黄土丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用方式下小流域侵蚀产沙特征

为进一步优化和合理配置水土保持措施,以黄土丘陵沟壑区3个不同土地利用方式下的坝控小流域为例,基于人工探槽取样、淤积层次甄别及与产流降雨事件的对应关系,结合1:10000早期地形图与全站仪测量,拟合库容曲线来估算淤地坝泥沙淤积量,进而反演坝控流域的产沙模数变化特征.结果表明:(1)延河马家沟3个不同土地利用方式下的洞儿沟...     

三峡库区水土流失综合治理优先小流域识别方法

三峡库区水土流失严重,开展水土流失综合治理是减少入库泥沙和提高三峡工程综合效益的关键,而如何高效识别优先小流域,则是提高治理资金效益和科学决策的基础。以重庆市合川区为例,在区域土壤侵蚀评价的基础上,提出了水土流失面积法、土地利用-水土流失面积法和坡度-水土流失面积法3种优先小流域识别方法,并对其进行了比较分析。结果表明,坡度-水土流失面积法识别的优先小流域水土流失面积占比接近于水土流失面积法,同时又将坡度较大以及耕地、园地和采矿用地面积占比较大的小流域识别出来,纳入优先小流域中,是3种方法中最优的识别方法。研究结果可为三峡库区或同类型地区小流域水土流失治理规划与实施顺序决策提供借鉴和参考。     

内蒙古十大孔兑西柳沟流域土壤侵蚀及水土保持措施调查

[目的]内蒙古十大孔兑地区属黄河中上游多沙粗沙区和生态脆弱区,对该区典型流域西柳沟的土壤侵蚀进行实地调查,分析流域土壤侵蚀特征及成因,为该区水土流失防治提供科学依据。[方法]于2022年9月19—26日和2023年6月21—26日沿X640解柴线(解家营—柴沟堡)和G109京拉线(北京—拉萨)2条公路分别布设15个调查点和14个集水区,对调查点及集水区植被、土壤、土壤侵蚀特征和水土保持措施等进行调查。[结果]流域内草地片蚀较为严重,耕地侵蚀不严重,沟谷内裸地风蚀较为严重。上游黄土高原丘陵区沟蚀严重,且溯源侵蚀、下切侵蚀及沟岸扩张未停止,伴随较为严重的重力侵蚀。中游风沙区以风水复合侵蚀为主,大幅增加了流域的产沙总量。流域内道路建设及边坡开挖等人为扰动进一步加剧了侵蚀风险。径流泥沙含量测定结果验证了流域泥沙的主要来源为上游地区。流域内水土保持措施以植被措施及工程措施为主,虽已起到一定水土保持作用,但由于形式单一而未能发挥理想效果。[结论]西柳沟短历时高强度的降雨特点叠加下层砒砂岩土壤条件共同加剧了该区土壤侵蚀,经济发展压力下的人类活动扰动加剧了生态风险,当地政府亟需持续增加水土保持投入,提...     

Assessing and mitigating the effects of agricultural soil erosion on roadside ditches

Purpose

Roadside ditches line more than 6.3 million km of roadways in the USA, dissecting the natural topography and altering the flow of runoff from the catchments that drain into them. In agricultural regions, more than 30% of a watershed may directly drain into the roadside ditch system. Quantifying soil erosion and sediment export from agricultural watersheds is a crucial component when considering long-term soil sustainability.

Materials and methods

Our study evaluated the relation of catchment soil erosion and ditch sedimentation at six representative roadside ditches in Lime Creek watershed (eastern Iowa) and quantified the effectiveness of possible catchment conservation practices to reduce soil erosion and ditch sedimentation.

Results and discussion

Study results provide clear evidence linking roadside ditches to the agricultural catchments that drain into them. Among the six ditch sites, catchment erosion was found to be inversely related to sediment storage within the ditch due to erosive power of water entering the ditches from their basins. Of four catchment scenarios to reduce soil erosion, no-till with cover and graded terrace did not require land to be taken out of production and provided the most significant reductions in catchment erosion rates.

Conclusions

Results indicated that reducing nutrient and sediment loads to ditches by incorporating in-field conservation practices in ditch catchments may be more economical and environmentally sustainable than current management practices for both farmers and roadway managers because they trap detached soil sediments before they enter the ditch.

     

密云水库上游不同土地利用方式下的土壤侵蚀特征

[目的]为了合理配置北京密云水库水土流失重点治理区的水土保持综合措施。[方法]基于石匣小流域坡面径流小区定位观测资料,分析了不同土地利用方式及水土保持措施的坡面土壤侵蚀特征。[结果](1)5种土地利用方式的土壤侵蚀量差异明显,与裸地相比较,耕地、人工草地、封禁荒草地和林地的减沙率达63.88%~99.63%;(2)梯田比坡耕地措施小区的土壤侵蚀量减少了95.62%,起到了显著的水土保持作用;(3)采用水平条和鱼鳞坑措施林地小区的减沙率分别为83.56%和96.53%,具有十分明显的减蚀作用;(4)与人工草地相比较,封禁荒草地的侵蚀产沙量减少了98.25%,可以有效地控制水土流失。[结论]增加地表植被覆盖,减少人为干扰以及合适地配置梯田、鱼鳞坑和水平条等水土保持工程措施具有良好的水土保持作用。     

南方红壤区小流域水土保持综合效益定量评价方法探讨——以江西兴国县为例

选择了南方红壤区水土流失严重的江西省兴国县境内的治理程度存在一定差异的塘背河、廖公坑、蕉溪河3个小流域为对象,选择了涉及生态效益、经济效益和社会效益的共30个评价指标,对3个小流域的水土保持综合效益进行了综合定量评价和比较。结果表明:(1)构建的评价指标体系和采用的评价方法能较为全面地反映水土保持的综合效益,具有一定的区域适宜性。(2)针对同一区域多个小流域一起进行评价,有利于通过对比揭示不同流域水土保持效益的差异及其产生的根源,对指导今后的水土保持工作具有重要的现实意义。(3)兴国县3个小流域通过积极的治理投入,均取得了显著的生态、经济和社会效益。(4)由于治理投入和治理时间的差异,3个小流域的水土保持综合效益尚存在一定的差异,塘背河小流域生态效益、经济效益、社会效益以及综合效益均最高;廖公坑小流域治理中等,生态效益和社会效益最低;蕉溪河小流域治理较差,经济效益最低。各流域应抓住自身水土流失治理存在的主要问题,采取具有针对性的措施以进一步搞好小流域的水土保持工作。     

南方红壤区不同利用土地产流产沙特征试验研究

研究不同类型降雨下土地利用/覆被对水土流失过程的影响,对于科学指导植被建设和控制水土流失具有重要意义。采用人工模拟降雨的方法,对南方红壤区典型小流域8种不同利用土地的径流、泥沙在不同降雨条件下的流失特征进行了研究。结果表明,不同利用土地的径流和泥沙流失差异明显,且各利用土地的径流和泥沙流失的变化对雨量雨强变化的响应不同;相同降雨条件下径流调控排序为果园>旱平地>油茶>弃土场>水保林>坡耕地>水田>裸地,泥沙调控排序为果园>油茶>旱平地>水田>裸地>水保林>坡耕地>弃土场。因此,具有水土保持措施的果园保水保土最好,而裸地产流最大,坡耕地和弃土场泥沙流失最多,产流和产沙没有完全的对应关系,该研究结果为南方红壤区的水土保持规划与水土流失综合治理提供了基础数据和科学依据。     

Erosion risk assessment: A contribution for conservation priority area identification in the sub-basin of Lake Tana,north-western Ethiopia

Soil erosion is a serious environmental problem arising from agricultural intensification and landscape changes. Improper land management coupled with intense rainfall has intricated the problem in most parts of the Ethiopian highlands. Soil loss costs a profound amount of the national GDP. Thus, quantifying soil loss and prioritizing areas for conservation is imperative for proper planning and resource conservation. Therefore, this study has modeled the mean soil loss and annual sediment yield of the Gumara watershed. Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7ETM+, and Landsat 8 OLI were used for land use land cover (LULC) change analysis. Besides these, other datasets related to rainfall, digital soil map, Digital Elevation Model, reference land use, and cover (LULC) ground truth points were used to generate parameters for modeling soil loss. The watershed was classified into five major land-use classes (water body, cultivated land, grazing land, built-up and forest and plantation) using a maximum likelihood algorithm covering a period of the last 30 years (1988–2019). The mean annual soil loss and sediment yield were quantified using RUSLE, Sediment delivery ratio (SDR), and Sediment Yields models (SY). The analysis result unveils that within the past 30 years, the watershed has undergone significant LULC changes from forest & plantation (46.33%) and grazing land to cultivated land (31.59%) with the rate of ?1.42km²yr^-1 and -2.80km²yr^-1 respectively. In the same vein, the built-up area has expanded to cultivated and grazing land. Subsequently, nearly 15% (207 km²) of the watershed suffered from moderate to very severe soil loss. On average, the watershed losses 24.2 t ha?¹ yr?¹ of soil and yields 2807.02 t ha?¹ yr?¹ sediment. Annually, the watershed losses 385,157 t ha?¹ yr?¹ soil from the whole study area. Among the admirative districts, Farta (Askuma, Giribi, Mahidere Mariam and Arigo kebeles), Fogera (Gazen Aridafofota and Gura Amba kebeles), East Este (Witimera kebele), and Dera (Gedame Eyesus and Deriana Wechit kebeles) districts which cover 50% of the watershed were found severely affected by soil erosion. Thus, to curve back this scenario, soil and water conservation practices should prioritize in the aforementioned districts of the watersheds.     

甘肃天水市对比小流域暴雨洪水侵蚀产沙特性

 为分析黄土丘三区水土保持综合治理对小流域典型暴雨产汇流特性的影响,依据桥子东、西沟对比小流域暴雨洪水泥沙观测资料,结合实地调查对比分析雨、洪、沙特性。结果表明:在降雨差异很小的情况下,其水沙特性差异明显,桥子东沟较西沟洪峰削减率达66.9%,单位面积减洪量1万3336m3/km2,减沙量8534t/km2,2流域的流量和含沙量过程变化趋势基本一致,但西沟变率均大于东沟,且西沟流域侵蚀模数是东沟的3.5倍。桥子东沟流域各项水土保持措施发挥了显著的蓄洪拦沙作用,减洪效益59.9%,减沙效益79.5%;桥子西沟的林草措施减洪效益为6.9%,减沙效益8.4%。     

黄土高塬沟壑区典型小流域土地利用变化及其对水土流失的影响

 基于水土保持学基本理论并结合RS、GIS技术,以黄土高塬沟壑区典型小流域一杨家沟小流域为主要研究对象,并与未治理的小流域——董庄沟小流域进行对比,以1954—2008年的降水、径流、泥沙以及土地利用变化为基础数据,以水利部颁布的《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》为标准,研究杨家沟小流域50多年来的土地利用变化及其对水土流失的影响。结果表明：1)杨家沟小流域自50年代初开始采取水土保持治理措施以来,土地利用发生了较大的变化,林地面积大幅增加;2)杨家沟小流域水土流失状况得到了明显改善,年产流降雨量、年径流量、年输沙量、土壤密度都明显减小,侵蚀强度分级中强烈、极强烈、剧烈侵蚀面积不断减少;3)杨家沟小流域水土流失状况虽然得到了有效控制,但还可以加大治理力度,调整土地利用类型和土地利用结构,部分坡度较大的耕地应严格退耕还林,进一步植树造林,提高未利用地利用率,更加有效地控制水土流失。     

黄土高塬沟壑区典型小流域水土保持措施蓄水保土效益分析

选择黄土高塬沟壑区杨家沟小流域（经过多年人工治理）和董庄沟小流域（未进行治理）两条典型对比流域,通过对比两条小流域的土壤容重、孔隙度、土壤肥力、土壤粒径组成、流域径流与输沙模数等指标,旨在揭示两条对比小流域水土保持措施的蓄水保土效益,为水土保持治理提供理论依据。结果表明：杨家沟小流域坡上、坡中、坡下等不同坡位0-20cm的土壤容重平均值分别是董庄沟小流域的89%,87%,96%;在径流模数一定的情况下,杨家沟小流域的输沙系数多年平均值为1 045t/km2,董庄沟多年平均输沙模数为4 333.1t/km2,杨家沟小流域输沙模数只相当于董庄沟小流域的40%左右;杨家沟小流域土壤的速效磷均值为2.05mg/kg,董庄沟小流域土壤的速效磷均值为1.25mg/kg;在浅层土壤（0-20cm）中,杨家沟小流域速效钾含量为399.6mg/kg,董庄沟小流域为303.2mg/kg,比杨家沟低32%,董庄沟小流域土壤全氮（0.65g/kg）、有机质（11.19g/kg）分别比杨家沟土壤全氮（1.05g/kg）、有机质（16.53g/kg）低38%,15%。     

河南省不同类型区水土保持综合治理模式研究

河南省山丘区面积７９万ｋｍ２,占全省总面积的４７３％,５０年代初期有水土流失面积６０６万ｋｍ２,截至１９９０年底止,累计完成水土流失初步治理面积２８９万ｋｍ２,并建成了一批高效小流域。对全省不同区域的小流域进行全面系统的总结和分析,提出不同类型区水土保持综合治理模式,为进一步提高全省水土保持综合治理措施配置的科学性,实行分区分类指导和科学决策提供了依据。     

小流域综合治理开发是加快生态环境建设的有效途径

80年代以来的小流域综合治理使我国水土保持发生了深刻的变革 ,它走出了一条具有中国特色的水土保持成功之路。小流域综合治理实现了大流域与小流域、县与乡村户、点与面的结合 ,实现了治理与开发、生态效益与经济效益的统一 ,体现了防与治的统一。小流域是大江大河产水、产沙的源头 ,是江河与面上联结的纽带 ,在小流域中修建的各种综合防治体系 ,是治本清源的做法 ,是有效防治水土流失的形式。实践证明 ,对小流域进行综合治理开发 ,是加快生态环境建设、促进可持续发展的有效途径。     

Determinants for adoption of physical soil and water conservation measures by smallholder farmers in Ethiopia

Adoption rates of soil and water conservation measures remain below the expected levels in Ethiopia despite the considerable investments in reducing land degradation and improving soil fertility. This constitutes one of the key research agendas in the country. This paper underscores the need for investigating the factors hindering or facilitating the adoption of soil and water conservation measures. The study results presented in this paper are based on cross-section data collected from 408 households in eastern Ethiopia, including field observations of 790 plots selected using a multi-stage sampling procedure. A multivariate probit model was employed to analyse the determinants of adoption of three soil and water conservation measures (stone bund, soil bund, and bench terracing) at the plot level. The study findings reveal that household, socioeconomic, and institution characteristics were the key factors that influenced the adoption of soil bund, stone bund, and bench terracing conservation measures. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation among the three soil and water conservation measures, indicating that the adoption of these measures is interrelated. In particular, the results show that there was a positive correlation between stone bunds and soil bunds. However, the correlations between bench terracing and stone bunds as well as bench terracing and soil bunds were negative (implying substitutability). These results imply that the Government and other relevant organizations that are responsible for reducing land degradation in order to increase agricultural production should support the establishment and strengthening of local institutions to facilitate the adoption of soil and water conservation measures.     

Effectiveness of stone bunds in controlling soil erosion on cropland in the Tigray Highlands, northern Ethiopia

Abstract Use of stone bunds to enhance soil and water conservation was first introduced to Tigray, northern Ethiopia in 1981. This study was designed to examine the factors that control the effectiveness of bunds installed on cropland. Qualitative and quantitative assessments of soil loss and sediment accumulation were conducted on 202 plots at 12 representative sites in Dogu'a Tembien district. Mean annual soil loss from the foot of the bunds due to tillage erosion was estimated at 39kgm⁻¹yr⁻¹ or 20tha⁻¹yr⁻¹, a rate which decreased with increasing age of bund. The assessed mean annual soil loss rate by sheet and rill erosion in the absence of stone bunds is 57tha⁻¹yr⁻¹. The mean measured annual rate of sediment accumulation behind the stone bunds is 119kgm⁻¹yr^−1/sp or 59tha⁻¹yr⁻¹. The measurements show that the introduction of stone bunds to the region has led to a 68% reduction in annual soil loss due to water erosion. This reduction is due to the accumulation of sediment behind the stone bunds, which occurs faster in the early years after construction and decreases as the depression behind the bunds becomes filled with sediment. New stone bunds are particularly effective in trapping sediment in transport, but regular maintenance and increase in height of the bunds is necessary to maintain their effectiveness. The average USLE P factor for stone bunds in the study area is estimated to be 0.32.     

戏河流域重力侵蚀规律的研究

黄土高原水土流失严重,以小流域土壤侵蚀最为活跃,是产沙最集中的地区。小流域不同地貌位置,侵蚀方式、能力和产沙量,均有明显的区别。掌握这个规律,采取有效的治理方法,就可获得较好的效果。戏河是关中盆地水土流失较严重的小流域,受骊山隆升影响,土壤侵蚀十分强烈,大量泥沙倾入水库,不仅库容逐渐变小,经济效益减少,还给下游人民生命财产造成威胁。要减少水库泥沙,就必须加强流域水土保持工作。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区流域景观格局调控与减水减沙效益

 以小流域为单元进行景观格局的调控,是探索流域水土保持措施分布格局及评价治理效益的一条重要途径。以甘肃黄土丘陵沟壑区吕二沟流域为研究实例,应用地理信息系统建立流域数字高程模型,与土地利用格局图叠置运算,进行综合分析。结合利用“水保法”,计算出土地利用景观格局调整后,水土保持措施的减水、减沙效益,比未调整前分别提高了20．36％和21．55％。     

降水和土地利用变化对罗玉沟流域水沙关系的影响

为探讨降水和土地利用变化对流域水沙关系的影响,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区罗玉沟流域为研究区域,利用流域25年(1986—2010年)的年降水量、年径流量和年输沙量以及土地利用变化资料,分析罗玉沟流域水沙演变规律和水沙关系变化。结果表明:在1986—2010年罗玉沟流域年降水量和汛期降水量基本保持平稳,无明显的增减趋势,而流域年径流量和年输沙量整体呈波动递减的变化趋势,降水与径流相关分析得出,汛期产流产沙对流域年径流量和年输沙量影响最显著。对不同时期流域水沙变化分析,土地利用方式改变,主要是梯田、林草等水土保持措施,对于流域减水减沙作用有限,梯田和林草面积的增加并未明显改变流域水沙关系,淤地坝等工程措施对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区流域减水减沙具有重要作用。研究结果可为黄土丘陵沟壑区水土流失治理及水土保持措施布设提供理论依据。     

Assessment of soil erosion hazard and prioritization for treatment at the watershed level: Case study in the Chemoga watershed,Blue Nile basin,Ethiopia

Soil erosion by water is the most pressing environmental problem in Ethiopia, particularly in the Highlands where the topography is highly rugged, population pressure is high, steeplands are cultivated and rainfall is erosive. Soil conservation is critically required in these areas. The objective of this study was to assess soil erosion hazard in a typical highland watershed (the Chemoga watershed) and demonstrate that a simple erosion assessment model, the universal soil loss equation (USLE), integrated with satellite remote sensing and geographical information systems can provide useful tools for conservation decision‐making. Monthly precipitation, soil map, a 30‐m digital elevation model derived from topographic map, land‐cover map produced from supervised classification of a Land Sat image, and land use types and slope steepness were used to determine the USLE factor values. The results show that a larger part of the watershed (>58 per cent of total) suffers from a severe or very severe erosion risk (>80 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹), mainly in the midstream and upstream parts where steeplands are cultivated or overgrazed. In about 25 per cent of the watershed, soil erosion was estimated to exceed 125 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. Based on the predicted soil erosion rates, the watershed was divided into six priority categories for conservation intervention and 18 micro‐watersheds were identified that may be used as planning units. Finally, the method used has yielded a fairly reliable estimation of soil loss rates and delineation of erosion‐prone areas. Hence, a similar method can be used in other watersheds to prepare conservation master plans and enable efficient use of limited resources. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京市小流域水土保持综合治理规划模块开发研究

以小流域为单元的水土流失综合治理规划是搞好水土保持工作的重要内容。以地理信息系统为手段,以Arc View为平台,结合VB、FORTRAN等计算机语言二次开发的小流域水土保持综合治理规划设计模块,利用GIS技术及相关模型,采用人机对话的方式,可完成小流域的基础信息管理、水土保持措施优化规划、小型工程措施初步设计及综合治理效益分析等工作,提高了规划设计的工作效率和自动化水平。