS）进行酯化改性,制备了机械活化醋酸酯淀粉（MASA）及机械活化醋酸酯淀粉/聚乙烯醇的生物降解塑料膜（MASA/PVA）,用傅立叶红外光谱仪（FTIR）、差示扫描量热仪（DSC）、扫描电镜（SEM）分别对MASA的结构、热稳定性、形貌等进行测试和表征,并与原醋酸酯淀粉/聚乙烯醇生物降解塑料膜（SA/PVA）对比研究了塑料膜的力学性能和生物降解性能。结果表明,机械活化淀粉经酯化改性后,结构和形貌都有很大的改变,热性能提高;MASA/PVA塑料膜的性能均比SA/PVA好,以机械活化醋酸酯淀粉（DS=0.1）为原料制备的MASA/PVA塑料膜浸水前的拉伸强度为3.56 MPa,断裂伸长率146.22%,24 h吸水率为134.79%,抗热水性能好,在20 d内该塑料膜土埋生物降解率为45.90%。机械活化预处理有效改善了生物降解塑料膜的性能。     

莲子热风干燥过程对其淀粉热特性及凝胶化的影响

为解决莲子干燥过程中淀粉形态结构变化造成莲子结壳、硬化,不利于干燥以及复水难、易返生问题,该文利用差示扫描量热技术(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)对新鲜莲子以及不同热风干燥(70、80、90℃)莲子的淀粉热特性与凝胶化过程进行了研究.研究发现,莲子淀粉在低水分环境(42.2%,以质量比计)时存在2个明显的吸热峰,高水分环境(71.1%,以质量比计)时存在1个明显的吸热峰;莲子在干燥过程中不断失水,并伴随着淀粉凝胶化.方差分析(analysis of variance,ANOVA)表明,高温干燥显著影响莲子淀粉的热特性,其淀粉凝胶化温度(峰起温度To、峰顶温度Tp以及峰止温度Te)部分显著升高.相同干燥条件下,莲子淀粉糊化焓ΔH受水分显著影响,但干燥温度、升温速率对其影响不显著(P>0.01).采用Kissinger、Crane方程获得了淀粉凝胶化动力学参数(活化能Ea、指前因子Z以及反应级数n).莲子淀粉的非等温凝胶化反应可近似为一级反应,高温干燥后其Ea值出现增加,并随着水分增加呈现降低趋势.研究结果可为确定莲子高品质干燥工艺以及干莲子、莲子淀粉后续加工过程提供技术支持.     

Effects of Heat-Moisture Treatment and Lipids on Gelatinization and Retrogradation of Maize and Potato Starches

Effects of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) and lipids on the structure and gelatinization of maize and potato starches were studied, and the retrogradation process of 20% HMT starch gels was also investigated. Maize starch was physically modified by HMT or by defatting. Potato starch was physically modified by HMT or by adding monoglycerides. The X-ray pattern of the HMT maize starch was assigned to a combination of A and V patterns, which indicated that HMT formed crystallized amylose complexes and recrystallized amylose in maize starch granules. However, the X-ray pattern of defatted maize starch did not change for HMT, so the lipids originally existing in starch granules were important to the formation of new crystallites during this treatment. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results suggested that weaker structures in amylopectin crystallites were more susceptible to degradation after HMT, while crystallized amylose complexes developed thermal stability after treatment. The amylose contents increased with increasing degree of HMT, which suggested that the newly created amylose arose from exterior linear chains of amylopectin degraded by the treatment. Investigation of retrogradation process showed that HMT significantly promoted retrogradation of starch gels, especially the initiation of recrystallization.     

Jet Cooking of Waxy Maize Starch: Solution Rheology and Molecular Weight Degradation of Amylopectin

The effect of processing conditions in an excess steam jet cooker on the degradation of waxy maize starch was studied. The temperature of the steam, the flow rate of the starch slurry, and the concentration of starch were determined to influence the extent of degradation. The viscosity of concentrated solutions of the jet‐cooked product and the intrinsic viscosity of dilute solutions were used as measures of the extent of molecular degradation. The viscosity decreased at higher reaction temperatures, and at higher team‐to‐starch ratios. Multiple passes through the jet cooker decreased the viscosity dramatically for the first two passes, but little additional change was observed for further passes. The results show that mechanical and thermal degradation effects are both important in the jet cooking of waxy maize starch, although the primary effect is due to mechanical degradation.     

Effects of Heat Stress During Grain Filling on the Functional Properties of Flour from Fresh Waxy Maize

The effects of temperature during grain filling on the quality of fresh waxy maize grain were investigated using three varieties. Plants of the selected varieties were subjected to two temperature treatments, namely, control (mean daily air temperature, 30°C) and heat stress (35°C), after artificial pollination (1–23 days after pollination). Heat stress decreased starch content and crystallinity and increased the contents of protein and protein fractions (albumin, globulin, zein, and glutenin), but it did not affect soluble sugar content in general. The effects of heat stress on grain textural characteristics were variety dependent, except for springiness, which was similar between treatments. Pasting and thermal properties were also affected by heat stress. The results suggest that heat stress during grain filling changes the composition of flour and crystalline structure of starch, thereby decreasing viscosities and enthalpies of gelatinization as well as increasing the pasting and gelatinization temperature of fresh waxy maize.     

Chemical and Physicochemical Properties of Maize Starch After Industrial Nixtamalization

Processing conditions similar to traditional nixtamalization are now used by the industry in the production of dry maize flours (DMF). The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of industrial nixtamalization on maize starch. Thus, dent maize grains were sampled from storage silos and the starch isolated (S). From the same batch of maize, DMF was obtained and the starch isolated (S‐DMF). The amylose content in the starches was quite similar (21.5–23.4%) and characteristic of a dent maize. However, nixtamalization increased the calcium content in S‐DMF. The starches investigated exhibited the typical A‐type diffraction pattern after 40 days of storage at 11–84.1% rh. However, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that annealing of maize starch occurred during storage at 30°C. On the other hand, industrial nixtamalization has both a melting and annealing effect on maize starch. Thus, the operative glass transition temperature (T_g), and the DSC parameters that define starch gelatinization (T_p and ΔH) showed that the proportion between crystalline and amorphous regions within the starch granule and the extent of physical damage to starch were modified by nixtamalization. As an example, T_g for S was between 60 and 62.5°C, while the S‐DMF had a T_g of 45–55°C for damaged starch and 65–70°C for annealed starch. Additionally, the extraction of the nonconstitutive starch lipids provided starches with more consistent thermal properties, particularly in the behavior of gelatinization at different water content. This last observation might have important implications in the consistency of starch physicochemical properties and, consequently, in the quality of maize products such as tortillas.     

Retrogradation of Maize Starch After Thermal Treatment Within and Above the Gelatinization Temperature Range

Studies of starch retrogradation have not considered the initial thermal treatment. In this article, we explore the effect of heating to temperatures within and above the gelatinization range on maize starch retrogradation. In the first experiment, 30% suspensions of waxy (wx) starch were initially heated to final temperatures ranging from 54 to 72°C and held for 20 min. On reheating in the differential scanning calorimeter immediately after cooling, the residual gelatinization endotherm peak temperature increased, the endotherm narrowed, and enthalpy decreased. Samples stored for seven days at 4°C showed additional amylopectin retrogradation endotherms. Retrogradation increased dramatically as initial holding temperature increased from 60 to 72°C. In a second experiment, wx starch was initially heated to final temperatures from 54 to 180°C and rapidly cooled, followed by immediate reheating or storage at 4°C. Maximum amylopectin retrogradation enthalpy after storage was observed for initial heating to 82°C. Above 82°C, retrogradation enthalpy decreased as initial heating temperature increased. A similar effect for ae wx starch was observed, except that retrogradation occurred more rapidly than for wx starch. These experiments show that heating to various temperatures above the range of gelatinization may profoundly affect amylopectin retrogradation, perhaps due to varying extents of residual molecular order in starch materials that are commonly presumed to be fully gelatinized. This article shows that studies of starch retrogradation should take into account the thermal history of the samples even for temperatures above the gelatinization temperature range.     

Relationships Between Soybean 11S Globulin Content and Thermal and Retrogradation Properties of Nonwaxy Maize Starch

In the present study, the relationships of soybean 11S globulin content, thermal properties, and retrogradation properties of nonwaxy maize starch in starch–globulin mixtures were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The onset and peak temperatures of maize starch were positively related to soybean 11S globulin content, whereas the thermal enthalpy was negatively related to it. However, the onset temperature, peak temperature, and thermal enthalpy of soybean 11S globulin were negatively related to maize starch content of mixtures. On the other hand, the onset and peak temperatures of retrograded maize starch were positively related to soybean 11S globulin content, whereas the retrogradation enthalpy was negatively related to it during storage. Therefore, adding soybean 11S globulin was an effective method to control maize starch gelatinization and retrogradation properties, which will be helpful for the food industry to produce high‐quality products based on starch and soybean protein.