First Report on the Frequency and Molecular Detection of Neuropathogenic EHV-1 in Turkey

There has been an increase in outbreaks of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in the United States and Europe. However, the presence and frequency of neuropathogenic EHV-1 in Turkish horses are not known at present. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of EHV-1 and neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 in the Marmara Region of Turkey. Samples were analyzed for the presence of EHV-1 and neuropathogenic EHV-1 by real-time PCR TaqMan probe assays. Overall detection rate of EHV-1 was 45.5% (51 of 112). The detection rates were 70.5% (24 of 34) in aborted fetuses, 53.3% (8 of 15) in neonatal deads, 66.6% (4 of 6) in foals, 40% (2 of 5) in dead mares, and 25% (13 of 52) in living mares. Overall detection rate of neuropathogenic EHV-1 was 7.8% (4 of 51), and the real-time PCR results were confirmed by sequencing. Neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 were detected in the brain and lung of two mares with neurological disease but without a history of abortion, in the brain of a foal that died of respiratory disorder, and in the nasal swab from a mare with a history of abortion. On histopathology, nonpurulent meningoencephalitis, hemorrhages, and vasculitis were seen in the brain. In conclusion, results of this study indicated, for the first time, that the neuropathogenic EHV-1 is circulating in the Marmara Region of Turkey. The results of this study also show that the current risk for non-neuropathogenic strains is high, whereas risk for the neuropathogenic EHV-1-G₂₂₅₄ strain seems to be low. As outbreaks of EHV-1 continue in the Marmara region of Turkey, surveillance for neuropathogenic EHV-1 genotype should be maintained.     

牛呼吸道合胞体病的检测方法与疫苗研究

牛呼吸道合胞体病是由牛呼吸道合胞体病毒（BRSV）引起的传染病,临床以呼吸道症状为主（咳嗽、流涕、呼吸急促等）,严重引起泌乳停止、怀孕母牛流产等,不利于养牛业健康发展。BRSV常见的传播方式是直接接触,高滴度的母源抗体可以减轻呼吸道症状。BRSV的诊断方法包括血清学和病原学检测,国内学者对该病研究出单重甚至多重ELISA、PCR法用于诊断,试验证明,它们都具有较好的特异性、敏感性和符合率。BRSV疫苗目前疫苗主要有灭活苗（220/69株）、减毒活疫苗（RB-94致弱株）,现在亚单位疫苗成为研究热点,我国学者将牛疱疹病毒作载体表达BRSV的G蛋白重组疫苗,诱导黏膜免疫,从而保护牛。本病及时发现并早日诊断治疗,可有效控制。此外,应加强饲养管理、环境卫生的改善、提高牛只自身抵抗力等。     

PRRS ELISA试剂盒检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒抗体的应用

利用重组杆状病毒表达的PRRSV核衣壳蛋白作抗原制成ELISA诊断试剂盒，检测人工感染PRRSV猪血清、疫苗免疫抗体和田间血清，并与IDEXX公司生产的试剂盒进行比较。结果表明，该试剂盒在PRRSV感染后8天内就可检出感染性抗体，而用IDEXX公司生产的试剂盒在感染后的18天才检测到感染性抗体，对弱毒疫苗的免疫检测也基本能反映出疫苗的免疫应答状况。对华东地区PRRSV流行病学调查结果表明，PRRSV在国内普遍存在，同时也证明研制的试剂盒，是客观科学调查我国PRRS流行情较理想的检测工具。     

原位PCR检测鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒

采取临床病例鸡的法氏囊制成石蜡切片,经蛋白酶K处理、原位RT-PCR后,用地高辛精标记探针进行原位杂交检测传染性氏囊病病毒（IBDV）。结果10个病例有8个呈阳性,2个阴性。本试验尝试利用具有极高灵敏度的原位PCR方法,从组织中检测低拷贝甚至单拷贝的目标序列,以鉴别隐性感染或混合感染,为IBDV的诊断和分子流行病学的分析提供了一种新的手段。     

Detection of Different Serotypes of Salmonella enterica in Experimentally Inoculated Equine Fecal Samples by Commercially Available Rapid Tests

Background

Salmonella enterica can significantly impact management of animal facilities. Comprehensive screening is essential for effective control in high‐risk populations. Availability of reliable point‐of‐care diagnostic tests would facilitate these efforts.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Compare the ability of commercially available rapid diagnostic assays (2 lateral flow immunoassays [LFIs], DNA hybridization [DNAH], real‐time PCR [qPCR]), and culture to detect common serotypes of S. enterica in feces.

Animals

n/a.

Methods

In an experimental study, 112 S. enterica isolates were randomly selected from the 10 most common serotypes recovered at a veterinary hospital. Archived isolates were amplified in broth and standardized inocula (100 colony forming units) were incubated with equine feces in tetrathionate broth (TET). Cultures were tested in a blinded fashion by using LFIs, DNAH, qPCR, and culture.

Results

The LFIs detected 84% and 67% of isolates, respectively, but reactivity varied among serotypes. Both reacted poorly with serotype Cerro (Group K) isolates, and 1 LFI did not react with any serotype Mbandaka (Group C1) or Montevideo (Group C1) isolates. DNAH detected 94% of isolates, whereas culture and qPCR most reliably detected all serotypes. False‐positive results were obtained for 4 negative controls by using DNAH and 1 negative control by using qPCR, but LFIs and culture had no false‐positive results.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Culture, qPCR, and DNAH were effective in detecting most Salmonella isolates, but have limited application at point‐of‐care settings. LFIs are appealing as point‐of‐care tests because of low cost and ease of use, but limited detection of some serotypes needs to be evaluated with samples obtained from naturally infected animals.     

Success of Anterior Chamber Paracentesis as a Treatment for Ocular Setariasis in Equine Eye: Case Report

A 7-year-old, male pony was presented to our facility with progressive corneal opacity and blepharospasm in the right eye. Vision could not be determined. A thread-like parasite was found in the anterior chamber of the eye. Removal of the parasite through the cornea using the aspiration technique could not be accomplished. The parasite was successfully removed by making a stabbing incision, as an alternative, and was identified as belonging to the genus Setaria. In this report, details of the surgical procedures used together with surgical complications have been discussed. Vision was restored in the right eye postoperatively, though local corneal opacity still persists.     

Comparison of Serum Amyloid A in Horses With Infectious and Noninfectious Respiratory Diseases

The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) has been shown to be a useful inflammatory parameter in the horse, but studies showing SAA responses to specific respiratory disease etiologies are limited. The goal of this study was to evaluate SAA responses in horses with infectious and noninfectious respiratory diseases as well as healthy, control horses. Two hundred seven horses were grouped into the following categories: equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4), Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi ss equi), inflammatory airway disease (IAD), and healthy controls. Serum amyloid A concentrations were determined for all horses on serum using a stall-side lateral flow immunoassay test. Serum amyloid A levels were found to be significantly greater for infectious respiratory diseases (EIV, EHV-4, S. equi ss equi) and horses with IAD when compared to control horses. There was a significant difference between viral and bacterial infections and IAD. Although SAA values from horses with S. equi ss equi were significantly greater when compared to horses with viral infections (EIV/EHV-4), the wide range of SAA values precluded accurate classification of the infectious cases. In conclusion, SAA is more reliably elevated with infections of the respiratory tract rather than noninfectious airway conditions. This can facilitate early detection of respiratory infections, help track disease progression, and aid practitioners in making recommendations about proper biosecurity and isolation of potentially contagious horses.     

The first detection of brucella canis in cattle in the Republic of Korea

Twenty mammary lymph node samples were collected from cattle on a farm in the Republic of Korea. These cattle were serologically negative for Brucella by tube agglutination test (≤ 1:50) and serum agglutination test (≤ 1:50). Out of 20 lymph node samples, two samples were positive for Brucella growth on Brucella agar as well as blood agar. Tests for urease, hydrogen sulphide and reactions against monospecific sera A and M indicated that these two isolates (No. 15 and 16) belong to the genus Brucella. Genus specific, AMOS (abortus, melitensis, ovis, suis) and Bruce-ladder multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays confirmed the Brucella isolates as either a B. abortus or a B. canis strain. This is the first report of the occurrence of a B. canis infection in cattle in Korea. More survey data are needed to determine whether B. canis is a significant aetiology in the cases of cattle brucellosis in Korea.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、圆环病毒2型、奇异变形杆菌混合感染病例的病原学诊断

为确诊贵州省都匀市某养殖场的猪死亡病因,采集病死猪病料进行猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪瘟病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒、猪圆环病毒2型核酸检测,细菌分离鉴定及药物敏感试验。结果:猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测和猪圆环病毒2型PCR检测核酸均为阳性,其余病毒核酸检测均为阴性。细菌分离培养表明存在细菌感染,分子生物学鉴定为奇异变形杆菌;分离菌对硫酸安普霉素、硫酸粘菌素、盐酸大观霉素+盐酸林可霉素、氟苯尼考较敏感,对多种药物产生耐药。结论:确诊病例为猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪圆环病毒2型、奇异变形杆菌混合感染。     

Effect of Sire-Associated Factors on Secondary Sex Ratio of Offspring in Equine

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of breed of stallion and individual stallion on secondary sex ratio (SSR; the proportion of male foals at birth). Data associated with the sex of foals and the sire, as well as the breed and age of sire were retrieved from the database of the Equestrian Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In total, data consisted of 4,491 birth records from 92 stallions. Stallions were from three breeds of Arabian, Thoroughbred, and Akhal-Teke. Data were analyzed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Proportion of colts was 63.0% (427/678), 46.1% (1,545/3,355), and 53.9% (247/458) in Arabian, Thoroughbred, and Akhal-Teke stallions, respectively. In Arabian stallions, SSR was skewed toward males (P < .0001; odds ratio, 1.701), whereas in Thoroughbred stallions, it was skewed toward females (P = .001; odds ratio, 0.853). Secondary sex ratio was not skewed in Akhal-Teke stallions (P > .05). Secondary sex ratio in Thoroughbred stallions was lower than that in Arabian (P < .0001; adjusted odds ratio, 1.983) and Akhal-Teke (P = .010; adjusted odds ratio, 1.527) stallions, but SSR did not differ between Arabian and Akhal-Teke stallions (P > .05). There was the effect of individual stallion on SSR in Arabian and Thoroughbred breeds (P < .0001) but not in Akhal-Teke breed (P > .05). In conclusion, the present study showed the effect of breed of stallion and stallion itself on sex ratio of foals.     

Molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection in naturally occurring equine respiratory disease

The objective of the study was to characterise the molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection among isolates collected sequentially from recently weaned, pasture maintained Welsh mountain ponies with naturally occurring respiratory disease. Weekly nasopharyngeal and tracheal lavage samplings over a 10-week period were conducted in 29 ponies. Two PCR typing methods based on characterisation of the M-protein hypervariable (HV) region and the 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer were then applied to isolates of S. zooepidemicus recovered from nasopharyngeal swab and tracheal wash samples. S. zooepidemicus infection was highly prevalent during the study, being isolated from 94% of tracheal washes and 88% of nasopharyngeal swabs. Among 39 different S. zooepidemicus types isolated, more were isolated from the trachea (n=33) than the nasopharynx (n=27). There was evidence from temporal patterns of infection for clonal succession over time by the more prevalent S. zooepidemicus types. Novel S. zooepidemicus types were identified, including previously untyped HV regions and intra-strain multiples of both the HV region and intergenic spacer types.     

IBV荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及对感染鸡体内病毒的检测

IBV（infectious bronchitis virus）属于冠状病毒γ群,可以引起鸡的呼吸道疾病,造成严重的损失,现在对IBV诊断方法的研究进行得十分广泛,建立了多种方法。本研究建立了IBV的Real-Time PCR检测方法,最低检测灵敏度为10 copies/μL,可以有效地区别其他禽源病毒,板内差异为0.1%～0.7%,板间差异为0.7%～1.6%,证明该方法具有较高的灵敏性、特异性和稳定性,并对分离到的野毒株ck/HHLJ/HH13进行了病毒感染试验的检测,在鸡体内的气管肺脏肾脏中都具有较高的浓度,其中气管和肾脏中病毒的滴度一直维持很高的水平,至感染后21 d才逐渐消失,病理组织学可见肾脏和气管病变最严重,证实了所分离到的野毒株ck/HHLJ/HH13是具有很强毒力的肾型IBV毒株。     

Effects of Bit Chewing on Right Upper Quadrant Intestinal Sound Frequency in Adult Horses

Many therapies have been proposed to prevent and treat postoperative ileus (POI) in horses, but to date none is considered fully effective. Various methods have been considered in the prevention of POI in humans too, and among these, gum chewing is gaining a role, reducing time from surgery to first fecal passage and hospitalization time. The aim of the present study is to produce a method to consistently induce horses at chewing without ingesting food and to evaluate its effects on gut sounds in healthy horses. Animals used in this study were 10 adult horses of both genders. A digital phonendoscope was positioned on the right upper flank. A first registration was started and lasted for five consecutive minutes. Then a snaffle bit with toggles was applied to the horse, and a second registration was obtained in the following 15 minutes. Recording sessions were cut into 5-minute subsessions and blindly assessed by two operators that calculated the number of borborygmi per minute in each session. Application of a bit produced consistent mastication and swallowing in all horses for a period of 20 minutes or more. There was a significantly different increase in short (<3 seconds) gut sounds in the first 5 minutes after application of the bit. In conclusion, mastication of a bit consistently caused an increase in gut sounds on the right upper quadrant. Bit chewing can be easily obtained in horses at rest, and further evaluation as an adjunctive element in the management of POI is warranted.     

贵州毕节家畜布鲁氏菌病等疫病的监测报告

本文报道了毕节地区近年来布鲁氏菌病、禽流感和马传贫的流行情况调查结果。结论建立在对来自毕节地区各县(市)2183份畜禽血清样品的检测之上。     

马传贫弱毒疫苗接种马(骡)免疫反应动力学研究

本试验对注射马传贫弱毒疫苗后的马(骡)50匹,分别进行了体温、血液学、血清抗体及血液中T淋巴细胞等项目的检测。在此基础上,探讨了注苗后马(骡)免疫反应及其动态规律。提出注苗马(骡)在T细胞恢复到正常水平前,仍有感染强毒的可能,因此对马(骡)仍需进行监控。     

Detection and Management of an Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Infection and Associated Neurological Disease in a Veterinary Teaching Hospital

Background: Because of the serious disease sequelae associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐1) infections, awareness and control measures used to control outbreaks are important issues for all horse populations. Objectives: Describe the occurrence and management of an outbreak of EHV‐1 infection at a veterinary hospital. Animals: Horses hospitalized at a referral veterinary hospital. Methods: A horse with myeloencephalopathy associated with EHV‐1 infection (EHM) was admitted for diagnostic evaluation and treatment under strict infection control procedures. We describe the occurrence and management of a nosocomial outbreak of EHV‐1 infections associated with admission of this patient. Results: Despite institution of rigorous biosecurity precautions at the time of admission of the index case, EHV‐1 infections spread to 6 other horses that were hospitalized at the James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hopsital, including 2 that served as sources of infection for horses on their home premises after discharge. Infection with EHV‐1 was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by seroconversion documented by glycoprotein G ELISA. A voluntary quarantine was imposed and admissions were restricted to prevent additional horses from being exposed. Quarantine duration was abbreviated by serial testing of all horses with PCR. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These findings illustrate the contagious disease risk that can accompany management of horses with EHM. Horses with active nasal EHV‐1 shedding should be isolated in an airspace that is separate from other horses by strictly enforced biosecurity and isolation procedures. Serial testing with PCR may be a useful adjunct to determine when the risk of transmission has been minimized.     

内蒙古地区鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒生物学特性的研究

从内蒙古地区分离到３株ＩＢＤＶ（分别命名为Ｊ、Ｗ、Ｈ株）并对其进行细胞培养特性、理化特性、形态特性、动物回归试验和血清学鉴定，研究结果表明：适应鸡胚的Ｊ、Ｗ、Ｈ株可迅速适应ＣＥＦ，继而适应于Ｖｅｒｏ和ＲＫ＿（－１３）细胞，在ＲＫ＿（－１３）细胞上的感染滴度最高；３个毒株能抵抗氯仿、耐热（６０℃１小时）、耐酸（ｐＨ２）、对碱（ｐＨ１２）敏感；负染样品在电镜下看到正六边形，直径约５５～６５ｎｍ，有实心和空心的病毒颗粒；回归鸡后表现典型的临诊症状和特征性病理变化，发病率为８０～１００％，病死率为２６．６～４６．６％；法氏囊超薄切片在电镜下观察到法氏囊淋巴细胞浆内呈晶格状排列或包涵体形式存在的病毒颗粒。微量交叉中和试验结果表明：Ｊ、Ｗ、Ｈ株为血清Ⅰ型ＩＢＤＶ的３个不同亚型毒株。