无机离子的毛细管电泳分析及其在土壤上的应用

毛细管电泳用于溶液中无机离子的分析具有分离性能高、分离速度快、分析费用低、操作简单等优点,但精确性稍低。通过各种校准方法可部分地克服这一缺点。毛细管电泳极高的分离性能和极快的分离速度使土壤养分快速以至准实时分析成为可能,但其在土壤无机离子分析上的研究仍显不足,目前需要解决的问题之一是提高样品的前处理速度及对磷的提取能力。这些问题的解决将有利于提高土壤养分分析效率,促进毛细管电泳法在土壤养分分析方面的应用。     

土壤无机阴离子的毛细管电泳分析

采用以铬酸钠为背景电解质、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为电渗流改性剂的间接紫外检测法电泳系统 ,研究了分离电压、缓冲液的酸碱性等毛细管电泳测定氯离子、硫酸根、硝酸根和磷酸根的基本条件 ,可在 5min内对以上 4个离子实现准确定量。测定了 5个采自全国不同地区的土壤样品水提取液中的无机阴离子。结果显示 ,毛细管电泳可对提取液中的氯离子、硫酸根和硝酸根实现较准确的定量 ,测定结果与离子色谱比较一致 ;对硝态氮的测定结果与KCl提取 流动分析结果相关性达到p <0 10水平 ,表明测定结果可在一定程度上反映土壤氮素养分状况。但土壤用水静止提取 2 4h ,提取液中的磷未达到毛细管电泳和离子色谱法的检测限 ,毛细管电泳的测定精确度不及离子色谱     

离子色谱法和毛细管电泳法测定土壤中氯离子、 硫酸根及其差异性

分别采用离子色谱法(IC)、毛细管电泳法(CE)两种仪器方法对不同pH土壤中Cl~–、SO_4~(2–)含量进行测定,并对其结果进行差异性分析。结果显示:参照标准物质的参考值(滴定法),IC与CE测定值的准确度、回收率均满足实验分析要求,但精密度差异较大,IC(RSD,3.61%)的稳定性优于CE(RSD,8.97%)。据差异性(F与t检验)分析,两种仪器方法测定酸性土壤中Cl~–、SO_4~(2–)含量存在显著性差异,而碱性、中性土壤的测定结果保持一致。对比4个被测样品基本性质发现,酸性土壤的pH与离子强度均低于其他样品,从而影响了石英毛细管的电渗流,最终改变了CE分离过程,这可能是Cl~–结果偏离的主要因素。同时,对于IC,酸性土壤较中性、碱性土壤更易由于离子交换效应产生次级保留(拖尾)。此外,采用碱性分离体系分离酸性样品易形成结晶,从而导致SO_4~(2–)含量的偏离。可见,两种方法各有优缺点。但是,IC较经典,而CE是一种新兴的仪器方法。测定像土壤这样基体较复杂的样品(特别是酸性土壤)中阴离子的仪器条件还需要进行更多摸索与优化,以促进这两种方法在土壤领域的推广与应用。     

种子蛋白质电泳在陆地型长绒棉种质鉴定中的应用

采用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶法 ,进行单粒种子醇溶蛋白质电泳分析 ,参试材料有陆地型长绒新种质 9830 1系、4个海岛棉品种和 8个陆地棉品种。 9830 1和中棉所 1 2号、石远 32 1在试验中 ,同一品种 (系 )内的不同种子之间的蛋白谱带基本一致。对分别取样于山东省 7个不同地区试验点的 9830 1种子谱带进行比较 ,没有发现差异。胶板上陆地棉品种均具有 3条与海岛棉相区分的带 ,同样各海岛棉品种也共同具有 3条特征带。 9830 1显出 3条陆地棉特有带 ,证明其谱带主要倾向于陆地棉 ;同时也稳定地出现 1条海岛棉的特有带 ,表现出其属于海陆杂交种的遗传特性。 9830 1分离出一条独有带 (“1”带 ) ,凭借此带和另一条带 (“1 0”带 )可较容易地和其它陆地棉品种相区分     

毛细管电泳在茶叶有效成分分离检测中的应用

茶是世界上的三大饮料之一,喜欢饮茶的人有很多,尤其是东亚地区。饮茶的传统起源于中国,饮茶有利于提神,有利于消化。在我国的传统茶道中,对茶叶的评价大多是以人们的视觉、嗅觉、味觉和触觉的感受为依据,对茶叶的形状、香味及色泽来做出鉴定,但是这种方法存在着不确定的因素。随着高新技术的发展,毛细管电泳的技术在茶叶中得到了广泛的应用,详细分析毛细管电泳在茶叶有效成分分离检测中的应用。     

健康传播在畜牧兽医实践中的应用

在我国国民经济中,畜牧业占据着重要的地位,同时也是农村经济的重要支柱产业.畜牧兽医实践中,健康传播工作可以保证肉蛋食品安全,提升动物卫生保护工作水平,直接影响畜牧业的健康发展.但现阶段,健康传播在畜牧兽医实践中仍存在一些问题.基于此,针对健康传播在畜牧兽医实践中的问题进行深入分析,并提出相应解决措施,希望可以充分发挥出...     

加快我国畜牧兽医标准化工作的思考

标准化是产业化的基础。畜牧业的标准化可使畜牧生产达到最优化状态,提高畜牧产品质量,实现畜牧业产业化。目前我国畜牧兽医标准化工作还是处于比较落后的位置。因此实现我国畜牧兽医标准化具有很重要的意义。该文介绍了我国畜牧兽医标准化的内容,实施畜牧兽医标准化的意义,以及实施畜牧兽医标准化应注意的问题和采取的有效措施,提出了做好标准化工作必须要抓好的十个方面的工作,以及重点环节。并对推进畜牧兽医标准化的动力进行分析,包括行政推动力、市场拉动力、示范带动力和社会促动力。     

加快我国畜牧兽医标准化工作的思考

标准化是产业化的基础。畜牧业的标准化可使畜牧生产达到最优化状态，提高畜牧产品质量，实现畜牧业产业化。目前我国畜牧兽医标准化工作还是处于比较落后的位置。因此实现我国畜牧兽医标准化具有很重要的意义。该文介绍了我国畜牧兽医标准化的内容，实施畜牧兽医标准化的意义，以及实施畜牧兽医标准化应注意的问题和采取的有效措施，提出了做好标准化工作必须要抓好的十个方面的工作，以及重点环节。并对推进畜牧兽医标准化的动力进行分析，包括行政推动力、市场拉动力、示范带动力和社会促动力。     

毛细管色谱在农药残留分析中的应用及进展

农药的多残留分析系微量或超微量分析技术,不仅需要高灵敏度的检测器,更要求高分辨的分离系统。传统的填充色谱已经不能适应宽沸程混合物分离的要求。毛细管色谱的启用为解决这一难题开辟了新的途径。本文对固定液的选择、柱温的优化、进样系统的改进,以及双柱流、双检测器联用技术等方面的进展情况作了概述。     

Determination of leghemoglobin components and xylem sap composition by capillary electrophoresis in hypernodulation soybean mutants cultivated in the field

The hypernodulation soybean mutant lines (NOD1-3, NOD2-4, NOD3-7) and their parent Williams, and the mutant En6500 and its parent Enrei were cultivated in a sandy dune field in Niigata, and the nodules and root bleeding xylem sap were sampled at 50, 70, 90, and 120 d after planting (DAP). The nodule size distribution patterns and concentration of leghemoglobin components were determined. The number of nodules of the hypernodulation mutant lines was about two to three times higher than that of the parent lines irrespective of the sampling date. At 50 DAP the nodule size was relatively smaller in the hypernodulation mutant lines, and the total dry weight of the nodules was almost the same in the mutant lines and their parents. At 70 DAP and 90 DAP, the size distribution of the hypernodulation mutant nodules became .almost the same as that of the parent lines, and both the number and total dry weight of the nodules were higher than those of the parent lines. The concentration of four Lb components was separately measured by capillary electrophoresis. The concentration of the Lb components in the hypernodulation mutant lines tended to be lower than in the parents, but the component ratios were not different between the hypernodulation mutants and their parents. Under field conditions, plant growth and nodulation characteristics were more similar between mutants and parents than in the hydroponic culture reported previously, although the mutants did exhibit hypernodulation traits. These findings suggest that the decrease in the Lb concentration and the different Lb components ratios in the mutants may be caused by secondary effects of excess nodulation, such as photosynthate deficiency, rather than by a genetic defect in mutation. The concentration of major nitrogenous compounds (allantoic acid, allantoin, asparagine, aspartic acid, and nitrate) in the xylem sap was also measured by capillary electrophoresis. The concentration of ureides and nitrate in xylem sap decreased with the plant age, but the asparagine concentration increased during the same period. The concentrations of ureides and asparagine were higher, and the nitrate concentration was lower in the mutant lines than in their parents, possibly due to the higher dependence on N₂ fixation than N0₃ ^- utilization. In the xylem sap, nitrate was the major inorganic anion followed by phosphate, sulfate, and chloride, and potassium was the major cation followed by calcium or magnesium and sodium.     

Micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis for rapid analysis of patulin in apple cider

A micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) mode was applied to a capillary electrophoresis (CE) method, which was developed for detection and quantitation of patulin in apple ciders. This method used a small sample amount (2 mL) and consumed minimal organic solvent compared to the most commonly used HPLC methods. The sample preparation procedure of the CE method was also simpler than other chromatographic techniques developed for patulin analysis. Patulin was detected with a photodiode array detector at 273 nm. The standard curve was linear (r(2) = 0.9984) from 75 microgram/L to 121 microgram/mL with patulin working solutions corresponding to 3.8 microgram/L to 6.1 microgram/mL patulin in the sample. The linearity was better in a narrower range of concentrations (r(2) = 0.9999) from 75 microgram/L to 24.1 microgram/mL. The limit of detection of the method was 3.8 microgram/L. Patulin recoveries at 4 levels in spiked samples (10-121 microgram/L) ranged from 95.2 to 105.4%. The recoveries were 96. 9% and 99.2% for 2 levels (22.3 and 223 microgram/L, respectively) of patulin in infected apple samples. This method represents a unique alternative method for rapid and sensitive analysis of patulin in apple ciders.     

Application of capillary electrophoresis to study phenolic profiles of honeybee-collected pollen

Honeybee-collected pollen is promoted as a health food with a wide range of nutritional and therapeutic properties. A high-performance capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of bioactive ingredients in 10 samples of honeybee-collected pollen in this work. Under the optimum conditions, 13 phenolic components can be well-separated or nearly baseline-separated (apigenin and vanillic acid peaks) within 29 min at the separation voltage of 14 kV in a 50 mM borax running buffer (pH 9.0), and adequate extraction was obtained with ethanol for the determination of the above 13 compounds. Recovery (94.1-104.0%), repeatability of the peak current (<5.4%), and detection limits (6.9 x 10(-7)-6.4 x 10(-9) g mL(-1)) for the method were evaluated. This procedure was successfully used for the analysis and comparison of the phenolic content of honeybee-collected pollen samples originating from different floral origins based on their electropherograms or "phenolic profiles".     

Authentication of coffee by means of PCR-RFLP analysis and lab-on-a-chip capillary electrophoresis

Coffee is one of the most important world food commodities, commercial trade consisting almost entirely of Arabica and Robusta varieties. The former is considered to be of superior quality and thus attracts a premium price. Methods to differentiate these coffee species could prove to be beneficial for the detection of either deliberate or accidental adulteration. This study describes a molecular genetics approach to differentiate Arabica and Robusta coffee beans. This employs a Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism to monitor a single nucleotide polymorphism within the chloroplastic genome. Samples were analyzed with a lab-on-a-chip capillary electrophoresis system. Coffee powder mixtures were analyzed with this technique, displaying a 5% limit of detection. The plastid copy number was found to be relatively constant across a wide range of bean samples, suggesting that this methodology can also be employed for the quantification of any adulteration of Arabica with Robusta beans.     

Quantification of the interactions between beta-lactoglobulin and pectin through capillary electrophoresis analysis

Biopolymer interactions have many potential applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, nutraceutical, and functional food industries. Attractive interactions between proteins and polysaccharides can lead to the formation of complexes. Binding parameters of beta-lactoglobulin (beta-lg)/pectin complexes were determined using frontal analysis continuous capillary electrophoresis and the overlapping binding site model. At pH 4, approximately 23 beta-lg molecules were cooperatively complexed on low-methoxyl pectin, where each beta-lg molecule covered an average of 12 galacturonic acid residues. The calculated binding constant was 1431 M(-1). The interactions between pectin and four selected peptides located on the outer surface of the beta-lg were investigated in order to identify which part of the protein was likely to interact with the pectin. The peptide beta-lg 132-148, which corresponds to the alpha-helix zone, and the peptides beta-lg 76-83, 41-60, and 1-14 would be involved in the interaction with the pectin.     

Free-zone capillary electrophoresis analysis of hordein patterns at different stages of barley malting

We have carried out a comparison of hordein patterns at different stages of the malting process using free-zone capillary electrophoresis (FZCE). FZCE has proved to be a suitable technique for the separation and characterization of hordeins in barley seeds. Assays of protein extraction and electrophoretic procedures led us to conclude that hordeins were best extracted with 40% ethanol and analyzed using 50 mM phosphate-glycine, pH 2.5, containing 20% ACN and 0.05% HPMC, at 12.5 kV and 45 degrees C, with 10 s hydrodynamic injection at 0.5 psi and 50 microm i.d. x 31 cm uncoated fused-silica capillary. Our results afford useful information about changes in the composition of these proteins in barley during malting.     

Extraction parameters and capillary electrophoresis analysis of limonin glucoside and phlorin in citrus byproducts.

Limonin glucoside (LG) and phlorin were extracted from citrus fruit tissues and assayed by capillary electrophoresis (CE). LG was determined in dried [1.20 +/- 0.10 mg of dry weight (dw)] and wet peel residues (1.16 +/- 0.04 mg of dw), orange juice finisher pulp (0.58 +/- 0.03 mg of dw), dried grapefruit seeds (2.70 +/- 0.15 mg of dw), and 50 degrees Brix molasses (2225 +/- 68 mg/L). Phlorin was purified from orange peel residue and grapefruit albedo, and concentrations were determined in some citrus products. Phlorin and LG were extracted from residues with water/pectinase or with water solutions of methanol and ethanol. Efficient LG extraction from grapefruit seeds (2.40 +/- 0.15 mg/g) was achieved with 50-65% methanol, solvent polarity P' approximately equal to 7-8. Extracts were purified and concentrated by adsorptive resins and HPLC to obtain 95% pure compounds of LG and phlorin. CE analysis did not require extract purification beyond filtration. LG and phlorin migrated as anions in electropherograms containing peaks representing other citrus flavonoids and limonoid glucosides.     

多因素影响下土壤上升毛管水运动特性HYDRUS模拟及验证

基于饱和—非饱和土壤水分运动理论,通过HYDRUS-1D软件对多因素作用下的土壤上升毛管水运动进行模拟,研究土壤容重、黏粒含量、初始含水率、地下水埋深和时间5个因素对上升毛管水运动特性的影响。分别建立上升毛管水补给量和毛管水上升高度与各影响因素之间经验模型,其均方根误差均为0.003 cm,相关系数均大于0.99,决定系数均大于0.98(P0.01),计算值与实测值相对误差均小于11.25%。各影响因素对上升毛管水补给量的影响程度由大到小依次为时间、土壤容重、初始含水率、黏粒含量、地下水埋深,对毛管水上升高度的影响程度由大到小依次为时间、初始含水率、黏粒含量、土壤容重、地下水埋深。采用截距为0的线性函数对毛管水上升高度与上升毛管水补给量之间的关系曲线进行拟合,其决定系数均在0.96以上,表明其两者之间呈显著线性关系。该研究成果可为制定灌溉和排水以及盐碱地改良等措施提供理论依据。     

Chemometrical analysis of capillary electrophoresis casein fractions for predicting ripening times of milk mixture cheese

The effect of the ripening time on the proteolytic process in cheeses manufactured from mixtures of cow's and ewe's milk during a 167-day ripening period was monitored by capillary electrophoresis of the pH 4.6-insoluble fraction. Totals of 21 and 16 peaks were recognized and matched in the electropherograms obtained with a fused-silica capillary and a neutral capillary (hydrophilically coated), respectively. These peaks corresponded to intact bovine and ovine caseins and their hydrolysis products (e.g., alpha(s1)-casein, gamma-caseins). In 167-day-old cheeses, bovine alpha(s0)-casein (alpha(s1)-casein 9P) had been completely degraded and 6% of the residual bovine alpha(s1)-casein remained intact. Breakdown of the beta-casein fraction was lower than that of the alpha(s)-casein fraction. Finally, partial least-squares regression and principal component regression were used to predict the ripening time in cheeses. The root-mean-square errors in prediction by cross-validation were <7.8 days in all cases.     

Application of capillary electrophoresis to study the enantioselective transformation of five chiral pesticides in aerobic soil slurries

The enantiomers of five chiral pesticides of environmental interest, metalaxyl, imazaquin, fonofos (dyfonate), ruelene (cruformate), and dichlorprop, were separated analytically using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with cyclodextrin chiral selectors. For metalaxyl, imazaquin, and fonofos, aqueous slurries of soil samples from two sites in Georgia and one in Ohio were spiked with the racemate of each pesticide at 50-60 mg/L of aqueous phase of the slurry, and CE analyses were performed at various time intervals to determine enantiomer fractions (EF). Metalaxyl underwent enantioselective transformation; in one soil, the half-life of the target active R-(+)-enantiomer was 17 days while that for the S-(-)-enantiomer was 69 days. Transformation occurred more slowly in the other two soils but was still selective for the R-(+)-enantiomer. Imazaquin and fonofos exhibited nonselective enantiomer loss over their 3 months of incubation time; this could have been due to abiotic or nonselective microbial reactions. Ruelene and dichlorprop were transformed selectively in a variety of soils in a previously reported study (7) that showed the influence of environmental changes on the transformation of chiral pollutants in soils; analytical methods used in that study are reported here to further illustrate the application of CE. CE is shown to be a simple, efficient, and inexpensive way to follow the transformation of chiral pesticides in laboratory microcosms where concentrations can be made high enough (25-50 mg/L initial racemate concentration) for detection of residual parent enantiomers during most of the process.