春小麦籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累与底物供应的关系

利用产量和蛋白质含量不同的三个春小麦品种,在盆栽条件下,研究了籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉和蛋白质积累与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸含量变化的关系。结果表明,开花后5～20 d三个品种籽粒可溶性糖含量急剧下降,对应时期的淀粉含量快速上升,后期当可溶性糖含量回升时,其相应淀粉含量下降或增加的幅度很小。籽粒游离氨基酸含量随着灌浆进程渐次降低,品种间蛋白质含量的变化与游离氨基酸的变化一致。所有品种淀粉积累速率变化呈抛物线型变化,高产中蛋白品种的淀粉积累速率最高。进一步认为,可溶性糖作为淀粉合成的底物向淀粉的转化可能更多地依赖于籽粒利用和合成能力的大小,而蛋白质积累更多地直接依赖供应源。     

冬小麦叶茎粒可溶性糖含量变化及其与籽粒淀粉积累的关系

在池栽条件下研究了鲁麦22和鲁麦14两个冬小麦品种旗中、倒二茎、籽粒糖含量及籽粒淀粉积累速率的变化。结果表明，小麦叶片可溶性糖和蔗糖含量在开花后15－20d出现高峰；茎可溶性总糖、蔗糖和果聚糖含量变化呈单峰曲线，最高含量亦出现在花后15－20d，而籽粒可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量在灌浆期呈下降趋势，花后20d至成熟期各器官糖含量与籽粒淀粉积累密切相关。     

宁麦9号花后内源激素和蔗糖含量变化及其与籽粒淀粉合成的关系

为研究小麦花后旗叶和籽粒中内源激素、蔗糖含量及籽粒中淀粉积累的动态变化,以弱筋小麦宁麦9号为供试材料在两种施肥处理条件下分析了花后内源激素和蔗糖含量变化与籽粒淀粉合成的关系.结果表明,氮肥后移的处理旗叶中ZRs、iPAs含量的增加及ABA含量的减少,有利于光合产物的合成;蔗糖含量较高,为籽粒合成淀粉提供了充足的碳源物质.籽粒中淀粉及其组分积累量灌浆期呈不断上升的趋势,积累速率呈单峰曲线,直、支链淀粉和总淀粉积累速率峰值期均在花后21～28 d,氮肥后移表现为增加趋势.相关分析表明,籽粒中内源激素ABA与蔗糖含量呈极显著负相关,GA1/3/ABA与蔗糖含量呈极显著正相关,IAA、GA1/3与淀粉积累速率呈极显著正相关.通径分析表明,籽粒中内源激素IAA对淀粉积累速率有极显著促进作用,直接通径系数达0.9627**,GA1/3主要是通过提高IAA含量间接促进籽粒中淀粉的积累,说明适当提高IAA含量有利于促进籽粒淀粉的积累.     

春玉米子粒灌浆期可溶性糖含量变化与淀粉积累关系的研究

以田间种植的高淀粉(郑单19)、高油(通油1号)和普通型(吉单209)春玉米为材料,探讨不同类型玉米杂交种之间可溶性糖含量变化与淀粉积累的关系。从授粉后第7天开始,每隔7d选取果穗测定子粒的蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和淀粉含量。郑单19的淀粉含量在子粒灌浆的前期和后期都高于通油1号和吉单209;郑单19的蔗糖含量在前期较低,在后期较高,吉单209和通油1号的蔗糖含量变化趋势相似;在前期郑单19的葡萄糖含量高于其它两个杂交种,果糖含量显著高于蔗糖和葡萄糖含量;在前期和中期郑单19的果糖含量低于其它两个杂交种。结果表明,在子粒灌浆前期果糖的转化是淀粉积累的主要限制因素。     

Effects of soaking,cooking and fermentation on composition,in-vitro starch digestibility and nutritive value of common beans

A common bean variety, grown in Burundi, was either fermented, soaked and/or cooked, and then assessed for nutrient composition, in-vitro starch digestibility and protein nutritive value. A decrease in ash, most minerals, vitamins, and some essential amino acids was noted for soaked, cooked and soaked-cooked beans. Compared to untreated beans, soaking decreased soluble sugar (9.8 percent) but increased starch (7.3 percent) and soluble fiber (16.9 percent). In cooked beans, an increase in soluble sugar (1.5 percent), and a decrease in thiamine (81.7 percent), starch (24.6 percent) and soluble fiber (16.6 percent) and nitrogen (2.9 percent) contents were observed. Crude fiber (6.9 percent) and starch (10.0 percent) increased while fat (17.6 percent), fatty acids (linoleic: 10.7 percent; linolenic: 14.3 percent) and soluble sugars (25.4 percent) and nitrogen (14.4 percent) decreased in soaked-cooked beans. Fermentation increased potassium (11.6 percent), soluble fiber (18.9 percent), and some amino acids but decreased fatty acids (linoleic: 13.5 percent; linolenic: 19.9 percent), soluble sugar (75.2 percent) and vitamin (riboflavin: 41.0 percent; niacin: 24.5 percent) contents in common beans. However, the in-vitro starch digestibility was greatly improved (12.3 percent) by cooking while it decreased in soaked beans (29.2 percent). Soaking-cooking and fermentation did not have any significant effect on the digestibility of common bean starch. Finally, among the five treatments applied to common beans, only fermentation showed a significant improvement (8.3 percent) on the protein nutritive value of this legume.     

Decrement of Sugar Consumption in Rice Young Panicle Under High Temperature Aggravates Spikelet Number Reduction

Two rice genotypes Huanghuazhan(HHZ, heat-resistant) and IR36(heat-susceptible) were subjected to high-temperature(HT, 40 oC) and normal-temperature(NT, 32 oC) treatments at the spikelet differentiation stage. HT treatment inhibited spikelet differentiation, aggravated spikelet degeneration, reduced spikelet size, and disordered carbohydrate allocation. Meanwhile, HT treatment increased nonstructural carbohydrate content in leaves, but decreased that in stems and young panicles, and the same tendencies of sucrose and starch contents were observed in leaves and stem. However, HT treatment significantly increased the sucrose content and sharply decreased the glucose and fructose contents in young panicles. Lower activity levels of soluble acid invertase(EC3.2.1.26) and sucrose synthase(EC2.4.1.13) were observed under HT treatment. Moreover, HT treatment reduced the activities of key enzymes associated with glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which indicated sucrose consumption was inhibited in young panicles under HT treatment. Exogenous glucose and fructose applied under HT treatment increased the spikelet number more than exogenous sucrose. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that the reduction of spikelet number under high temperature was more affected by the decrease in sugar consumption than the blocking of sucrose transport. The impairment of sucrose hydrolysis was the main reason for the inhibition of sugar utilization.     

Effects of Weak Light on Starch Accumulation and Starch Synthesis Enzyme Activities in Rice at the Grain Filling Stage

Photosynthetic product in rice plant is transported to grains mainly in the form of sucrose. Sucrose in the grains eventually becomes starch through a series of enzymatic reactions [1-2]. The starch weight accounts for 90% of the brown rice [3-4], so the course of the rice grain filling is the biochemical process in which starch is mainly formed, and the factor of light is indispensable at the course. Much research has been conducted to study the influence of the light on the grain starch synt…     

灌浆结实期弱光对水稻籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性的影响

 选用IR72（籼稻）和日本晴（粳稻）为材料，在开花后进行遮光处理，对弱光条件下籽粒淀粉和直链淀粉含量的动态变化及相关酶的活性进行了研究。在弱光条件下，两品种籽粒的淀粉含量减少，直链淀粉含量下降，蔗糖含量降低，ADPG焦磷酸化酶活性的变化较小，可溶性淀粉合成酶和颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶活性减弱，可溶性淀粉分支酶Q酶和颗粒结合型淀粉分支酶活性增强，淀粉去分支酶活性因品种而异，IR72表现为减弱，日本晴则为增强。相关分析表明，遮光下蔗糖输入量的减少量和淀粉合成量的下降量呈显著正相关；ADPG焦磷酸化酶和淀粉分支酶活性与淀粉积累速率呈显著正相关。分析指出，遮光下淀粉合成酶活性的降低与淀粉合成量的下降有关，淀粉分支酶活性的升高是直链淀粉占淀粉总量的比率减少的重要原因。     

粤西1号芒果成熟阶段的蔗糖代谢

以粤西1号为试材研究了芒果果实成熟阶段淀粉、葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖的含量以及蔗糖代谢相关酶-酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的活性变化.结果表明:采收前淀粉含量逐渐减少,采收后快速减少;葡萄糖含量采收后呈先增后减的趋势,果糖含量采收前缓慢增加,采收后开始迅速增加,蔗糖变化与果糖变化趋势一致,完熟时含量最多的糖为蔗糖(62.55 mg,g),果糖次之(44.45 mg/g),葡萄糖最少(2.87mg/g).AI、NI、SS、SPS在采收前活性差别不大,在后熟阶段,AI、SS、SPS活性显著增加,且SPS活性达到最高值.粤西1号糖代谢以积累蔗糖为主,2种酶SPS和SS起关键作用.     

不同熟期菜用大豆籽粒生化物质积累规律及适宜采摘期研究

选用36个菜用大豆品种(早熟品种8个,中熟品种14个,晚熟品种14个),在其荚果发育过程中分期取样,对不同时期鲜豆粒的蛋白质、游离氨基酸、脂肪、淀粉和可溶性糖、Vc等生化物质的含量及百荚鲜重进行了系统测定,分析其积累规律,进而确定不同熟期菜用大豆品种的适宜采收期.结果表明:早熟品种的适宜采摘期为花后35 d左右,中熟品种为40 d左右,晚熟品种为45 d左右.     

Alpha‐tocopherol and β‐carotene in legume–grass mixtures as influenced by wilting,ensiling and type of silage additive

Effects of wilting, ensiling and type of additive on α‐tocopherol and β‐carotene contents in legume–grass mixtures were examined. Swards of birdsfoot trefoil + timothy (Bft + Ti), red clover + timothy (Rc + Ti) and red clover + meadow fescue (Rc + Mf) were harvested as a first regrowth in August 2005. Forage was wilted to a dry‐matter (DM) content of 273 g kg^?1 and ensiled without additive or with an inoculant or acid. Wilting decreased α‐tocopherol concentration by 30% in the Bft + Ti mixture (P = 0·015). Untreated Bft + Ti silage had higher α‐tocopherol content than red clover silages (56·9 vs. 34·2 mg kg^?1 DM; P = 0·015). The α‐tocopherol concentration of Bft + Ti forages increased during ensiling from 41·1 mg kg^?1 DM in wilted herbage to 56·9, 65·2 and 56·8 mg kg^?1 DM in untreated, inoculated and acid‐treated silage respectively (P = 0·015). The inoculant increased α‐tocopherol content in the red clover silages (50·1 vs. 34·2 mg kg^?1 DM; P = 0·015) compared with untreated red clover silages. Red clover mixtures had lower β‐carotene content than Bft + Ti (32·3 vs. 46·2 mg kg^?1 DM; P = 0·016), averaged over treatments. In conclusion, wilting had small effects but the use of bacterial inoculant as an additive and a Bft + Ti mixture increased α‐tocopherol concentration in the silage.     

水稻拔节期叶片碳氮代谢基因型差异及与氮素利用效率的关系

 采用土培盆栽试验,以3个氮素利用效率(NUE)有显著差异的水稻基因型秀恢2号(低NUE)、R83 12(中NUE)和五优244(高NUE)为材料,研究了拔节期叶片碳氮代谢的基因型差异及其与氮素高效利用的关系。结果表明,拔节期不同基因型水稻的叶片蔗糖和可溶性糖含量、淀粉/可溶性糖含量比和淀粉/蔗糖含量比存在极显著差异,前两者为五优244 > R83 12 >秀恢2号,后两者则相反;而淀粉和蔗糖/可溶性糖含量比各基因型差异不显著。不同基因型水稻的叶片全氮含量(TNC)、蛋白氮含量(PNC)、 PNC/TNC、Rubisco含量(RC)/PNC和RC/TNC存在极显著或显著差异,前两者为五优244 < R83 12 <秀恢2号, 后三者则相反;RC无基因型差异。五优244叶片的叶绿素a含量、类胡萝卜素含量、PSⅡ潜在活性、羧化效率、碳酸酐酶、酸性转化酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性极显著或显著高于其他基因型;其叶片的硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合成酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性也极显著高于其他基因型。统计分析表明,高NUE水稻叶片具有较高的可溶性糖和蔗糖含量及较大的RC/TNC和RC/PNC,其生理基础是其叶片的高谷氨酰胺合成酶活性和PSⅡ潜在活性。     

Some changes associated with the field drying of lucerne and timothy

Lucerne (approximately 10% flowering, 270 g dry matter kg⁻¹) and timothy (boot stage, 310 g dry matter kg⁻¹) were harvested and allowed to wilt for a period of 52·5 h. During the early stages of wilting of lucerne there were increases in the proportion of leaf material (dry weight basis), as well as increases in total available carbohydrate and water soluble carbohydrate concentrations. Approximately 50% of the leaf material in lucerne and in timothy was lost after a drying period of 52·5 h and after tedding and raking operations prior to baling of the hay. This resulted in considerable reduction in the protein content of both lucerne and timothy.     

Storage and Remobilization of Soluble Carbohydrates after Heading in Different Plant Parts of a Winter Wheat Cultivar

Abstract

Several types of water soluble carbohydrates (WSG) were traced into plant parts of a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar from heading to physiological maturity. Field grown plants were harvested at intervals of a few days and divided into grain, chaff, leaf blades, leaf sheaths, rachis + peduncle and culm internodes. Leaf blades and sheath showed the peak of WSC contents at about anthesis. Culm internodes accumulated fructan and sucrose during the early grain-filling phase, from a week after anthesis until the milk-ripe stage, then remobilized them during late and final grain filling phases, from the milk-ripe stage until maturity. The amount of sucrose known as short-term storage WSC was higher than fructan known as long-term storage WSC in each internode throughout the grain-filling phase. Chaff showed a large amount of fructan and fructose before anthesis, although it did very little sucrose. A pattern of sucrose accumulation in chaff was very different from that of fructan, unlike the other parts. These patterns of changes in WSC contents in plant organs roughly corresponded with four grain-filling phases, the initial, early, late and final phases.     

氟化物熏气对橡胶叶碳代谢的某些影响

通过熏气模拟试验,研究了HF熏气后橡胶叶淀粉和一些可溶性糖含量的变化,以及活体条件下,HF熏气对一些相应酶活性的影响。结果表明:HF熏气后橡胶叶的总可溶性糖含量下降,淀粉和果糖含量上升,蔗糖含量下降,淀粉酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶、果糖二磷酸醛缩酶活性受到抑制。      

自然光温和控制光温下玉米苗期叶片NSC比较及根系糖代谢日变化

通过对比玉米苗期叶片在田间和室内条件下NSC日变化特征,分析自然条件下光照和温度变化与光合碳同化产物间的关联性,对室外水培条件下玉米苗期根系蔗糖、总可溶性糖和淀粉日变化特性进行探讨。结果表明,玉米苗期叶片NSC累积呈先升高后降低的特征,不同处理NSC峰值均出现在光照结束阶段;田间光温条件下淀粉和可溶性糖累积浓度均高于室内水培。光温变化对NSC积累的影响达极显著水平(P0.01);前一时间点的光照与后一时间点的淀粉和可溶性总糖之间相关性均达极显著水平(R2=0.77;R2=0.90)。根系中可溶性糖浓度呈明显的日变化特征,淀粉则在141.9～161.9 mg/g DM范围内波动。     

3个不同木薯品种的代谢产物解析

本研究以3种木薯品种（‘KU50’‘SC205’和‘SC9’）块根为实验材料,采用色谱-质谱联用非靶向代谢组学技术,对8月龄木薯块茎的代谢物进行差异性分析。通过鉴定共获得77个差异代谢物,主要涉及糖及其衍生物、氨基酸、有机酸等,‘KU50’和‘SC205’两个品种的优势代谢产物（相对含量>15%）均为蔗糖,且二者含量基本相当,‘SC9’的优势代谢产物为蔗糖与果糖;‘SC9’中蔗糖、柠檬酸相对含量显著低于‘KU50’和‘SC205’,但果糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖高于二者。利用主成分分析（PCA）发现,3个木薯品种块根代谢物组成结构差异性显著,获得差异显著的33种代谢物中主要涉及糖类及其衍生物、有机酸及其衍生物、生物碱、核苷酸及其衍生物、氨基酸及其衍生物等5个类别。通过GO、KEGG、通路富集分析共注释到14个差异显著性代谢途径,其中,共有16个代谢物富集于氨酰tRNA生物合成途径,9个富集于精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢途径,3个富集于氰基氨基酸代谢途径。本研究通过对3个木薯品种块根代谢物的种类、相对含量、主要代谢物和显著差异代谢物进行分析,阐明了不同木薯品种淀粉品质形成的物质基础。可为后期更好地进行木薯品种改良、品种选育及木薯食品加工提供参考。     

菠萝种质果实可溶性糖组分及含量分析

采用高效液相色谱法对50份菠萝种质果实中可溶性糖组分及含量进行测定。结果表明,菠萝果实的可溶性糖主要由果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖组成,其中蔗糖含量最高,占总糖比例的40.85％~76.89％,葡萄糖次之,果糖最低。蔗糖在各种质间的变异相对稳定;果糖和葡萄糖变异较大,分别为22.50％和22.67％。根据单糖与双糖的比例,可将不同的菠萝种质分为蔗糖积累型和单糖积累型。相关性分析结果显示,果实内各糖组分均与总糖呈极显著的正相关,果糖和葡萄糖含量呈极显著相关性。因此,在评价菠萝果实中糖度风味要同时考虑果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖     

灌浆结实期高温对水稻籽粒蔗糖及降解酶活性的影响

选用水稻品种越光和笹锦为材料,在开花后设置自然温度和高温两种处理,研究了不同温度处理下籽粒蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量的动态变化以及蔗糖合酶、液泡型转化酶和细胞壁结合型转化酶活性的差异。高温处理下,蔗糖合酶活性值大于转化酶活性值,且与淀粉积累速率呈显著正相关,表明蔗糖合酶在蔗糖的分解和淀粉的合成过程中起着重要作用;高温下两品种籽粒的蔗糖含量明显增加,但分解的葡萄糖和果糖含量并未相应增加,表明高温有利于籽粒中蔗糖的积累,而不利于籽粒中蔗糖的分解。高温下蔗糖合酶、液泡型转化酶和细胞壁结合型转化酶活性明显下降,表明蔗糖分解速率的下降与蔗糖合酶和转化酶活性下降有关。     

腐植酸浸种对不同耐盐性小麦品种幼苗碳氮代谢的影响

为了解腐植酸对小麦盐胁迫的缓解作用,以春小麦耐盐品种龙麦26和盐敏感品种克旱16为材料,分别用清水和腐植酸浸种,利用水培方式进行幼苗培养,在NaC1胁迫7d后,测定幼苗叶片硝态氮、铵态氮、可溶性蛋白质、蔗糖、可溶性糖含量,以及硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性,分析腐植酸与盐胁迫对小麦碳氮代谢的互作效应.结果表明,盐胁迫抑制了春小麦茎叶的生长,降低了幼苗叶片硝态氮、铵态氮、可溶性蛋白质含量,以及NR活性和NR/SPS活性比.盐胁迫后,龙麦26的蔗糖、可溶性糖含量降低,叶片GS活性提高,但克旱16的蔗糖和可溶性糖含量升高.腐植酸浸种降低了盐胁迫下叶片硝态氮含量和NR、GS、SPS活性,提高了铵态氮、蔗糖和总可溶性糖含量,增加了龙麦26的可溶性蛋白质含量和NR/SPS活性比,以及克旱16的SPS活性,而降低了克旱16的可溶性蛋白质含量和NR/SPS活性比及龙麦26的SPS活性.推测腐植酸浸种可能是通过调控SPS活性和降低NR活性来增加蔗糖含量,从而影响小麦在盐胁迫下的碳氮代谢及平衡.