添加膨化全脂大豆对高产奶牛血液和乳中尿素氮的影响

选择12头基本条件相近、泌乳50d左右的中国荷斯坦高产奶牛,随机分为四组,采用4×4复合拉丁方试验设计研究高产奶牛日粮中添加膨化全脂大豆对血中尿素氮(BUN)与乳中尿素氮(MUN)动态关系的影响。在基础日粮(TMR)中加入不同水平(0kg、1kg、1.7kg、2.5kg)膨化全脂大豆,每期试验21d,共四期。每期试验第15d、17d、19d、21d取奶样,试验第21d取血样。试验结果表明,对乳中尿素氮,1kg组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),1.7kg添加水平与对照组的差异极显著(P<0.01),2.5kg组与对照组的差异显著(P<0.05);对于血液尿素氮2.5kg添加水平显著高于其他三个组(P<0.05)。经BUN与MUN相关分析,MUN值约为BUN的80%。     

Donkey Feeding During Maintenance,Pregnancy, and Lactation: Effects on Body Weight,Milk Production,and Foal Growth

We evaluated the daily intake in donkeys during maintenance, late pregnancy, and early lactation. The growth curves of the foals in the first eight weeks of life and the milk production in lactating jennies were also investigated. Donkeys were separated into two groups: seven pregnant jennies (group 1: pregnant/lactating) and seven nonpregnant, nonlactating jennies (group 2). The groups were fed two different diets each. The feeding period for group 1 covered eight weeks before parturition and eight weeks postpartum. Group 2 was managed during the same time period (16 weeks). Diet 1 consisted of ad libitum hay, which was fed to group 1 during late pregnancy and to group 2 from weeks 1–8. Diet 2 consisted of the same ad libitum hay supplemented with 2 kg/head/day of concentrate, which was fed to group 1 during lactation and to group 2 from weeks 9–16. The daily dry matter intake (diet 1) was 2.56 kg/100 kg of body weight (BW) for nonpregnant jennies and 31% lower in the pregnant donkeys. In the lactating jennies, the total dry matter intake was similar to the nonpregnant group fed diet 2. The nonpregnant jennies lost 1.9% of their initial BW when fed diet 1, whereas they gained 8.4% of their initial BW when fed with diet 2. A weight loss was also found in the lactating donkeys. The foals more than doubled in their birth weight within two months.     

Evaluation of Serum Electrolytes and Blood Lactate Concentration During Repeated Maximal Exercise in Horse

Modifications of some serum electrolyte concentration during two international *** show jumping competition performed in two consecutive weekends were evaluated. Serum sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), phosphorous (P), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and blood lactate on 14 well-trained Italian saddle horses were assessed. Blood samples were collected before the beginning of the competition (T0B), within 10 minutes after the end of race (R1, R2, and R3), and on the day after competition (T0R). The same procedure was followed on the second weekend (R4, R5, R6, and T1R). One-way repeated measures analysis of variance was applied on collected data, and a significant effect on sampling time (P < .05) on all parameters studied was found. These results suggest that serum electrolytes and blood lactate concentration are responsive to intense exercise and could be considered an important factor for a correct management training's planning.     

青海本地驴血清白蛋白及其多态性研究

采用折射计法和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对８７匹青海本地驴血清白蛋白及其多态性进行了研究。结果表明：①青海本地驴血清白蛋白含量为３４．２９ｇ／Ｌ，占血清总蛋白的４６．６５％；②前白蛋白位点呈单态；③白蛋白位点有ＡＬＢＣＣ和ＡＬＢＣＤ两种表型，其ＡＬＢ￣Ｃ和ＡＬＢ￣Ｄ等位基因频率分别为０．８５６３和０．１４３７；④后白蛋白位点有ＰｏＡＡＡ，ＰｏＡＡＢ和ＰｏＡＢＢ三种表型，其ＰｏＡ￣Ａ和ＰｏＡ￣Ｂ等位基因频率分别为０．１１６３和０．８８３７。     

日粮蛋白质水平对奶牛乳尿素氮浓度及氮利用率的影响

采用4×4的拉丁方试验设计,将体重、奶产量和泌乳天数接近的4头经产荷斯坦牛饲喂四种等能量水平不同蛋白质水平(13.2%,14.1%,15.0%和16.2%,干物质基础)的日粮,来研究奶牛乳尿素氮浓度及氮利用率的变化情况。整个试验期共56d,每期14d,1-10d为调整期,11-13d为粪尿收集期。结果发现,随着日粮蛋白质水平的增加,乳尿素氮浓度极显著升高(P<0.01),而氮的利用率随着蛋白质水平的增加而显著下降(P<0.05);乳尿素氮和氮利用率间存在显著的二次曲线关系(P<0.01)。乳尿素氮可以作为反映奶牛日粮蛋白质水平变化的指标,也有可能作为估测奶牛氮利用率的指标发挥作用。     

蛋氨酸硒和纳米硒对波尔山羊种公羔生长及血液、组织硒含量的比较

【目的】为了研究纳米硒(nano-selenium)和蛋氨酸硒(methionine-selenium)对种公羊羔羊生长发育以及血液、组织中硒的沉积和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性的影响。【方法】试验选用体重相近的30只种用波尔山羊断奶公羔随机分3组,每组10个重复,预试2周,正试12周,分别饲喂基础日粮(对照组);基础日粮+0.3 mg/kg纳米硒;基础日粮+0.3 mg/kg蛋氨酸硒(以硒浓度计算)。每隔4周采血样一次,试验结束时,每组随机屠宰羔羊3只测量组织硒浓度。【结果】不同的硒源和一定浓度的硒对公羔生长发育影响不显著(P>0.05);添加蛋氨酸硒和纳米硒的公羔组织器官,血清,全血硒含量以及肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),添加组之间差异不显著。【结论】统计结果表明,纳米硒和蛋氨酸硒与对照相比都能有效地增加血液、组织中硒的沉积,添加纳米硒组羔羊硒沉积和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性稍高于蛋氨酸硒组,羔羊添加纳米硒更易于硒的吸收和沉积。     

纳米硒对肉鸡肝脏硒含量和抗氧化能力的影响

试验选用1日龄艾维茵(Avian)肉鸡225只,随机分为5个处理组,每组设3个重复,研究纳米硒对肉鸡肝脏硒含量和抗氧化能力的影响。在玉米-豆粕型日粮基础上添加纳米硒0、0.15、0.3、0.6、1.2mg/kg,基础日粮组为对照组,试验期6周。结果表明:42日龄时,日粮中添加纳米硒显著提高了肝脏总抗氧化能力、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力、总超氧化物歧化酶活力、抑制羟自由基能力(P<0.05),显著降低了肝脏丙二醛含量、一氧化氮含量(P<0.05),极显著提高了肝脏硒含量(P<0.01)。而且随日粮中纳米硒添加量的增加,肝脏抗氧化能力和硒含量均呈二次曲线关系。因此,肉鸡日粮中纳米硒的适宜添加水平为0.7～1.0mg/kg。     

Listeriosis in Sheep: Listeria Monocytogenes in Sheep Fed Hay Or Grass Silage During Pregnancy. Immunological State,White Blood Cells,Total Serum Protein and Serum Iron

A comparison was made between a hay fed group, consisting of 23 ewes, and a grass silage fed group of 22 ewes, all pregnant. Excretion of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) in the faeces and milk, antibody titres in sera and whey and delayed hypersensitivity against Lm, and several blood components were determined. The animals had previously been exposed to Lm, and Lm was isolated from the faeces from several animals when the experiment started.No significant difference in number of excretors between the 2 groups was found during the experimental period. The haemagglutination titres in both sera and whey were low and on the same level in both groups. The titres were higher in animals with 1 foetus than in animals with more than 1 foetus.In the first part of the experimental period the silage group had a reduced number of lymphocytes, lower total serum protein values and higher serum iron values, compared with the hay group.The silage group also had a stronger delayed hypersensitivity reaction against Lm than the hay group, and in the silage group the reaction was significantly stronger in ewes with 3 or more foetuses than in ewes with 1 foetus.In conclusion, the combined effect of some of the changes found in animals fed grass silage may leave them more susceptible to infections.     

在低蛋白日粮中添加色氨酸对仔猪生产性能及血清游离氨基酸和尿素氮的影响

选择平均断奶体重 8.1kg的三元杂交 (杜×大×长 )仔猪 90头 ,随机分为 5个处理组。处理 1饲喂粗蛋白为 18.37%的低蛋白日粮 ;处理 2～ 4在处理 1日粮的基础上分别添加 2 0 0 ,4 0 0 ,6 0 0g/t的色氨酸 (Trp) ,使处理 1～ 4色氨酸含量分别为 0 .2 2 % ,0 .2 4 % ,0 .2 6 %和 0 .2 8% ,色氨酸与大分子中性氨基酸 (LNAA)的比例 (Trp/LANN)分别为4 .6 8% ,5 .10 % ,5 .5 3%和 5 .96 % ;处理 5则饲喂粗蛋白为 2 1.5 9%的高蛋白日粮 ,色氨酸含量为 0 .2 4 % ,色氨酸与大分子中性氨基酸的比例为 5 .0 0 %。试验期为 2 8d。结果表明 :(1)随日粮色氨酸添加量的增加和色氨酸与大分子中性氨基酸比例的上升 ,各处理间仔猪采食量和日增重均无显著差异 ,但处理 4与处理 1相比 ,采食量和日增重分别提高 10 %和 8%。 (2 )在低蛋白日粮中添加 6 0 0g/t的色氨酸 ,仔猪日增重和采食量与高蛋白日粮相比无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。 (3)在低蛋白日粮组中 ,仔猪血清尿素氮浓度显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,比高蛋白日粮组下降 16 %。     

A Retrospective Study of 1,098 Blood Samples with Anemia from Adult Cats: Frequency,Classification, and Association with Serum Creatinine Concentration

Background

Frequency and classification of anemia in terms of regeneration status and erythrocyte indices are not well described in cats.

Objective

To determine frequency and regenerative status of anemia in samples from adult cats, to assess the sensitivity and specificity of macrocytosis and hypochromasia for detecting regenerative anemia (RA), and to evaluate the association of anemia with increased serum creatinine concentration (SC).

Study Population

Laboratory records from 30,503 blood samples from cats (2003–2011).

Methods

Clinicopathologic data reviewed retrospectively. Anemia defined as hematocrit (Ht) ≤27%, red blood cell count (RBC) ≤5.5 × 10⁶/μL and hemoglobin (Hb) ≤9.0 g/dL. RA defined by manual absolute reticulocyte count >50 × 10³/μL. Macrocytosis was defined as mean corpuscular volume (MCV) >55 fL and hypochromasia as mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) <31 g/dL. Cutoff for increased serum creatinine concentration was 1.6 mg/dL.

Results

Overall, 1,098 of 30,503 blood samples (3.6%) from cats fulfilled criteria for anemia, 633 of 1,098 (57.7%) classified as nonregenerative (NRA) and 465 of 1,098 (42.3%) as regenerative. RBC, Ht, and Hb were significantly lower in the RA compared to NRA group (P < .05). Sensitivity and specificity of the combined high MCV and low MCHC to detect samples with RA were 19.5 and 90.7%. SC was increased in 572 of the 1,098 anemic samples (52.1%) and in 11,121 of 29,405 of nonanemic samples (37.8%).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Majority of anemic samples were classified as NRA. Anemia was more severe in cats with RA. Erythrocyte indices were not sensitive indicators of RA.     

不同植物蛋白源日粮对山羊血液氮素代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究不同植物蛋白源日粮对山羊血液氮素代谢的影响。选择3头体况良好安装有颈动脉、门静脉和肠系膜静脉插管的徐淮白山羊,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,以3种植物蛋白饲料-豆粕(A)、棉粕(B)和玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(C)作为蛋白源。结果表明:不同蛋白源日粮显著影响动脉和门静脉中尿素氮浓度(P<0.05);显著影响肠系膜静脉中总15N、蛋白态15N和氨基酸态15N丰度(P<0.05),且血液中15N丰度均为C组>A组>B组;各处理组间门静脉排流组织(PDV)和肠系膜排流组织(MDV)中总15N和蛋白态15N净流量差异均不显著(P>0.05),但不同蛋白源日粮显著影响PDV和MDV组织中游离氨基酸态15N净流量,且均以C组最高;各处理组中总游离氨基酸(TFAA)和总肽结合氨基酸(TPAA)浓度均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。综合上述,徐淮白山羊以玉米干酒糟及其可溶物作为植物蛋白源比豆粕和棉粕效果更好。     

纳米硒对产蛋鸡生产性能、血清免疫和生化指标及蛋黄中硒含量的影响

本试验旨在研究纳米硒对产蛋鸡生产性能、血清免疫和生化指标及蛋黄中硒含量的影响。选取324只29周龄体重相近的健康产蛋鸡,随机分为6个组,每组6个重复,每个重复9只鸡。对照组(A组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验组(B、C、D、E、F组)分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 mg/kg纳米硒的饲粮。预试期为7 d,正试期为63 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,第21天C组的料蛋比显著降低(P0.05),第42、63天B、D组的破壳率显著降低(P0.05)。各组产蛋率、平均蛋重均无显著差异(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,第42天,E组血清免疫球蛋白M(Ig M)、免疫球蛋白A(Ig A)含量显著提高(P0.05);各组血清免疫球蛋白G(Ig G)含量差异不显著(P0.05);第63天,各组血清Ig M、Ig A、Ig G含量均差异不显著(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,第42天,D组血清白蛋白(ALB)含量显著提高(P0.05),D组血清甘油三酯(TG)和葡萄糖(Glu)含量极显著降低(P0.01),F组血清总蛋白(TP)含量显著升高(P0.05),E、F组血清尿酸(UA)含量显著降低(P0.05);第63天,F组血清TP含量显著提高(P0.05),F组血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性和Glu含量显著降低(P0.05)。4)与对照组相比,第21天,C、D、E、F组蛋黄硒含量显著或极显著提高(P0.05或P0.01);第42天,试验组蛋黄硒含量均显著或极显著提高(P0.05或P0.01);第63天,C、D、E、F组蛋黄硒含量极显著提高(P0.01)。各试验期蛋黄硒含量均以F组最高,且第42天各试验组蛋黄硒含量均高于第21、63天。与对照组相比,除第42天试验组蛋黄锌含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)外,各组各试验期蛋黄铁、锰、锌、铜含量均无显著差异(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮添加纳米硒能改善产蛋鸡的生产性能,提高血清免疫力,促进机体蛋白质的合成,降低血液胆固醇含量,促进机体健康,提高蛋黄中硒含量。综合考虑,以饲粮添加0.4 mg/kg纳米硒饲喂42 d作用效果较明显。     

日粮蛋白质水平对北方寒区中国荷斯坦牛泌乳性能及体内尿素氮的影响

本试验采用对比试验设计,将年龄、体重、胎次、预产期及上一个泌乳期校正泌乳量相近的72头北方寒区中国荷斯坦牛,随机分成3组,每组24头,在围产期、泌乳盛期饲喂不同蛋白质水平(围产期:9.8%、12.6%、14.1%;泌乳盛期:13.8%、16.2%、17.8%)日粮,旨在研究日粮蛋白质水平对奶牛血浆尿素氮(PUN)、乳尿素氮(MUN)、产奶量、乳成分的影响。结果表明:MUN、PUN浓度随日粮蛋白质水平的升高极显著上升(P0.01);MUN与PUN呈显著线性正相关(P0.001),MUN=0.79×PUN+1.02(R2=0.91);围产期、泌乳盛期不同蛋白质水平日粮对乳成分未产生显著影响(P0.05);泌乳盛期蛋白质水平16.2%组产奶量显著高于13.8%组,与17.8%组差异不显著(P0.05)。     

Effects of Draft Loaded Training on Circulatory and Blood Lactate Responses During Exercise in Horses

Five Standardbred trotters were trained on a treadmill 3 times as week for 12 weeks by intervals of draft loaded exercise. The draft load was 34 kilopond and the velocity approximately 7 m/sec -1. Standardized exercise tests with sequentially increasing speed were performed before, and after 4, 8 and 11 weeks of training. No significant effects of training were seen on heart rate response to exercise or on total blood volume, red cell volume and plasma volume when related to bodyweight, whereas less blood lactate (p<0.05) was accumulated. Blood lactate response to exercise may therefore be valuable for monitoring metabolic adaptations to training by draft loaded exercise.     

不同含氮量的奶牛饲料对BUN和MUN含量的影响

试验将21头瘤胃瘘管奶牛随机分为对照组和试验Ⅰ～Ⅵ组,每组3头奶牛,对照组饲喂TMR,试验Ⅰ～Ⅵ组饲喂的TMR分别添加50.0,100.0,150.0,200.0,250.0,300.0g/(头·d)尿素粉,并测定了BUN、MUN、RUN和产奶性能.结果表明,试验Ⅰ～Ⅲ组BUN和MUN与对照组没有明显区别,但产奶量和乳成分有所提高;试验Ⅳ～Ⅵ组BUN和MUN明显高于对照组,产奶量和乳脂率有下降趋势,乳蛋白和乳糖降低显著.MUN和BUN高度相关(r=0.8974,P＜0.01).     

饲粮粗蛋白质水平对断奶驴驹营养物质消化代谢及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮粗蛋白质(CP)水平对断奶驴驹营养物质消化代谢及血清生化指标的影响。选取体况良好的5~6月龄公驴驹30匹,体重(88.21±5.79)kg,随机分为3组,每组10匹,分别饲喂消化能一致而CP水平分别为12.10%(Ⅰ组)、13.95%(Ⅱ组)和15.87%(Ⅲ组)的试验饲粮。试验期70 d,预试期10 d,正试期60 d;其中前31天为试验前期,后29天为试验后期。结果表明:1)Ⅰ组的粗脂肪(EE)和碳水化合物(CHO)的表观消化率有高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的趋势(P=0.083、P=0.077)。2)Ⅰ组的钙、磷摄入量极显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P<0.01),Ⅲ组的粗纤维(CF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)摄入量极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.01)。Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的粪中磷含量显著高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05),Ⅲ组的粪中ADF含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的尿中钙含量显著高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05),Ⅱ组的尿中磷含量显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。3)Ⅲ组的食入氮极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.01),Ⅲ组的粪氮和沉积氮显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.05),Ⅲ组的尿氮显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅰ组的氮的生物学价值显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05),Ⅲ组的尿能极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.01)。4)试验前期,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的血清总氨基酸含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅰ组的血清免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.05),Ⅲ组的血清补体3(C3)含量显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。试验后期,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的血清总氨基酸含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲粮CP水平的提高增加了CF、ADF摄入量及氮的摄入量、沉积量,提高了血清总氨基酸含量,降低了钙、磷的摄入量及EE、CHO的消化率和氮的生物学价值,同时降低了能量利用率,对钙、磷、CF、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、ADF的消化代谢无影响。本试验条件下,驴驹饲粮的适宜CP水平为12.10%。     

不同净能水平的低蛋白日粮对猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响

选取120头22kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂交健康生长猪,随机分成5个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复4头,探讨低蛋白不同净能水平(10.54、10.28、9.96、9.63、9.45MJ/kg)日粮对生长猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响。结果表明:日粮蛋白降低4个百分点,不同净能处理间的采食量和饲料转化率没有显著差异(P>0.05),日增重随净能的下降呈线性增加,以9.45MJ/kg组最高(P<0.05);养分消化率中,除钙的消化率外,其余养分的消化率均随净能水平的增加而线性下降(P<0.05)。降低净能水平后,血清赖氨酸含量线性增加(P=0.03),对其余氨基酸影响差异不显著(P>0.05);对血清尿素氮含量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。由此可得出,低蛋白日粮中净能水平的降低并不影响生长猪的生长性能和养分消化率。     

周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平对内蒙古白绒山羊内源尿素氮循环和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平对内蒙古白绒山羊内源尿素氮循环和微生物蛋白质合成的影响。饲粮分为低(7.5%)、中(10.5%)和高(13.5%)3个蛋白质水平。选用9只体况良好,体重为(45.63±3.15)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,采用单因子随机区组试验设计分为3组,即中蛋白质饲粮组(对照组)、变动低蛋白质饲粮组(2 d低蛋白质饲粮—2 d高蛋白质饲粮,循环饲喂)、变动高蛋白质饲粮组(2 d高蛋白质饲粮—2 d低蛋白质饲粮,循环饲喂)。预试期16 d,正试期12 d。通过全收粪尿法、嘌呤衍生物法和同位素灌注法测定山羊氮代谢、内源尿素氮循环以及微生物蛋白质合成的变化。结果表明:1)中蛋白质饲粮组与变动蛋白质饲粮组比较,瘤胃液氨氮(NH3-N)浓度显著增加(P<0.05),粪氮、尿氮排出量显著增加(P<0.05),沉积氮/摄入氮显著降低(P<0.05),尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量和微生物蛋白质合成的量显著降低(P<0.05);2)变动低蛋白质饲粮组与变动高蛋白质饲粮组比较,瘤胃液NH3-N浓度显著降低(P<0.05);3)周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平后,进入胃肠道的尿素氮/肝脏合成的内源尿素氮显著增加(P<0.05),进入尿中的尿素氮/肝脏合成的内源尿素氮显著减少(P<0.05),返回鸟氨酸循环的尿素氮/进入胃肠道的尿素氮显著减少(P<0.05),用于再合成的尿素氮/进入胃肠道的尿素氮显著增加(P<0.05)。综上所述,周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平有利于提高内蒙古白绒山羊氮利用率和微生物蛋白质合成量。