普通小麦与野生大麦的属间杂交

通过活体/离体幼胚培养获得了智利大麦(Hordeum chilense,2n=2x=14)、海大麦(H.marinum,2n=2x=14)及平展大麦(H.depressum,2n=4x=28)与普通小麦(Triticum aestivum,2n=6x=42)之间的属间杂种。智利大麦×小麦及海大麦×小麦杂种在形态上偏向父本小麦,而平展大麦×小麦杂种除穗部性状外,其形态明显偏向母本。所有杂种均自交不孕     

A New Intergeneric Hybrid between Triticum aestivum L. and Agropyron fragile (Roth) Candargy: Variation in A. fragile for Suppression of the Wheat Ph-Locus Activity

New intergeneric hybrids were obtained between Triticum aestivum L. cv. Tukuho’ (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) and Agropyron fragile (Roth) Candargy PGR 8097 (2n = 4x = 28, PPPP) at a frequency of 1.06 %, through the use of direct embryo culture and in ovulo embryo culture. Such hybrids could be used to transfer barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) resistance and winterhardiness into bread wheat. The somatic chromosome number in all the hybrid plants was 2n = 5x = 35, as expected. Considerable variation in chromosome pairing was observed among the different hybrid plants. Average meiotic chromosome configuration at metaphase I was 17.29 Is + 6.57 rod Us + 1.97 ring Us + 0.18 III + 0.03 IV + 0.002 VI. The high level of chromosome pairing in some F₁ hybrids was attributed to Ph-suppressor gene(s) present in A. fragile. The hybrids could not be backcrossed to wheat, but amphiploid seeds have been obtained by colchicine treatment.     

Reproductive Behavior of Hexaploid/Diploid Wheat Hybrids 1

The bottleneck restricting introgression of useful genes directly from diploid into hexaploid wheats is the low number of BC₁F₁ seeds obtained. In crosses between hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; AABBDD) and Aegilops squarrosa L. (DD) or T. urartu Thum. (AA), this bottleneck may be overcome simply by pollinating a sufficient number of F₁ spikes. However, hybrids between hexaploid wheat cultivars (T. aestivum) and T. monococcum L. (AA) generally are highly female-sterile, often having no pistils. One T. monococcum accession, PI 355520, when crossed with T. aestivum, produced hybrids with female fertility in the same range as that of T. aestivum/A. squarrosa or T. aestivum/T. urartu hybrids, ca. 0.5 to 1.0 backcross seed per spike. We found that female fertility was controlled by two duplicate genes in PI 355520, and that this accession can be used as a bridging parent to introgress genes from other T. monococcum accessions into hexaploid wheat. Pairing of homologous chromosomes was less frequent and weaker in such crosses than in T. aestivum/A. squarrosa crosses, but homoeologous bivalents occurred at a rate of almost 0.5 II per cell. Restitution division was detected in crosses involving all three diploid species and was confirmed cytologically in crosses with PI 355520. Chromosome numbers of BC₁F₁ plants ranged from 35 to 67; plants with 49 or more chromosomes occurred at frequencies of 0.09 to 0.21 among progeny of A. squarrosa and T. urartu and 0.29 in progeny of T. aestivum/T. monococcum crosses involving PI 355520. These results are consistent with those of previous studies, demonstrating the potential of direct Hexaploid/diploid crosses for rapidly introgressing useful genes into Hexaploid wheat with minimum disturbance of the background genotype.     

中国春小麦(6x)×苏联球茎大麦(4x)属间杂交的研究初报

本试验选用抗病性较强的球茎大麦(2n=28)为父本,以普通小麦(2n=42)为母本,进行属间杂交,授粉24小时后,在母本柱头上滴赤霉酸,促使幼胚生长,以中国春单体5B 为母本杂交,获得了少量结实的杂交种子;以中国春为母本的,则结合离体培养杂种幼胚,以获得属间杂种。杂种自花不育,而以中国春单体5B 与之回交,获得三株回交一代杂种(B相似文献   

Cytology and Fertility of Hybrids and Amphiploids between Aegilops caudata L. ×Triticum turgidum (L.) Thell

Interspecific hybrids and amphiploids between Aegilops caudata L. (2n = 2x = 14, CC) and Triticum turgidum (L.) Thell. conv. durum Desf M. K. (2n = 4x = 28, AABB) were produced. Such hybrids can be used to introduce desirable traits such as disease resistance into cultivated durum wheats. One of the durum parents was a ph I mutation of the cv. ‘Cappelli’ used for testing the possibility of direct introduction of alien variation into cultivated species. The amphiploids were obtained both through colchicine chromosome doubling and as natural non-reductional mciosis products. In both hybrids and amphiploids, meiotic pairing and fertility were studied. Hybrids showed varying degrees of pairing and, in addition to the one involving the ph 1 mutant, one high pairing hybrid was found (Ae. caudata× cv. ‘Capinera’). Cytological examination of microsporogenesis in amphiploids revealed a high frequency of bivalent formation. Fertility proved to be a very variable character since some of the amphiploids were almost completely sterile. The use of amphiploids in breeding programmes is discussed in relation to meiotic and fertility data.     

平邑甜茶与扎矮山定子杂交后代的倍性鉴定及核型分析

为了确定平邑甜茶[Malus hupehensis（Pamp.）Rehd]与扎矮山定子[Malus Baccata（L.）Borkh]杂交后代的倍性特征和核型特点,以风油精为预处理液采用常规压片法对杂交后代进行染色体数目观察和核型分析,以亲本和普通山定子为对照。结果表明：供试材料中6株皱叶型株系均为四倍体,2n=4x=68。染色体均为小型,染色体长度比差异不大,核型组成由中部着丝点染色体（m）和亚中部着丝点染色体（sm）组成。株系10#、14#、15#、19#、28#、33#核型公式分别为,2n=4x=44m＋24sm,2n=4x=60m＋8sm,2n=4x=20m＋48sm,2n=4x=52m＋16sm,2n=4x=56m＋12sm,2n=4x=48m＋20sm,核型分别为1B、2B、2A、2B、1A和1B类型;1株光叶株系为非整倍体,2n=43,核型公式为2n=22m＋18sm＋3st,核型为2B类型。表现为株系之间的核型不完全相同。试验为丰富无融合生殖型砧木的育种理论,获得新的苹果无融合生殖型砧木提供有益的借鉴。     

Use of the gene pools of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides and Aegilops squarrosa for the breeding of common wheat (T. aestivum), through chromosome-doubled hybrids

Summary Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (wild emmer wheat, AABB, 2n=28) and Aegilops squarrosa (goat grass, DD, 2n=14) comprise a rich reservoir of valuable genetic material, which could be useful for the breeding of common wheat (T. aestivum, AABBDD, 2n=42). Many accessions of both wild species, most of them selected for resistance to stripe rust, were used to make amphiploids. Two strategies were applied: (1) the production of autopolyploid cytotypes of the wild species, followed by hybridisation, and (2) the production of allotriploid interspecific hybrids, followed by doubling of the number of chromosomes. The first route was unsuccessful because of failure of the crosses between the autopolyploid cytotypes, possibly due to incongruity between the two species and to reduced fertility in the autopolyploid cytotypes. The second route yielded the desired synthetic hexaploids. However, the rate of success of the crosses was low and there were great differences between years, and within years between crosses. Embryo rescue was applied to obtain the primary hybrids (2n=21), which were highly sterile and had on average 0.3 bivalents and 20.4 univalents per pollen mother cell. Various abnormalities were recorded. Doubling of the number of chromosomes sometimes occurred spontaneously or was brought about by colchicine treatment. The large scale of the interspecific hybridisation programme ensured that one-third of the female and one-sixth of the male accessions were represented in the synthetic hexaploids.     

Agronomic Variability in Selected Triticum turgidum x T. tauschii Synthetic Hexaploid Wheats

Two trials were conducted at the Mexican National Institute of Agricultural Research Experiment Station at Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico to investigate the nature and extent of agronomic variation in 50 synthetic hexaploid (SH) wheats (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) derived from Triticum turgidum (2n = 4x = 28. AABB) × T. tauschii (In = 2x = 14, DD) crosses for subsequent use in wheat improvement. Plant height, spike length, days to flowering, physiological maturity, grain yield, above-ground biomass at maturity, harvest index, yield components and test weight were determined.
Significant agronomic variation was observed among the germplasm evaluated. Outstanding SH genotypes were identified with higher grain yield, above-ground biomass at maturity, 1000-grain weight, and spikes m⁻² than the bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) check cultivar Seri 82. Genotypic correlations of grain yield with other character traits show that grain m² was the most important determinant of gram yield (r = 0.993). Data on agronomic traits subjected to complete linkage cluster analysis resulted in classifying the genotypes into two distinct phenotypic groups excluding Seri 82. Groups generally corresponded to durum progenitors of the SH with significant group differences for all characters. This demonstrates use of practical numerical analysis procedures to describe agronomic variation in representative SH genotypes. Clustering by quantitativy traits may be valuable for identification of genotypes with divergent sources for breeding and agronomic purposes.     

Production of 27-, 28-, and 56-chromosome apomictic hybrid derivatives between pearl millet (2n=14) and Pennisetum squamulatum (2n=54)

Summary An interspecific hybridization program designed to transfer gene(s) controlling apomixis from Pennisetum squamulatum Fresen. (2n=6x=54) to induced tetraploid (2n=4x=28) cultivated pearl millet, Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke resulted in four offtype plants, two with 27 chromosomes and two with 28 chromosomes. These plants were found among 217 spaced plants established from open-pollinated seed of an apomictic 21-chromosome polyhaploid (2n=21) plant derived from an apomictic interspecific hybrid (2n=41) between tetraploid pearl millet and Pennisetum squamulatum. It appeared that a 21- (or 20-) chromosome unreduced egg from the apomictic polyhaploid united with a 7-chromosome pearl millet (2n=2x=14) gamete to produce a 28- (or 27-) chromosome offspring. Meiotic chromosome behavior was irregular averaging from 3.60 to 4.05 bivalents per microsporocyte in the 27- and 28-chromosome hybrids. The 27- or 28-chromosome hybrids, like the 21-chromosome female parent, shed no pollen, but set from 1.8 to 28 seed per panicle when allowed to outcross with pearl millet. Progeny of the 28-chromosome hybrids were uniform and identical to their respective female parents, indicating that apomixis had been effectively transferred through the egg. In addition, a 56-chromosome plant resulting from chromosome doubling of a 28-chromosome hybrid was identified. Pollen was 68 per cent stainable and the plant averaged 2.3 selfed seeds per panicle. Chromosomes of the 56-chromosome plant paired as bivalents (x=10.67) or associated in multivalents. Three to nine chromosomes remained unpaired at metaphase I. Multiple four-nucleate embryo sacs indicated the 56-chromosome hybrid was an obligate apomict. The production of 27-, 28-, and 56-chromosome hybrid derivatives were the results of interspecific hybridization, haploidization, fertilization of unreduced apomictic eggs, and spontaneous chromosome doubling. These mechanisms resulted in new unique genome combinations between x=7 and x=9 Pennisetum species.     

Biotechnological and cytogenetic aspects of producing new wheat genotypes using hybrids

New plant genotypes were produced using barley-wheat hybrids, Hordeum vulgare L. x Triticum aestivum L., and H. geniculatum All. x T. aestivum L. Biotechnological methods were used. Cytogenetic analysis revealed different characters of formation for fertile alloplasmic lines among progenies of H. vulgare x T. aestivum and H. geniculatum x T. aestivum. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Amphidiploids between Cyclamen persicum Mill. and C. purpurascens Mill. induced by treating ovules with colchicine in vitro and sesquidiploids between the amphidiploid and the parental species induced by conventional crosses

Summary We cultured colchicine-treated hybrid ovules in vitro to produce fertile amphidiploids of C. persicum (2n=2x=48. referred to as AA) × C. purpurascens (2n=2x=34, referred to as BB). Seedlings and mature plants were obtained from the ovules without colchicine and those exposed to 50 mg/l colchicine for 5, 10 and 15 days, whereas they were not obtained from the ovules exposed to 50 mg/l colchicine for 20 days and 500 mg/l for 5, 10, 15 and 20 days. Although 8 mature hybrids derived from the ovules without colchicine produced a few fertile pollen grains, they failed to produce viable seeds by self-fertilization. The hybrids had 41 somatic chromosomes. Four and 3 mature plants were derived from ovules exposed to 50 mg/l colchicine for 10 and 15 days, respectively. One each among 4 and 3 mature plants showed a high frequency of pollen grain fertility, produced several seeds by self-fertilization, and had 82 somatic chromosomes which is twice the number of hybrid chromosomes (2n=41, AB). These findings indicated that these plants are amphidiploids (2n=82, AABB) between C. persicum and C. purpurascens. Three and 2 viable seeds were derived by the conventional crosses of diploid C. persicum × the amphidiploid and the amphidiploid × C. purpurascens, respectively. Flowering plants that developed from the seeds of diploid C. persicum × the amphidiploid were barely fertile and had 65 somatic chromosomes (2n=65, AAB), whereas those that developed from the seeds of the amphidiploid × C. purpurascens were barely fertile and had 58 somatic chromosomes (2n=58, ABB). The somatic chromosomes indicated that these plants are probably sesquidiploids between the amphidiploid and either C. persicum or C. purpurascens. The interspecific cross-breeding of cyclamen using the amphidiploids and the sesquidiploids is discussed.     

埃塞俄比亚芥与白菜型油菜间六倍体杂种的获得及其生物学特性研究

通过杂交和染色体加倍人工合成了埃塞俄比亚芥×白菜型油菜间的三倍体和六倍体杂种，并对其进行了细胞学鉴定、气孔观察以及一些生理生化特性的分析。在染色体记数、原位杂交和分子标记印证的基础上，比较了两种不同染色体加倍方法的效率；生理生化分析显示，六倍体杂种植株叶片的游离脯氨酸含量、质膜相对透性、Vc含量和叶绿素含量与三倍体杂种植株相比都有明显的差别。     

小麦×羊草远缘杂交的受精和胚胎发育

对小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｎＬ）和羊草（ＬｅｙｍｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＴ．）杂交的受精和胚胎发育进行了研究。羊草花粉在小麦柱头上萌发较好，花粉管能顺利穿过柱头，进入胚囊。在检查过的３１０个子房中，１７个（５．５％）发生了双受精，产生了胚和胚乳；２个（０．６５％）发生了单卵受精，只产生胚而无胚乳；７个（２．２６％）发生了单极核受精，只产生胚乳而无胚。小麦×羊草虽然受精率为８．４１％，但最后结实率很低，若利用胚培养技术对杂种胚进行早期离体培养，可望提高杂种植株的获得率     

The production of homozygous diploid plants of Solanum verrucosum by tissue culture techniques

Summary Monohaploid plants of S. verrucosum (2n=x=12) were induced in anther culture. Axillary buds from these plants were treated with colchicine in shoot tip culture for 48 hours and then transferred to a colchicine free medium. The resulting plantlets were scored for diploidy by stomatal chloroplast counts and root tip cytology and it was found that doubling of the chromosome number had occurred.     

小麦品系抗小麦白粉病基因分子标记鉴定

利用与3个抗小麦白粉病基因(PmPS5A, PmPS5B, PmY39)连锁的微卫星标记对分别由波斯小麦PS5和（或）小伞山羊草Y39衍生的72个小麦抗病品系进行了抗白粉病基因鉴定。在24个由波斯小麦PS5和小伞山羊草Y39合成的双二倍体Am9衍生的品系中,有2个品系含有PmPS5A的标记,有19个品系含有PmPS5B的标记,有7个品系含有PmY39的标记,还有     

小麦未减数配子基因的连锁标记及染色体区段检测

六倍体普通小麦(Triticumaestivum L., AABBDD, 2n=42)由四倍体小麦(T. turgidum, AABB, 2n=28)与节节麦(Aegilops tauschii Cosson, DD, 2n=14)天然杂交,然后通过染色体自动加倍形成。加倍过程主要受四倍体小麦未减数配子基因控制,且不同四倍体小麦存在不同的遗传效应。本研究利用位于3B染色体上未减数配子基因QTug.sau-3B的连锁SSR标记Xgpw1146和高通量DArTseq分子标记,筛选出可能转入四倍体小麦未减数配子基因的人工合成小麦改良后代。在105份改良材料中检测出17份具有四倍体小麦的Xgpw1146等位位点,表明四倍体小麦的未减数配子基因可能转入了这17份材料。利用DArTseq高通量标记技术分析人工合成小麦SHW-L1的88份改良后代,发现含四倍体小麦Xgpw1146等位位点的材料均具有来自SHW-L1、且可能包含Xgpw1146的一个染色体区段,表明未减数配子基因临近区域以一个区段传递到改良后代。这些人工合成小麦改良材料在加倍单倍体育种中有重要的应用潜力。     

普通小麦×东方旱麦草属间杂种长期保存技术及稳定性研究

对普通小麦×东方旱麦草这一完全不育属间杂种F1的无性系在培养基组成、 外植体大小对诱导率的影响和接种方法等方面进行了系统研究, 建立了对其进行长期保存的技术体系： 选择2n=35的F1正常植株为培养对象, 以1.1～3.0 cm的幼穗为外植体, 剪切足够细碎后接种于MS诱导培养基(MS无机元素+W14有机成分+400 mg/L LH+150 mg/L     

普通小麦与球茎大麦的可杂交性及其遗传的初步研究

选用了42个普通小麦品种、9个品种间杂种 F₁和一个 F₂作母本,分别与苏联球茎大麦和匈牙利球茎大麦及其不同株系杂交,其中的部分品种还同黑麦进行了杂交,以研究小麦与球茎大麦的可杂交性及其遗传规律。结果表明,小麦与球茎大麦的可杂交性同小麦与黑麦的情况相似,供试的两个球茎大麦及其株系间在可杂交性     

基于抑制消减杂交开发长穗偃麦草(Lophopyrum elongatum)特异分子标记

分别以二倍体长穗偃麦草和普通小麦中国春的基因组DNA作实验组和对照组,运用抑制消减杂交(SSH)技术去除2个基因组DNA之间的同源序列, 获得长穗偃麦草特异的DNA片段构建的单向抑制消减文库,并对随机克隆测序。根据测序结果设计引物,获得36个长穗偃麦草基因组特异分子标记,成功率高达69.2%。这些标记均能在具有长穗偃麦草E染色体的不同小麦背景和不同世代中稳定表现,可用于小麦背景中跟踪长穗偃麦草染色体或片段。     

Interspecific hybridization of a multiploid mutant of durum wheat with rye and Triticum monococcum L. results in pentaploid hybrids

The multiploid mutant of durum wheat is a genotype that produces unreduced gametes. Our objective was to test the recovery of pentaploid hybrids in crosses of the mutant with rye and Triticum monococcum L. Compared with check crosses, the mutant had a two‐third reduction in percent seed set for rye crosses, but had only a slight decrease in crossability with T. monococcum. Pentaploid hybrids were associated with plump seeds of the mutant/rye cross, and with shrivelled seeds of the mutant/T. monococcum cross. We suggest that the endosperm balance number hypothesis explains the association of pentaploid hybrids with endosperm type. This association made for easy recovery of pentaploid hybrids from crosses to both species. Mature, plump seeds from the mutant/rye cross were germinated and pentaploid hybrids were recovered. One pentaploid hybrid was recovered for every 50.5 and 15.1 florets pollinated with rye and T. monococcum, respectively. Unreduced gametes in the multiploid mutant will facilitate interspecific hybridization by reducing the time to produce pentaploid plants.