激光衍射法与吸管法对东北黑土区土壤粒径分布测定的差异性研究

目前激光衍射法(laser diffraction method,LD)逐步被用于土壤颗粒粒径分布(particle size distri-bution,PSD)的分析,为了对比LD法和吸管法测定东北黑土区土壤PSD的差异性,采用LD法和吸管法分别对东北黑土区宾州河流域36个土壤剖面不同层次178个土壤样品的PSD值进行了测定与分析.结果表明,同吸管法相比,LD法低估了土壤的黏粒含量,平均低估幅度19.69%,而高估了土壤的粉粒和砂粒含量,平均高估幅度分别为14.66%和5.13%.LD法所得PSD结果依据美国土壤质地分类制判定的土壤质地,相对于吸管法总体由粉黏质偏向粉砂质方向.建立了LD法与吸管法测定PSD结果的转换模型,将LD法测定的PSD结果利用转换模型校正后,其测定的各土壤粒级同吸管法相比,准确度达96.97%～98.71%,判定土壤质地的准确率也达83.15%.     

土壤颗粒粒径分布质量分形维数和体积分形维数的对比

用激光衍射法(LD法)和吸管法实测了60个富铁土土样的颗粒粒径分布(PSD)数据,在此基础上分别计算了颗粒的质量分形维数Dm和体积分形维数Dv。结果发现:由于LD法"低估"了黏粒部分,因此Dv相对低于Dm;由于Dv和Dm之间呈现出了一定的正相关性(p<0.001),且Dv与其实测黏粒之间呈一定的正相关性,因此Dv在一定程度上也能够用于表征土壤的某些基本属性;LD法可以对粒径进行更多的分级,但不同的粒径分级会对Dv产生影响,对粒径的再细分会导致Dv略微降低。     

基于激光衍射的土壤粒径测定法的评价与校正

为比较与评价激光法与吸管法测定土壤粒径分布的准确性,该文采用激光法与吸管法测定了23组来自中国13个不同省份或自治区土壤样本的粒径分布,将激光法与传统吸管法的测定结果进行比较,并在此基础上对激光法测定参数进行了修正。结果表明:1)与吸管法相比,激光衍射法低估土壤样品中的黏粒含量,其相对误差为36.33%;高估粉粒含量,其相对误差为36.51%;2)对吸管法与激光衍射法的实测结果进行线性关系分析表明,其中黏粒与粉粒的线性关系较好,决定系数分别为0.91,0.90;3)经过模型转换后,基于激光衍射法的土壤粒径分布结果的相对误差明显降低:黏、粉的相对误差分别降低至16.25%、12.83%,说明激光衍射法可以用于大规模不同类型的土壤粒径分析。该研究可为土壤系统化和规范化的对比研究以及建立基于激光衍射技术的土壤质地划分标准提供依据。     

激光法与湿筛－吸管法测定土壤颗粒组成的转换及质地确定

湿筛-吸管法是测定土壤颗粒组成(PSD)的传统方法,而激光法则是新兴的土壤颗粒测定方法,为了明确二者测定数据间的转换关系,应用两种方法分别测定了中国6个主要土纲的265个土壤样品。结果表明,激光法测定的土壤黏粒含量明显地小于湿筛-吸管法测定的数据,激光法测定的土壤粉粒含量明显地大于湿筛-吸管法测定的数据,而对于土壤砂粒含量的测定结果二者互有高低。两种方法测定的黏粒、粉粒和砂粒间均分别具有很好的相关性,甚至按照美国的7级分类标准,每个粒度级别在两种方法间均具有很好的相关性。按照激光法和吸管法测定数据间的转换关系式得出了用激光法测定数据的砂土、壤土和黏土质地划分界限,从而能够应用激光法测定的数据直接进行质地划分,这对于推动激光法在土壤学中的进一步应用和推动土壤科学的发展均具有重要意义。     

美国有关土壤粒度测定的简便方法

评价土壤质量和土壤对农业管理措施承受力 ,至少要进行土壤质地分析。然而 ,传统的土壤质地分析方法既昂贵又费时。美国科学家T .A .Kettler等人建立了一个快速、简便的测定土壤颗粒分布的方法 ,这一方法运用过筛和沉降 ,既可单独作为质地分析方法 ,又可同时分析颗粒有机物 (MPO)。并在美国大平原上的 6个地点 ,采集不同质地和不同有机物的土壤 ,用此方法和比重计法及标准吸管法测定土壤中砂粒、粉粒和黏粒含量。检测结果 ,对于砂粒、粉粒和黏粒 ,此方法与标准吸管法之间的绝对差 <2 % ,相对差分别为 6 %、- 1%和 - 4 % ,变异系数平均 <5 % ,回归分析r2 各为 0 99、0 98和 0 93,对所有的颗粒为 0 98。这一方法对于估测土壤质地、评价土壤质量既便宜又可靠     

陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤粒径分布分形特征

将激光衍射技术和分形分析结合,多重分形分析应用多重分形参数Rényi维数谱,研究土壤粒径分布(PSD)分形特征。结果表明:土壤PSD分形维数D在2.28～2.47之间,D与土壤黏粒含量线性相关。计算黏粒、粉粒和砂粒分形维数D黏粒、D粉粒和D砂粒,三者之间存在D黏粒D粉粒D砂粒的关系,分别用D黏粒、D粉粒和D砂粒计算分裂概率,发现小团粒具有较小的分裂概率。因此,分裂概率具有尺度依赖性,并随着土壤粒径的减小而降低。多重分形分析表明,由PSD获取的Rényi维数谱为反S型递减函数,与理论的多重分形Rényi维数谱相似,说明土壤PSD具有多重分形特征。     

火山喷出物发育土壤的比重及颗粒组成测定

利用比重瓶法对火山喷出物发育土壤的比重进行测定,结果表明:玄武岩质火山喷出物发育土壤的比重大于粗面岩质火山喷出物发育土壤的比重;基于粒径小于1 mm土粒测定的比重,玄武岩质火山喷出物和粗面岩质火山喷出物发育土壤的比重均小于一般土壤的平均比重2.65 g cm~(-3);基于粒径小于0.1 mm土粒测定的比重,除个别玄武岩质火山喷出物发育土壤外也小于2.65 g cm~(-3)。分别取比重值为2.65 g cm~(-3)、粒径小于1 mm土粒的实测比重和粒径小于0.1 mm土粒的实测比重,计算不同粒级土粒的沉降时间,并进行颗粒组成的实验研究表明:取不同比重值测定的土壤颗粒组成含量相差较大而且影响土壤质地定名。由于成土母质的矿物组成决定土壤的比重,且土壤颗粒组成的静水沉降实验是在粒径小于0.1 mm土粒的悬液中进行的,所以,准确测定土壤颗粒组成含量,需要区分成土母质的矿物组成,并测定其小于0.1 mm粒径的土粒比重,重新计算沉降时间。     

应用吸管法进行风沙土机械组成分析的实验研究

土壤机械组成分析就是指土壤粒径分析，即测定组成土壤的不同直径颗粒的含量。通过机械组成分析可以定量地了解土壤质地的粗细、理化性状、肥力状况及土壤的发育情况。经过从毛乌素沙地、腾格里沙漠和浑善达克沙地等几个区域采样实验，探讨了用吸管法测定风沙土机械组成的实验控制。结果显示：在司托克斯原理指导下的吸管法测定风沙土机械组成的实验中，传统吸管法的10cm深抽样条件下粉粒与黏粒段不能正常测定。8cm深抽样条件下，振荡分散1h有20％的样在粉粒与黏粒段的测定结果有悖实际，煮沸分散1h与煮沸分散10min两种测定结果在砂、粉、黏三段内的变异系数较大。经对比分析，在用吸管法测定风沙土机械组成实验中，以煮沸分散1h，抽样深8cm的实验效果良好。     

黄土土质对溅蚀特征的影响

土壤质地是土粒溅蚀量及溅出方式的重要影响因素。以黄土高原4种土壤(土、黑垆土、砂黄土、黄绵土)为试验用土,通过人工模拟降雨试验研究了黄土土质对溅蚀量、溅出土粒颗粒组成的影响。结果表明:(1)溅蚀量随降雨历时增加呈幂函数趋势增加。降雨开始时溅蚀量取决于土表松散颗粒含量及土粒均匀程度。随后溅蚀量增加速率则取决于黏粒(0.002mm)、细粉粒(0.002~0.02mm)及吸湿性黏土矿物含量,二者综合作用使得溅蚀量增加幅度减小。(2)溅蚀过程中溅出土粒的粒径组成决定于供试土壤的颗粒组成,0.25mm颗粒含量高的土壤溅出土粒粒径分布均匀,而0.25mm颗粒含量低的土壤溅出土粒集中分布于粗粉粒、细砂粒粒级内。(3)通过溅出土粒实际与原始颗粒含量的比值可判断土壤颗粒溅出方式。供试土壤黏粒、细粉粒、粗粉粒(0.02~0.05mm)的实际与原始颗粒含量比值1,均以团粒形式溅出,不受土壤类别影响;而土、黑垆土砂粒的实际与原始颗粒含量的比值1,以团粒形式溅出;砂黄土、黄绵土土壤砂粒实际与原始颗粒含量比值≈1,以单粒形式溅出。     

向家坝工程扰动区不同生态修复模式边坡土壤颗粒分形特征

[目的]研究不同生态修复后边坡土壤颗粒分形特征,为分形维数作为评价修复后向家坝工程扰动区边坡土壤质量的综合指标提供科学依据。[方法]以向家坝工程扰动区6种不同生态修复模式下的0—10 cm边坡土壤为研究对象,通过野外采样和室内试验,采用单重和多重分形理论相结合的方法,研究自然演替与人工修复模式下土壤粒径分布(PSD)和分形特征及土壤养分特征并分析了其相关关系。[结果]不同生态修复模式下土壤颗粒组成以粉粒和砂粒为主,黏粒含量较少,粒径分布不均匀。天然林地土壤养分含量相对较高且土壤颗粒较细。黏粒与D_v呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),与土壤有机碳和速效氮呈显著正相关(p<0.05),粉粒含量与D₁,D₂呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),砂粒与D₁,D₂呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。土壤养分与黏粒、粉粒含量呈不显著正相关,与砂粒含量,D₁,D₂呈不显著负相关。[结论]向家坝工程扰动区土壤颗粒以粉粒和砂粒为主,土壤质地较...     

土壤颗粒的分形特征及其应用

本文应用土壤颗粒的质量分布原理来描述土壤颗粒的分形特征。通过对10种土壤颗粒的机械组成进行分析,分别计算出它们的分形维数（D=2.489～2.896）,并分析了其与土壤质地之间的关系。同时对土壤颗粒分形维数与所对应土壤的幂函数型水分特征曲线的拟合分形维数进行比较分析,建立了二者之间的相关关系。结果表明:分形维数的大小反映了土壤质地中粘粒、粉粒和砂粒含量的变化,随粘粒含量的增多分形维数增大,随砂粒含量的增多分形维数减小;同时土壤颗粒分形维数与所对应的水分特征曲线的拟合分形维数呈现出良好的一致性,因而对所研究的土壤而言,可应用土壤颗粒的质量分形维数结合幂函数模型来估算土壤水分特性曲线。     

不同耕作年限水稻土土壤颗粒的体积分形特征研究

应用基于土壤颗粒体积分布确定土壤颗粒大小分布分形维数的方法,对浙江慈溪耕作年限分别为50、100、500、700、1000和2000年的水稻土土壤颗粒体积分形特征进行了研究.结果表明:同基于土壤颗粒质量分布的分形维数相比,基于土壤颗粒体积分布的分形维数计算不需要密度假设,更具有合理性.不同年限水稻土的土壤颗粒大小分布能被体积分形模型显著拟合(p＜0.01).土壤颗粒体积分形维数与黏粒的体积百分含量之间呈显著正相关(p＜0.01),与粉粒和砂粒的体积百分含量之间呈显著负相关(p＜0.01),其中与黏粒含量关系最为密切.耕作年限对水稻土土壤颗粒的体积分形维数和分形模型的拟合度均有一定影响.与50 ～ 500年水稻土相比,700 ～ 2000年水稻土剖面中土壤颗粒体积分形维数的变异性和均值较高,但其拟合决定系数则较低;耕作年限会对水稻土剖面中黏粒的含量和分布产生影响,进而影响到剖面土壤的颗粒体积分形特征;对于同一质地类型的土壤,耕作年限越长,分形维数越高.     

农田土壤颗粒尺寸分布分维及颗粒体积分数的空间变异性

盐渍土膜下滴灌过程中的土壤理化性质存在空间变异性,对灌溉管理有一定影响。该文根据3个不同尺度下土壤采样及颗粒尺寸分布（PSD）测定结果,探讨了土壤PSD分维和颗粒体积分数之间的定量关系,分析了各尺度和综合尺度下土壤PSD分维和颗粒体积分数的经典统计特征和地质统计特征,根据颗粒体积分数的半方差函数计算了不同尺度颗粒体积分数的分形维,并做出了等值线图。研究表明,土壤PSD分维与黏粒的体积分数呈正相关关系,黏粒体积分数增大引起PSD分维增加的原因在于细颗粒的比表面积比粗颗粒的大;各尺度土壤PSD分维及颗粒体积分数均无强变异特征;不同尺度下土壤PSD分形维的半方差函数中块金和基台值均非常低;50 m尺度土壤PSD分维和黏粒体积分数的等值线图具有类似的集中度和走势,而砂粒体积分数和粉粒体积分数则具有相反的集中度和走势。该研究说明土壤PSD分维和颗粒体积分数都有一定的尺度依赖性。     

激光衍射法测定土壤粒径分布的研究进展

常见的土壤粒径分布测试手段有筛分法、沉降法(包括吸管法和密度计法)、激光衍射法等。近年来,由于激光衍射法分析土壤粒径分布具有操作简单、效率高、测试样品用量小、适合批量样品测定的特点,其在土壤粒径分布的测定中得到越来越广泛的应用。本文介绍了激光衍射法测定土壤粒径分布的基本原理和分析方法,综述了该技术在测定土壤粒径分析方面的国内外研究进展,重点分析了激光衍射法测定土壤粒径分布的影响因素,并对激光衍射法测定土壤粒径分布的应用前景进行了展望。研究表明,激光衍射法通过转换方程可以获得精确的结果。在保证足够大的样本量、土壤样本包含多种质地类型,且完善的前处理条件下,可以建立稳定的、适用于大范围预测的模型。激光衍射法测定土壤粒径分布虽然受到一些因素的影响,例如前处理方法、仪器设置以及样品用量等,但是激光粒度仪为粒度测定提供了高效快速的技术手段,为精准农业和数字农业的发展提供了先进的技术支撑。     

Evaluation of Different Predictor Models for Detailed Soil Particle-Size Distribution

An accurate mathematical representation of soil particle-size distribution (PSD) is required to estimate soil hydraulic properties or to compare texture measurements using different classification systems. However, many databases do not contain full PSD data, but instead contain only the clay, silt, and sand mass fractions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the abilities of four PSD models (the Skaggs model, the Fooladmand model, the modified Gray model GM (1,1), and the Fredlund model) to predict detailed PSD using limited soil textural data and to determine the effects of soil texture on the performance of the individual PSD model. The mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to measure the goodness-of-fit of the models, and the Akaike''s information criterion (AIC) was used to compare the quality of model fits. The performance of all PSD models except the GM (1,1) improved with increasing clay content in soils. This result showed that the GM (1,1) was less dependent on soil texture. The Fredlund model was the best for describing the PSDs of all soil textures except in the sand textural class. However, the GM (1,1) showed better performance as the sand content increased. These results indicated that the Fredlund model showed the best performance and the least values of all evaluation criteria, and can be used using limited soil textural data for detailed PSD.     

树儿梁小流域坝地土壤颗粒的分形特征

土壤颗粒的分形维数是重要的土壤物理特性,为研究坝地土壤颗粒分形维数的内涵和利用土壤颗粒的分形维数来描述与土壤性质的关系,本研究计算了树儿梁小流域坝地土壤颗粒的分形维数,并分析了分形维数与各粒级组成及其土壤养分的关系.结果表明:树儿梁坝地土壤颗粒的分形维数随土壤黏粒的增加而增大,坝前、坝中、坝尾土壤颗粒的分形维数分别为2...     

The implications of sample preparation on the particle size distribution of soil

Particle size distribution (PSD) is among basic parameters in soil and sediment characterization and provides essential information in sedimentological and environmental studies. The problem with the PSD determination is that for any given sample the result depends not only on the method used but also on the sample pre‐treatment, making them seldom comparable. In this study, the PSD of seven non‐treated and pre‐treated soil samples were determined by four granulometric methods (pipette, sedigraph, particle counter and laser diffraction analysis). Samples were subjected to pre‐treatments commonly used in sample preparation for the PSD determination, i.e., addition of dispersant (sodium metaphosphate) and removal of the organic matter (with hydrogen peroxide). The total organic carbon (TOC) analysis was used to estimate the content of organic matter before and after its removal. The effect of different pre‐treatments was evaluated based on the PSD variations and the changes in the specific surface area (SSA) of the samples. The results highlighted differences in the PSD curves of samples depending on the granulometric method and pre‐treatment applied. The most pronounced difference was the higher amount of clay fraction determined by settling techniques. The role of hydrogen peroxide in disruption of aggregates was evident in the increase in the SSA as well as the share of fine fraction determined by all four techniques, while sodium metaphosphate made no modifications of the SSA but acted in favour of prolonging settling of clay particles and increasing its content obtained by settling techniques.     

Fractal characterization of soil particle-size distribution under different land-use patterns in the Yellow River Delta Wetland in China

Purpose

Soil particle-size distribution (PSD) is an important soil physical property. Single- and multi-fractal models are increasingly used to characterize soil properties and may provide additional information. The Yellow River Delta is one of the best representative examples of river ecosystem wetlands in the world. In this area, different land resource development patterns strongly influence soil structure and fertility. Here, the single- and multi-fractal characterizations of soil PSD were determined based on fractal theory, and the correlations between PSD and soil organic matter (SOM) across different land-use patterns were studied.

Materials and methods

The study site was located in a typical area of the Yellow River Delta Wetland in Shandong Province in China. The tested soil samples were obtained from areas with four different land-use patterns, including integrated Robinia pseudoacacia and grass cover land (RPG), well-covered European and American poplar forestland (EAP), cropland used for growing cotton (COT), and waste grassland (WAG). Soil samples were air-dried and passed through a 2-mm screen. Based on the international system of soil size fraction, the soil PSD was described according to the percentages of clay, silt, and sand. The clay, silt, and sand fractions were determined using a laser particle size analyzer. The fractal characterizations of soil PSD were determined using the single- and multi-fractal methods.

Results and discussion

The single-fractal dimension (D) of the different land-use patterns varied greatly (between 2.4657 and 2.6789). The D values of the RPG and EAP were the greatest, which corresponded to the soils with the greatest silt content and the lowest sand content. In contrast, the D value of the WAG was the smallest, which corresponded with the lowest clay content and the greatest sand content. These results indicated that D was directly proportional to clay content and inversely proportional to sand content. The multi-fractal parameters of the soil PSD, capacity dimension (D ₀), information dimension (D ₁), and information dimension?/?capacity dimension (D ₁?/?D ₀), followed a regular trend due to different land-use patterns. These parameters decreased in the following order: RPG?>?EAP?>?COT?>?WAG. In addition, the PSD of the RPG and EAP varied widely and was more heterogeneous than the PSD of the COT and WAG. Furthermore, the single- and multi-fractal parameters were significantly correlated with SOM.

Conclusions

Our findings indicated that the single- and multi-fractal parameters adequately described the scaling properties of the soil PSD and the influences of soil structure and soil nutrients for the different land-use patterns in the Yellow River Delta Wetland of China.