The impact of defoliation frequency and nitrogen fertilizer application in spring on summer survival of perennial ryegrass under grazing in subtropical Australia

Abstract This field study investigated the effect of timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application in spring on the survival of grazed perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Dobson and Yatsyn) over summer in a subtropical environment. There were five N fertilizer treatments: no applied N, 46 kg N ha^?1 on 22 October or 22 November or 22 December, or on 22 October and again on 22 December. Water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration of perennial ryegrass plants entering the summer was altered by varying defoliation frequency, with defoliation interval based on the number of leaves per tiller. Frequent defoliation was set at a regrowth level of one leaf per tiller and less frequent defoliation at a regrowth level of three leaves per tiller, over a total of two by three‐leaf per tiller regrowth periods. Application of N fertilizer was found to have no significant effect (P > 0·05) on survival of perennial ryegrass plants over summer. On the other hand, defoliation had a marked effect on perennial ryegrass persistence, with frequent defoliation decreasing ryegrass plant density (51 vs. 88 plants m^?2; P < 0·001) and increasing the density of tropical weed grasses (99 vs. 73 plants m^?2; P < 0·001) by autumn. Frequently defoliated plants had a lower stubble WSC content on a per plant basis than less frequently defoliated plants in spring (103 vs. 201 mg per plant; P < 0·001) and summer (59 vs. 101 mg per plant; P < 0·001). The lower WSC content was associated with a smaller root system in spring (1·50 vs. 2·14 g per plant; P < 0·001) and autumn (1·79 vs. 2·66 g per plant; P < 0·01), and this was reflected in 0·29 more plants being pulled from the soil by livestock between November 1996 and April 1997. Rhizoctonia fungus was associated with roots of pulled plants, but not with roots of seemingly healthy plants, indicating that this fungus may have a role in a weakened root system, which was more prone to sod pulling. Nitrogen applied in October and November resulted in a reduced WSC concentration, although the effect was restricted to 1 month after N application. The present study indicates that survival of perennial ryegrass plants over the summer in a subtropical region is prejudiced by frequent defoliation, which is associated with a lower WSC concentration and a shallower root system. Under grazing, sod pulling is a reflection of this weaker root system and contributes to plant mortality.     

In vitro total and methane gas production as influenced by rate of nitrogen application, season of harvest and perennial ryegrass cultivar

The effects of rate of inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilization (0, 80 or 160 kg N ha^?1 per regrowth), season of harvest (regrowths 1, 2 and 3) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivar [classified as having either a normal or elevated water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration genotype] on in vitro gas production and digestibility were assessed. Increased N fertilizer application significantly decreased total gas production (TGP), methane (CH₄) production and organic matter digestibility (OMD). The results suggest that the decreases in TGP and CH₄ production were associated with a restriction in organic matter (OM) fermentation and an altered crude protein (CP) to structural carbohydrate ratio rather than a modification in the stoichiometry of fermentation. Season of harvest only significantly (P < 0·05) altered in vitro OMD and CH₄ production at 8 h, despite altering the chemical composition of the herbage. Cultivar effects on all measured in vitro parameters were not significant presumably because the elevated WSC concentration trait was not expressed strongly in the study.     

Water use and water-use efficiency of perennial ryegrass swards as affected by the height and frequency of cutting and seed rate

The effects of cutting height (20 and 44 mm), frequency (once every 2 weeks April-September inclusive and twice a year) and seed rate (250 and 20 kg ha^-1) on the water use and herbage yield of perennial ryegrass swards, for 3 years after sowing, were compared.
Frequent cutting and a low cutting height reduced water use in the first year only. In later years infrequent cutting led to higher yields and higher water-use efficiencies, but did not affect total water use or the shape of the soil water profile. Seed rate influenced sward composition and the pattern of water use, but not total water use. The swards from the low seed rate had a lower stubble biomass and tiller density, and extracted relatively more water at depths of 75 and 85 cm and less at depths of 15 and 35 cm, than the swards derived from the high seed rate.
The ratio of actual: potential evapotranspiration was reduced as the soil water deficit increased and was lowest in the summer after a dry spring. Cutting height and frequency during summer were shown not to be effective methods of either conserving water or manipulating the effective rooting depth of an established sward.     

氮肥和磷肥用量对油菜开花性状的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同施氮量(0、75、150、225kg/hm^2)与施磷量(0、30、60、90、120kg/hm^2)对油菜花期、阶段性开花数、单花大小、单花开花持续时间的影响,为合理施肥推动油菜花经济提供依据。结果表明,增施氮肥能使油菜始花期提前和延长终花期,各施氮比不施氮处理延长花期23.2%～31.8%,且随着氮肥用量的提高有花期延长的趋势。施氮增加单株油菜整个生育期开花数131.6%～276.4%;增加花瓣长9.53%～15.96%,提高单花重1.07%～5.87%;延长单花开花持续时间1.96%～4.79%;除油菜整个生育期开花数在施氮225kg/hm^2时达到最大值外,以上开花性状均在施氮150kg/hm^2效果最好。增施磷肥能使油菜初花期提前并延长油菜终花期,随着磷肥用量的提高,各施磷比不施磷处理延长花期27.8%～50.4%;施磷增加单株油菜整个生育期开花数377.4%～736.7%;增加花瓣长8.01%～17.05%,提高单花重11.15%～31.82%;延长单花开花持续时间0.23%～2.15%;除施磷120kg/hm^2处理花期最长,整个生育期开花数最多外,以上开花性状均以施磷90kg/hm^2处理效果最好。在本试验条件下,施氮150kg/hm^2对延长油菜花期,提高单花性状效果最佳;施磷90kg/hm^2对增加油菜开花数,提高单花性状效果最佳。     

Growth of individual tillers and tillering rate of Lolium perenne and Bromus stamineus subjected to two defoliation frequencies in winter in Argentina

The aims of the experiment were to (i) test whether the higher leaf elongation rate per tiller (LER_T) of Bromus stamineus D. than Lolium perenne L. at moderately low temperatures was maintained at high defoliation frequencies and (ii) explore responses in tiller dynamics during the onset of the cool season in the south‐east of the humid Pampas region in Argentina. The following treatments were applied: defoliation frequency at the 3·0‐leaf stage (i.e. one‐leaf lifespan), which is considered optimal, and higher defoliation frequency at the 1·5‐leaf stage (i.e. half‐of‐a‐leaf lifespan). The higher defoliation frequency reduced leaf elongation rate in both the species but it did not affect the leaf appearance rate. This confirms previous studies on several C₃ grasses, suggesting a similar pattern of response. Changes in tiller size are proposed as a possible mechanism to explain such long‐term defoliation effects on leaf elongation rates. Responses in tiller production depended on the species considered. The higher defoliation frequency caused a reduction in site‐filling which led to lower tiller production rates in L. perenne but not in B. stamineus. Thus, B. stamineus maintained the advantage in LER_T over L. perenne and its tiller production was not affected when defoliated at frequencies higher than those considered optimal.     

The effects of rate and timing of application of fertilizer nitrogen in late summer on herbage mass and chemical composition of perennial ryegrass swards over the winter period in Northern Ireland

A small‐plot experiment was carried out in Northern Ireland on a predominantly perennial ryegrass sward over the period July 1993 to March 1994 to investigate the effect of timing and rate of fertilizer nitrogen (N) application on herbage mass and its chemical composition over the winter period. Eighty treatment combinations, involving four N fertilizer application dates (28 July, 9 and 30 August and 20 September 1993), four rates of N fertilizer (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha^?1) and five harvest dates (1 October, 1 November, 1 December 1993, 1 February and 1 March 1994), were replicated three times in a randomized block design experiment. N application increased herbage mass at each of the harvest dates, but in general there was a decrease in response to N with increasing rate of N and delay in time of application. Mean responses to N applications were 13·0, 11·5 and 9·5 kg DM kg^?1 N at 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha^?1 respectively. Delaying N application, which also reduced the length of the period of growth, reduced the mean response to N fertilizer from 14·3 to 7·4 kg DM kg^?1 N for N applied on 28 July and 20 September respectively. Increasing rate of N application increased the N concentration and reduced the dry‐matter (DM) content and water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration of the herbage but had little effect on the acid‐detergent fibre (ADF) concentration. Delaying N application increased N concentration and reduced DM content of the herbage. The effect of date of N application on WSC concentration varied between harvests. A decrease in herbage mass occurred from November onwards which was associated with a decrease in the proportion of live leaf and stem material and an increase in the proportion of dead material in the sward. It is concluded that there is considerable potential to increase the herbage mass available for autumn/early winter grazing by applying up to 60 kg N ha^?1 in early September.     

Effects of defoliation frequency and nitrogen fertilization on the production and potential for persistence of Dactylis glomerata sown in multispecies swards

Management decisions should facilitate the dominance of C₃ perennial grasses over annuals. This study examined the effects of defoliation frequencies and nitrogen fertilization on the productivity and potential for persistence of Dactylis glomerata L. (DG cocksfoot, perennial) in multispecies swards. Treatments were randomly applied to 24 mini‐swards of DG + Bromus willdenowii Kunth (BW prairie grass, annual/biennial) in a factorial design of four defoliation frequencies, based on number of leaves per tiller, by two nitrogen winter fertilization levels (N^? or N⁺). Regardless of fertilization, very frequent and repeated defoliations were related to decreases of about 43% of aboveground biomass and frequent defoliations with decreases of about 44% of vegetative tillers associated with horizontal space occupation and potential for persistence. Nevertheless, differences in DG aerial productivity or reserves were not detected between frequent and optimal defoliation frequencies. Combined effects of N⁺ and optimal frequency were related to root biomass increment of about 200%, compared with frequent defoliation, associated with competitiveness and survival of DG. Optimal defoliation frequency would have ecological but not production advantages, compared with frequent defoliations. The results are discussed in terms of more objective decision‐making in the management of multispecies swards.     

Effect of defoliation management, based on leaf stage, on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth.) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) under dryland conditions. 2. Nutritive value

A field experiment was undertaken between April 2003 and May 2004 in southern Tasmania, Australia, to quantify and compare changes in the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth.) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) under a defoliation regime based on stage of leaf regrowth. Defoliation interval was based on the time taken for two, three or four leaves per tiller to fully expand. At every defoliation event, samples were collected and analysed for acid‐detergent fibre (ADF), neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF) and total nitrogen (N) concentrations and to estimate metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible dry matter (DDM) concentrations. Amounts of crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (MJ) per hectare values were subsequently calculated. There was a significantly lower (P < 0·001) NDF concentration for perennial ryegrass compared with prairie grass and cocksfoot, and a significantly lower (P < 0·001) ADF concentration for cocksfoot compared with prairie grass and perennial ryegrass, regardless of defoliation interval. The CP concentration of cocksfoot was significantly greater (P < 0·001) compared with the CP concentrations of prairie grass and perennial ryegrass. The estimated ME concentrations in cocksfoot were high enough to satisfy the requirements of a lactating dairy cow, with defoliation at or before the four‐leaf stage maintaining ME concentrations between 10·7 and 10·9 MJ kg^?1 DM, and minimizing reproductive plant development. The ME concentrations of prairie grass (10·2–10·4 MJ kg^?1 DM) were significantly lower (P < 0·001) than for cocksfoot (as above) and perennial ryegrass (11·4–11·6 MJ kg^?1 DM) but a higher DM production per hectare resulted in prairie grass providing the greatest amounts of ME ha^?1.     

Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) management combining nitrogen fertilizer rate and defoliation frequency to enhance forage production efficiency

Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) pastures are widespread in warm climates worldwide and respond to nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilization has recently decreased because of increased cost and concerns regarding excessive N in the environment. Responses of bahiagrass to treatments representing three alternative levels of pasture management were assessed. Treatments, each including 56 kg N ha^?1 applied for each growth period, were as follows: (i) six harvests with a total of 336 kg N ha^?1 annually (referred to as intensive management), (ii) three harvests with 168 kg N ha^?1 annually (intermediate management) and (iii) two harvests with 112 kg N ha^?1 annually (extensive management). The intensive management produced the most forage with the highest nutritive value. Intermediate management, with only half the amount of N fertilizer, produced at least 80% of the forage yield each year as the intensive management treatment (4‐year average of 8236 vs. 9122 kg ha^?1 for the intermediate and intensive management treatments respectively) with forage of acceptable nutritive value for some classes of livestock. Limited forage production from the last harvest each year restricts autumn management opportunities, even though crude protein concentration was usually sufficient for some classes of livestock. Extended growth periods, as those that occur with the less‐intensive management treatments, provide opportunities to accumulate forage for late‐season grazing. Matching livestock enterprises to the forage produced, particularly in terms of nutritive value, can contribute to favourable livestock production responses from a range of bahiagrass pasture management approaches.     

陕南地区冬油菜种植体系中的氮肥优化施用量

本研究旨在为陕南地区科学施肥提供依据,于2019-2020年进行了田间试验,以明确该地区甘蓝型冬油菜绿色高效生产的氮肥适宜用量。采用裂区设计,主处理选用当地栽培的早熟品种大地199和常规熟期品种秦优28,副处理是5种施氮量(N₀、N₉₀、N₁₈₀、N₂₇₀、N₃₆₀)。结果发现：常规熟期品种秦优28在越冬期的氮素营养状况强于早熟品种大地199,收获时地上部干物质积累量和氮素累积量也均高于后者。线性+平台模型分析发现,常规熟期品种秦优28和早熟品种大地199达到最大产量的氮肥投入阈值分别是188.9 kg/hm²和238.1 kg/hm²,获得最高产量分别是3774.4 kg/hm²和3678.2 kg/hm²。此外,两种不同熟期的品种产油量均在氮肥投入量为180 kg/hm²时达到最大,分别为1823.4 kg/hm²和1735.1 kg/hm     

氮肥用量对油菜产量及氮素利用效率的影响

通过大田试验研究了氮肥用量对油菜产量、养分含量、养分累积量及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,与不施氮相比,施氮肥75、150和225kg/hm2平均分别增产41.9%、70.3%和66.2%,籽粒含氮量分别提高9.1%、14.2%和13.1%,植株地上部氮素总累积量分别增加59.6%、111.6%和108.0%。施氮促进油菜生长发育,显著提高油菜对氮素的吸收、累积和籽粒需氮量,但氮肥农学利用率、偏生产力和表观利用率均随氮肥用量的增加显著下降。氮肥用量在150kg/hm2时,能较好地协调油菜较高产量水平与合理氮肥利用率的统一。     

Zn distribution and bioavailability in whole grain and grain fractions of winter wheat as affected by applications of soil N and foliar Zn combined with N or P

A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of foliar Zn combined with N or P on Zn concentration and bioavailability in wheat grain and its milling fractions under different soil N levels. At maturity, grains were harvested and fractionated into flour and bran for nutrient analysis. Both high soil N supply and foliar Zn-enriched fertilizer applications greatly increased Zn concentration and bioavailability in both whole grain and grain fractions. Compared with foliar Zn alone, foliar Zn combined with N increased Zn concentration and bioavailability, whereas foliar Zn combined with P decreased Zn concentration and bioavailability. However, foliar Zn combined with P slightly increased the protein concentration compared to foliar Zn alone. Protein concentration significantly increased, whereas phytate concentration decreased, in whole grain and flour, both in soil N and foliar Zn-enriched N treatments. Therefore, foliar Zn plus N (with appropriate soil N management) may be a promising strategy for addressing dietary Zn micronutrient deficiencies, especially in countries where flour is a significant component of the daily diet.     

氮肥用量和基追肥比例对密植秋芝麻产量和冠层结构的影响

为了探索红壤旱地密植秋芝麻的节氮高产栽培技术,以品种金黄麻为材料,采用裂区设计,2016和2017年在江西省进贤县研究氮肥用量[即N_1(105kg/hm^2)和N_2(75kg/hm^2)]和基追肥比例[即Z_1(7∶3)、Z_2(6∶4)、Z_3(5∶5)、Z_4(4∶6)、Z_5(3∶7)]对芝麻产量和冠层结构的影响。结果表明,在N_1条件下,2016年Z_3的单株蒴果数较Z_2显著增加25.36%,Z_4的每蒴粒数和Z_2的千粒重较Z_1的分别显著增加19.96%和13.62%;不同的是,2017年Z_2的每蒴粒数较Z_3显著增加22.84%,对单株蒴果数和千粒重无显著影响。在N_2条件下,2016年Z_3的千粒重较Z_4显著增加6.42%,其它处理间的单株蒴果数、每蒴粒数、千粒重都无显著差异;N_2的平均产量(879.0kg/hm^2)较N_1显著增加22.3%;但是2017年N_1的平均产量(1 080.7kg/hm^2)较N_2增加8.1%。相同的是,两年的结果都表现为Z_2处理平均产量最高。芝麻产量表现为随着基肥的比例减少而先增后减。不同时期N_1的光能截获率和叶面积指数都显著高于N_2,且随生长发育进程而先增后减。不同位置的芝麻冠层光能截获率和叶面积指数都有显著差异,且随着测定位置的不断升高而降低。因此,氮肥用量为75kg/hm^2和基追肥比例为6∶4,有利于协调密植秋芝麻的群体冠层结构,保持秋芝麻的高产。     

Millet forage yield and silage quality as affected by water and nitrogen application at different sowing dates

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of two irrigation regimes (control and water stress) and two nitrogen (N) levels (0 and 112.5 kg/ha) on forage yield and silage quality in millet. Bastan (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv) and Pishahang (Panicum miliaceum) were sown at two different dates during 2015 and 2016. Both cultivars exhibited reduced dry-matter (DM) yields (45% and 51% in Bastan and Pishahang respectively) due to drought stress. Proline and phenolic contents increased as a result of drought and were significantly and negatively correlated with DM yield and digestibility. Moreover, Pishahang had a reduced acid detergent fibre (ADF) content but improved leaf/stem ratio, digestible dry matter (DDM), relative feed value (RFV), net energy for lactation (NE_L), digestibility and silage quality as a result of drought stress, while no significant effects on these traits were observed in Bastan. Silage quality was greatly cultivar-dependent. Both cultivars had higher levels of DDM, RFV and NE_L at early sowing dates. Nitrogen supply had greater positive effects on increasing ash, crude protein (CP) content and DM yield under normal irrigation than under water-stress conditions. In summary, given the importance of the energy received per unit of forage from an animal husbandry viewpoint and the significance of DM yield per unit area from an agricultural viewpoint, the obtained results might help farmers in choosing not only the best sowing dates but also proper irrigation and N management practices to achieve their quantitative and qualitative objectives in forage production.     

Tuberization in potato plants as affected by applications of nitrogen to the roots and leaves

Summary Tuberization can be prevented in water culture experiments with continuous nitrogen supply via the roots. Interruption of the nitrogen supply via the roots induces tuberization; simultaneous sprayings of the leaves with urea cannot delay or prevent tuberization. Nitrogen analyses show that there is no correlation between nitrogen content of the plants and tuberization. The results are discussed in terms of hormonal changes within the roots and shoots caused by the differences in nitrogen nutritional status of the roots.

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Zusammenfassung In Wasserkulturversuchen mit Kartoffelpflanzen (Solanum tuberosum L.. Sorte ‘Ostara’) wurde unter kontrollierten Umweltbedingungen (12 h Tagesl?nge, 20 C Tag und Nacht) der Einfluss von Stickstoffzufuhr über die Wurzeln bzw. über die Sprosse untersucht. Ein Teil der Pflanzen wuchs w?hrend der gesamten Versuchsdauer in vollst?ndiger N?hrl?sung (kont. N), ein anderer wurde für 21 (Versuch 1) bzw. 9 (Versuch 2) Tage in N?hrl?sungen ohne Stickstoff (diskont. N) übertragen. Bei der H?lfte dieser Pflanzen in der N?hrl?sung ohne Stickstoff erfolgte Besprühen der Bl?tter mit Harnstoffl?sungen. Verglichen mit den Pflanzen bei kont. N zeigten die Pflanzen beider Varianten mit diskont. N (±Harnstoff über die Sprosse) ein gestauchtes Wachstum (Abb. 1). Bei kont. N über die Wurzeln wurde die Knolleninduktion verhindert, bei diskont, N trat Knolleninduktion ein, auch bei gleichzeitiger Behandlung der Sprosse mit Harnstoff (Abb. 1 und Tabelle 2). Zwischen der Knolleninduktion und dem Gehalt der Pflanze an Gesamt-Stickstoff. Nitrat- und reduziertem Stickstoff bestanden keine Korrelationen (Abb. 1, 2 und Tabellen 1, 2). Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass der die Knolleninduktion ausl?sende ‘Stimulus’ zwar aus dem Spross kommt, der Spross aber die Information über den speziellen Stickstoffern?hrungszustand der Wurzeln durch Verschiebungen im Spektrum der wurzelbürtigen Phytohormone erh?lt.

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Résumé L'influence de l'apport d'azote par les racines et par les feuilles de la pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosum L., variété ‘Ostara’) a été étudiéc avec des essais en hydroculture, dans un environnement contr?lé (longueur du jour 12 h, et 20 C jour et nuit). Une partie des plantes a été maintenue pendant toute la période d'essai dans une solution nutritive complète (N-continu); et l'autre partie a été transférée pendant 21 jours (essai 1) et 9 jours (essai 2) dans des solutions nutritives sans azote (N-discontinu). Sur la moitié des plantes cultivées dans le milieu sans azote, les feuilles ont été aspergées avec une solution d'urée. Les plantes cultivées dans les deux variantes N-discontinu (application de ± d'urée sur les pousses) présentent une croissance moins élancée que celles cultivées en N-continu (fig. 1). Lors de l'apport continu d'azote aux racines il n'y a pas d'induction de la tubérisation (fig. 1, tableau 2). Par l'apport discontinu d'azote, l'induction de la tubérisation eut lieu, malgré l'application d'urée sur les pousses. Il n'a pas été observé de corrélation entre l'induction de la tubérisation et la teneur totale d'azote, de nitrate, et d'azote réducteur des plantes (fig. 1, 2 et tableaux 1, 2). Les résultats laissent présumer que le déclanchement du ‘stimulus’ de l'induction de la tubérisation provient de la pousse. Cependant, l'information arrive à la pousse par un changement du spectre des phytohormones, qui est causé par la nutrition particulière des racines en azote.

     

Effect of defoliation management, based on leaf stage, on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth.) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) under dryland conditions. 1. Regrowth, tillering and water-soluble carbohydrate concentration

A field study was undertaken between April 2003 and May 2004 in southern Tasmania, Australia to quantify and compare changes in herbage productivity and water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth.) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) under a defoliation regime based on leaf regrowth stage. Defoliation interval was based on the time taken for two, three or four leaves per tiller to fully expand. Dry‐matter (DM) production and botanical composition were measured at every defoliation event; plant density, DM production per tiller, tiller numbers per plant and WSC concentration were measured bimonthly; and tiller initiation and death rates were monitored every 3 weeks. Species and defoliation interval had a significant effect (P < 0·05) on seasonal DM production. Prairie grass produced significantly more (P < 0·001) DM than cocksfoot and ryegrass (5·7 vs. 4·1 and 4·3 t DM ha^?1 respectively). Plants defoliated at the two‐leaf stage of regrowth produced significantly less DM than plants defoliated at the three‐ and four‐leaf stages, irrespective of species. Defoliation interval had no effect on plant persistence of any species during the first year of establishment, as measured by plant density and tiller number. However, more frequent defoliation was detrimental to the productivity of all species, most likely because of decreased WSC reserves. Results from this study confirmed that to maximize rates of regrowth, the recommended defoliation interval for prairie grass and cocksfoot is the four‐leaf stage, and for perennial ryegrass between the two and three‐leaf stages.     

氮肥后移对花生氮代谢相关酶活性、氮素利用效率及产量的影响

本研究以农花5号为试材,在施氮肥总量一致的条件下,设3个不同施用时期处理：基施氮肥135 kg·hm^-2(T1)、基施氮肥67.5 kg·hm^-2+苗期追肥67.5 kg·hm^-2(T2)、基施氮肥45 kg·hm^-2+苗期和开花下针期分别追肥45 kg·hm^-2(T3)、以不施氮肥CK为对照,研究氮肥后移对花生叶片氮代谢相关酶活性、氮素积累量与利用效率、产量及其构成因素的影响。试验结果表明,不同施氮时期处理下,氮代谢相关酶活性和氮素积累量的变化趋势大致相同,但活性和含量的高低因施氮时期的不同发生变化。T3处理能显著提高花生生育后期叶片的硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶的活性;花生生育后期植株总氮素积累量、根系和荚果氮素积累量以T3处理最高,但各施肥处理间差异不显著;氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力亦以T3处理最高,且差异达到显著水平(P<0.05);T3处理产量最高,为5361.11 kg·hm^-2,比CK、T1和T2处理分别增产20.79%、...     

Modelling net photosynthetic rate of field-grown cocksfoot leaves under different nitrogen, water and temperature regimes

A simple multiplicative model using temperature, foliage nitrogen (N) concentration and water status was developed to predict the maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax) of field‐grown cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) leaves when none, one, two or all the factors were limiting. The highest Pmax was 27·4 μmol CO₂ m^–2 s^?1 in non‐limited conditions, which was defined as the standardized Pmax value dimensionless (Pmax_s=1). Pmax_s increased 0·058 units per °C from 10°C to the optimum range (19–23°C) (Pmax_s=1) and then declined 0·077 units of Pmax_s per °C from 23 to 31°C. Pmax_s=1 was also measured from 59 to 52 g N kg^?1 dry matter (DM) foliage N. Pmax_s then decreased at the rate of 0·115 units per 10 g N kg^?1 DM from 52 to 26 g N kg^?1 DM, and 0·409 units of Pmax_s per 10 g N kg^?1 DM from 26 to 15 g N kg^?1 DM. For predawn leaf water potential (ψ_lp), Pmax_s=1 was measured from ?0·1 to ?1·2 bar but declined linearly at a rate of 0·078 units per bar of ψ_lp from ?1·2 to ?14·0 bar because of a linear decrease in stomatal conductance. An interaction between low N content (≤20 g N kg^?1 DM) and high temperature (>23°C) was also detected. Together, this multiplicative model accounted for 0·82 of the variation in Pmax_s.     

生育后期干旱胁迫与施氮量对花生产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

为明确生育后期水分胁迫下施氮对花生产量、氮素吸收及氮肥利用效率的影响,以花育25号为材料,采用双因素试验设计,通过防雨棚土柱试验研究了不同水氮处理对花生氮素吸收、分配、产量及氮肥利用率的影响。在荚果充实期设置水分条件分别为充足灌水(W 0)、轻度干旱胁迫(W 1)和中度干旱胁迫(W 2),设置5个施氮(N)水平,即0kg·hm^-2(N0)、45kg·hm^-2(N1)、90kg·hm^-2(N2)、135kg·hm^-2(N3)和180kg·hm^-2(N4)。结果表明,W1N2处理下花生经济产量、全株生物量、籽仁和全株氮素积累量均达最大值。与其它氮肥处理相比,同一水分条件下适量施氮(N 2)处理增加花生产量,提高收获指数。花生各器官中来自于15N原子标记的肥料中的15N原子百分比随施氮量的增加而显著增加,但增加幅度不同。正常供水和轻度干旱胁迫条件下花生植株氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加先增加后降低,而中度干旱胁迫下氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加而降低。本试验条件下,W1N2处理(轻度干旱胁迫和施氮90 kg·hm^-2)处理下花生干物质与氮素积累量适宜,氮素向生殖器官分配比例和氮肥利用率较高。     

不同年代育成大豆叶片氮含量的变化及其与净光合速率的关系

为了解大豆品种遗传改良过程中叶片氮含量的变化及其与净光合速率的关系,对吉林省1923年-2004年间育成的21个大豆品种的叶片氮含量和光合特性进行了研究。结果表明,叶片氮含量与育成年代在R2期和R6期呈极显著或显著正相关,但在R4期呈不显著负相关。在R2期和R6期,大豆品种间叶片单位叶面积氮含量增长率明显大于净光合速率增长率,导致了氮素光合利用效率与育成年代呈极显著或显著负相关;在R4期,现代品种叶片单位叶面积氮含量低于老品种,而净光合速率仍高于老品种,导致了氮素光合利用效率与育成年代呈显著正相关。叶片氮含量高,叶绿素含量就高,净光合速率也高,但氮素光合利用效率却低;可将R4期氮素光合利用效率作为高产品种选育的一个指标。