两种悬浮种衣剂对燕麦蚜虫及红叶病的防治效果

为给种衣剂在燕麦上的推广应用提供依据,研究了吡虫啉和噻虫嗪两种种衣剂对燕麦蚜虫及红叶病的田间防治效果及增产作用.结果表明,两种种表剂以4～6 mL/kg种子剂量一次性包衣后,对燕麦蚜虫和红叶病均有较好防效,在燕麦扬花期对麦蚜的防效大于50%,成熟期对红叶病的防效也在43%以上,增产效果显著.相比而言,吡虫啉种衣剂防治效果优于噻虫嗪.     

45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪悬浮种衣剂对小麦纹枯病和蚜虫的防治效果

为了解45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对小麦纹枯病、蚜虫的防治效果及推广用量,室内试验以辽春10号为材料,研究了45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对小麦生长发育的影响及对纹枯病的防效;田间试验以济麦22和中麦895为试验材料,探索了45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC防治小麦纹枯病、蚜虫的推广剂量。结果发现,133~800g·100kg-1种子的45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对辽春10号发芽率、株高、根长及鲜重无明显影响;400~800g·100kg-1种子45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对辽春10号小麦纹枯病有较好防效。400~800g·100kg-1种子45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对中麦869纹枯病防效为66.4%~86.7%,明显高于对照药剂;对扬花末期蚜虫防效为95.8~97.3%,防效与对照药剂无明显差异;对济麦22纹枯病防效为55.8~62.7%,与对照药剂无明显差异;对扬花末期蚜虫防效为80.2~90.1%,与对照药剂无明显差异。45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪悬浮种衣剂对小麦蚜虫和纹枯病具有良好防治效果,推荐剂量为400~800g·100kg-1种子。     

噻虫嗪种衣剂在马铃薯根中的残留动态分析

建立一种高效液相色谱分析方法,用于测定马铃薯根中噻虫嗪种衣剂的残留量,该方法的添加回收率为89.33%~91.80%,最低检出量为0.001 g,最低检出质量分数为0.001 mg/kg。该试验还通过运用两种不同的包衣方式,研究了噻虫嗪在马铃薯根中的残留消解动态。试验结果表明,在两种不同的包衣方式下,噻虫嗪在马铃薯根中的消解速度都较为缓慢,先包衣后切块的半衰期为17.96 d,而先切块后包衣的半衰期为15.13 d,两者持效期都较长,但不会长期存在于马铃薯根中。     

小麦和土壤中噻虫嗪残留及消解动态分析

为对噻虫嗪在小麦生产上应用的安全性进行评价,通过对小麦籽粒、植株和土壤进行前处理及在样品中添加噻虫嗪,建立其残留量定量检测分析方法;通过两年三地的残留试验,分析了小麦籽粒、植株和土壤中噻虫嗪的残留及消解动态,并对小麦籽粒中的残留量进行风险评估。结果表明,噻虫嗪在小麦籽粒、植株及土壤空白添加平均回收率为79.62%~94.70%,相对标准偏差为0.91%~6.56%,其最小检出量为5.0×10-8g,小麦籽粒、植株及土壤中的最低检测浓度均为0.01mg·kg-1。该检测方法重现性好,准确度、精密度高,可满足噻虫嗪在小麦及土壤中的残留分析要求。2011和2012年,河南、黑龙江和江苏三地噻虫嗪在小麦植株和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为0.85~2.24d和2.77~4.79d;通过不同施药次数、施药量及间隔采样检测,噻虫嗪在小麦籽粒中的最终残留量均≤0.038mg·kg-1,占日允许摄入量的15.04%左右(普通人群噻虫嗪的国家估算每日摄入量是0.25mg),因此按本试验方式进行施药,通常不会对一般人群健康产生不可接受的风险。     

不同杀虫剂对花生蚜毒力及拌种控制效果研究

为明确噻虫胺等9种杀虫剂对花生蚜虫的毒力和拌种处理对花生蚜虫的控制效果,采用浸渍法进行了室内毒力测定,并进行了盆栽和田间药剂拌种防治试验。结果表明,以新烟碱类噻虫胺、吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪对蚜虫的毒力最高,其毒力分别是毒死蜱的49.2、40.7、26.6和26.1倍;其次是吡蚜酮、高效氯氰菊酯和氯氟氰菊酯,哒螨灵的毒力是毒死蜱的3.9倍。盆栽药剂拌种处理后50d,噻虫胺、噻虫嗪和吡虫啉对花生蚜的防效达仍在89%以上。田间拌种处理后25d,噻虫胺、噻虫嗪和吡虫啉对蚜虫的防效均达100%,药后45d防效达87.07%~92.67%,其中以噻虫胺防效最高,而对照药剂毒死蜱几乎无控制效果。采用新烟碱类药剂噻虫胺、噻虫嗪和吡虫啉拌种,对花生苗期蚜虫控制效果优异,并可有效控制地下害虫,且对天敌保护作用强。     

以双斑长跗萤叶甲为主的玉米中后期害虫一体化防治药剂筛选

大田环境下利用无人机施药,筛选防治双斑长跗萤叶甲有效药剂,探讨玉米中后期害虫一体化防治的可行性。结果表明, 5%高效氯氟氰菊酯 EW、 5%甲维盐 WG、 30%噻虫嗪 SC、 30%噻虫嗪 SC减量 20%+CQMa421施药2 d后对双斑长跗萤叶甲防效均在 97.90%以上。5%高效氯氟氰菊酯 EW和 30%噻虫嗪 SC对蚜虫防效好,且持效期长。5%高效氯氟氰菊酯 EW、 200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺 SC、 200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺 SC减量 20%+CQMa421施用后玉米螟活虫数为 0～1.67头/百株。研究表明,玉米吐丝初期利用无人机喷施 5%高效氯氟氰菊酯 EW、 5%甲维盐 WG或 30%噻虫嗪 SC能有效控制双斑长跗萤叶甲,其中, 5%高效氯氟氰菊酯 EW能兼防蚜虫和玉米螟,可实现玉米中后期害虫一体化防控。     

四种新烟碱类杀虫剂种子包衣对花生安全性及防治蛴螬效果评价

为明确4种新烟碱类杀虫剂种子包衣对花生的安全性和防治蛴螬的效果,采用砂培法,评价20℃和25℃下吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺和烯啶虫胺4种新烟碱类杀虫剂以及对照药剂氟虫腈种子包衣对花生的出苗及幼苗生长的影响,并进行田间药效试验。结果表明,20℃和25℃下,除烯啶虫胺外,其它3种新烟碱类杀虫剂种子包衣对花生出苗率无影响;与对照相比,吡虫啉等4种新烟碱类杀虫剂对花生幼苗的促进生长作用均不显著;氟虫腈种子包衣对花生出苗和幼苗生长无影响。两地试验结果表明,吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和噻虫胺种子包衣的防虫效果和保果率差异不显著,其中噻虫胺的防虫效果和保果率均最高,在两地田间防效分别为68.91%、71.60%,保果率达67.42%、72.50%。氟虫腈种子包衣对蛴螬的防虫效果和保果率显著低于吡虫啉和噻虫胺。吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺和氟虫腈种子包衣显著提高花生荚果产量。吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和噻虫胺有效成分剂量均为140g/100kg种子,对花生安全,且对蛴螬有较好的防治效果。     

不同施药方式下6种药剂对棉蚜的防治效果研究

为了达到延缓棉蚜抗性和高效防除的目的,2017年研究了几种新型药剂在不同的施药技术下对棉蚜的防治效果。结果表明,采用茎叶喷雾处理,48%（质量分数,下同）丁硫·啶虫脒油悬浮剂对棉花苗蚜的防治效果较好,120～180 g·hm^－2处理的速效性好,持效期长,能维持14 d左右,优于25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂 33.75～45.00 g·hm^－2和25%高效氯氟氰菊酯·啶虫脒乳油 7.5～22.5 g·hm^－2处理;采用种子包衣（拌种）处理,70%噻虫嗪种子处理可分散粉剂和40%噻虫嗪·吡唑醚菌酯·萎锈灵种子处理悬浮剂均具有较好防治效果,前者3.15～4.20 g·kg^－1和后者3.00～4.00 g·kg^－1处理对棉蚜持效期均可至播种后30 d左右,能有效控制苗蚜;2%吡虫啉缓释粒剂按照22 500～37 500 g·hm^－2沟施防治棉花苗蚜效果优良,持效期可超过播种后30 d,但对蕾铃期发生的伏蚜基本没有控制效果。     

6种药剂对大豆田蛴螬的田间药效试验

通过田间小区试验比较了70%噻虫嗪种子处理水分散粒剂WDG(锐胜)、60%吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂FS(高巧)、3%辛硫磷颗粒剂GR、40%毒死蜱辛硫磷乳油EC、15%阿维毒死蜱乳油EC、15%阿维辛硫磷乳油EC 6种杀虫剂对大豆田蛴螬的防治效果及大豆增产的效果。结果表明,药剂处理后,对大豆安全,未出现药害;70%噻虫嗪WDG对蛴螬的防效达79.41%,大豆增产率为45.43%;60%吡虫啉FS对蛴螬的防效为76.47%,大豆增产率为48.03%;70%噻虫嗪WDG和60%吡虫啉FS的试验效果显著高于防效和增产率分别在54.41%~69.12%、22.09%~34.56%之间的其他4种药剂;6种药剂对大豆苗期和成熟期大豆植株的株高、鲜重、单株豆荚数等指标均未产生显著影响。     

花生不同种植模式对蛴螬发生的影响及药剂防治效果的比较

为明确覆膜、裸露、秸秆还田、麦套等不同种植模式对春、夏花生蛴螬发生和播期对药剂防治效果的影响,本文对春花生和夏花生上发生的蛴螬进行了田间调查和药效试验。结果表明,春花生上蛴螬发生量明显高于夏花生,花生覆膜种植较露地种植的蛴螬发生减轻,秸秆还田的较不还田的花生田蛴螬发生量增多。夏播花生用70%噻虫嗪种子处理可分散粉剂,按有效成分用量36g/667m2拌种,对蛴螬防效达94.23%;但对早播春花生和晚播春花生蛴螬的防效分别为55.36%和69.23%,防效显著降低。早播春花生采用噻虫嗪拌种+噻虫嗪灌根对蛴螬的防效最高,防效达92.04%;采用噻虫嗪灌根对蛴螬的防效为87.18%,也可有效控制其危害;但仅用噻虫嗪拌种处理的防效仅为55.36%,不能有效控制其危害。相同处理方式下噻虫嗪的防效均显著高于毒死蜱。建议在春花生田防治蛴螬应采用拌种+灌根的施药方法,在夏花生播种时采用药剂拌种可有效控制蛴螬的危害。     

高效氯氟氰菊酯、噻虫嗪及其代谢物噻虫胺在小麦中的残留及消解动态分析

为了评价高效氯氟氰菊酯、噻虫嗪及其代谢物噻虫胺在小麦生产上的安全性,建立了气相色谱测定的高效氯氟氰菊酯及UPLC-MS/MS测定噻虫嗪和噻虫胺的残留分析方法,并对高效氯氟氰菊酯和噻虫嗪在小麦籽粒、植株和土壤中的消解动态进行了研究。结果表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯、噻虫嗪和噻虫胺在不同样品中的平均加标回收率为77.0%~105.6%,相对标准偏差为0.6%~11.1%;高效氯氟氰菊酯、噻虫嗪和噻虫胺在小麦籽粒、植株和土壤中的最低检测浓度均为0.05 mg·kg^-1,最小检出量分别为0.002 5、0.000 1、0.012 ng。高效氯氟氰菊酯在小麦植株和土壤中的半衰期分别为8.0~12.4 d和16.5~19.3 d;噻虫嗪在小麦植株和土壤中的半衰期分别为1.2~2.5 d和3.7~5.3 d;2014年和2015年,在哈尔滨、新乡和银川市三地以240 g·hm^-2 和 360 g·hm^-2 施药量分别施药2~3次,距最后一次施药14 d时,高效氯氟氰菊酯、噻虫嗪和噻虫胺在小麦籽粒中的最高残留量均小于0.05 mg·kg^-1,低于我国国家标准（GB2763-2016）。     

Area control of the green peach aphid on peach and the reduction of potato leaf roll virus

Peach trees in a 500-mile² (1295 sq. K) area were sprayed during April and May each year from 1966 to 1969 to control the wingless fundatrix form ofMyzus persicae (Sulzer) after the overwintering eggs had hatched and before subsequent generations of the aphids had developed wings and migrated to summer host plants. The results were monitored from 1966 to 1971 by using about 60 yellow water trap pans each year to collect winged aphids in the control area. Also, aphids were counted weekly in about 30 potato fields each year. Samples of potato tubers collected from the 30 fields (and from 34 other fields in 1965) were indexed for net necrosis and then planted and indexed for chronic leaf roll. The early spraying reduced the populations of winged aphids collected in traps in May and early June 1966–1969 by about 60% compared with the post-spray years (1970–1971). The amount of net necrosis found in potato tubers from the control area was reduced from 11 % in 1965 to slightly more than 3% from 1967 through 1969 and the chronic leaf roll in plants was reduced from 43% in 1965 to about 10% for the same years. Only after two years of spraying was there evidence of a significant reduction in the spread of the virus; similarly, not until 2 years (1970 and 1971) following the end of the spray program did the virus increase significantly.     

不同浓度40%溴酰·噻虫嗪SC灌根处理对苹果绵蚜防控效果评价

为明确不同浓度40%溴酰·噻虫嗪SC对苹果绵蚜的田间防效及苹果品质的影响,2018年在云南昭阳区苹果主产区果园,采用以清水灌根为对照,40%溴酰·噻虫嗪SC 500倍液、750倍液、1000倍液在落花期至幼果形成期灌根处理进行防控苹果绵蚜效果评价。结果表明,3个浓度的40%溴酰·噻虫嗪SC溶液均可持续降低苹果绵蚜虫落数,增加虫口减退率,对苹果绵蚜均有较好较长的防效,其中750倍液40%溴酰·噻虫嗪SC对绵蚜防效最好,500倍液和1000倍液的防效次之;品质分析表明,40%溴酰·噻虫嗪SC处理可增加苹果可溶性固形物和可溶性蛋白含量,而可溶性糖、可滴定酸和维生素C含量显著降低。从降低农药施用量及保证苹果品质出发,生产中建议以750倍液、1000倍液40%溴酰·噻虫嗪SC防治苹果绵蚜为佳。     

土壤质地对铬胁迫下小麦灌浆期形态与旗叶光合特性的影响

为了探讨铬(Cr)胁迫条件下土壤质地对小麦植株形态及旗叶光合特性的影响,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了3种土壤质地(壤土、粘土、砂土)下灌浆期小麦的根长、分生根数、干物质量等形态指标及旗叶的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用率(WUE)、叶绿素相对含量等光合特性指标的差异。结果表明,随着Cr胁迫浓度的升高,小麦根长在粘土中呈逐渐变短的趋势,在壤土和砂土上则呈先升高后降低趋势,且根长达到最大值的Cr浓度为100 mg·kg-1;小麦分生根数在3种质地土壤上均呈逐渐减少趋势;Cr胁迫使不同器官的干物质量及干物质总重都有不同程度下降;旗叶的Pn在壤土上也随Cr浓度的升高逐渐降低,在粘土和砂土上则先升高后降低,且当Cr浓度分别为100和200 mg·kg-1时达到最大值;小麦旗叶Gs、Ci、Tr和叶绿素相对含量均呈先升高后降低趋势,且在壤土和粘土上达到最大值的Cr浓度均为100 mg·kg-1,在砂土上为200 mg·kg-1;旗叶WUE在粘土上呈先升高后降低趋势,砂土上则呈现升高趋势,壤土上波动不大。整体来说,Cr胁迫对小麦灌浆期各项光合指标起到了低促高抑或抑制作用,尤其当Cr浓度≥200 mg·kg-1时,Cr对小麦表现出明显的胁迫效应,导致根长降低,分生根数减少,旗叶Gs、Ci、Tr和叶绿素相对含量降低,各器官干物质量减少。此外,在3种质地土壤上,小麦灌浆期旗叶光合指标在Cr胁迫下不同程度下降,砂土的下降趋势比壤土和粘土明显。     

小麦中嘧菌酯残留及膳食摄入风险评估

为对嘧菌酯在小麦生产上应用的安全性进行评价,采用田间试验,使用QuEChERS方法进行样品前处理,气相色谱法电子捕获检测器进行定量分析,对嘧菌酯在小麦中的残留动态及最终残留量进行了研究,并对小麦籽粒中嘧菌酯残留量进行了膳食摄入风险评估。结果表明,在0.01~1.0mg·kg~(-1)添加水平范围内,嘧菌酯在植株、籽粒空白添加的平均回收率为87.9%~108.4%,相对标准偏差为1.1%~6.2%,其最小检出量为5×10~(-12)g,植株、籽粒中的最低检测浓度均为0.01mg·kg~(-1)。该检测方法准确度、灵敏度高,重复性好,可满足嘧菌酯在小麦植株及籽粒中的残留分析要求。消解动态研究表明,嘧菌酯在小麦植株中的消解半衰期为3.3~4.3d。最终残留试验表明,20%嘧菌酯可湿性粉剂按施药剂量180、270g a.i.·hm~(-2),连续喷药2~3次,施药间隔7d,药后7、14、21d,嘧菌酯在小麦籽粒中的最终残留量均≤0.354mg·kg~(-1)。普通人群嘧菌酯的国家估算每日摄入量是2.43mg,占日允许摄入量的19.0%左右,因此,按本试验方式进行施药,不会对一般人群健康产生不可接受的风险。     

萎锈灵在大麦和土壤中的残留及安全性评价

为探明萎锈灵在大麦上的残留特性和安全性,通过田间试验和室内检测,研究了萎锈灵在大麦和土壤中残留的检测方法、萎锈灵在土壤中的消解动态及其在大麦和土壤中的最终残留量。结果表明,本检测方法对萎锈灵的最小检出量为0.002ng,萎锈灵在大麦植株、籽粒和土壤中的最低检测浓度分别为0.005、0.002、0.001mg·kg~(-1),添加回收率分别为78.9%~94.0%、92.4%~98.6%和90.6%~101.3%;相对标准偏差分别为1.3%~7.9%、1.8%~4.7%和0.9%~4.8%。萎锈灵在土壤中的半衰期为6.5~7.1d,药后14d消解率大于93%。400g·L~(-1)萎锈·福美双悬浮剂120、180g a.i.·100kg~(-1)种子拌种,收获期大麦籽粒中萎锈灵残留量均低于0.002mg·kg~(-1),说明400g·L~(-1)萎锈·福美双悬浮剂在大麦上使用是安全的。     

离子交换纤维对麦田土壤铅污染的修复效果

为探讨土壤Pb污染的治理方法,通过盆栽试验,比较了离子交换纤维的两种不同放置方式(分层放置与混匀放置)对麦田土壤Pb污染的修复效果。结果表明,在土壤1 000 mg·kg~(-1) Pb污染水平下,Pb污染处理(T1:Pb胁迫;T2:Pb+在土壤中分三层放置纤维;T3:Pb+在土壤中混匀剪碎的纤维)的土壤pH值、总有机碳含量较对照(CK:未添加Pb和离子交换纤维)有所降低。在小麦成熟期,T2、T3处理下土壤和植株各部位的Pb含量均低于T1处理,其中T3处理变化显著;T2、T3处理中纤维吸附的Pb含量则分别达到115.01和128.26 mg·kg~(-1)。T2、T3处理的Pb富集系数低于T1处理及CK。由此说明,离子交换纤维能够有效吸附土壤中的Pb,降低Pb从土壤向植株的转运能力,且离子交换纤维混匀放置方式的修复效果较好。     

Integrated management of major diseases of mungbean by seed treatment and foliar application of insecticide,fungicides and bioagent

Field experiments were conducted during the rainy seasons of 2009 and 2010 for the management of the major diseases of mungbean, namely, wet root rot (Rhizoctonia solani), cercospora leaf spots (Cercospora canescens and Pseudocercospora cruenta) and yellow mosaic (Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus) by using different combinations of an insecticide, fungicide, and bio-formulation as seed treatment, with or without foliar sprays. A combination of seed treatment with thiamethoxam (Cruiser™) at 4 g kg⁻¹, carboxin (Vitavax™) at 2 g kg⁻¹ and Pusa 5SD (Trichoderma virens) at 4 g kg⁻¹ followed by simultaneous foliar sprays of thiamethoxam (Actara™) 0.02% and carbendazim (Bavistin™) 0.05% at 21 and 35 days after sowing resulted in the highest seed germination and grain yield in mungbean with the lowest intensities of cercospora leaf spots and mungbean yellow mosaic, and moderate incidence of wet root rot. The lowest whitefly population was also observed in this treatment during all stages of the crop. The treatment combinations having Pusa 5SD as seed treatment provided the lowest wet root rot incidence. Two sprays were superior to single spray for all variables recorded, but in combination with seed treatment, single spray was found to be more cost effective as it obtained the highest return per rupee of input. Use of T. virens based bio-formulation Pusa 5SD with insecticide thiamethoxam has been effectively demonstrated for the first time along with fungicides Bavistin and Vitavax for the management of the major diseases of mungbean.     

Insecticidal control of cereal aphids and its impact on the epidemiology of the barley yellow dwarf luteoviruses

Imidacloprid is a seed-applied nitroguanidine insecticide that has both contact and long-lasting systemic properties. Its direct effects on cereal aphid populations and indirect effects on barley yellow dwarf luteovirus (BYDV) incidence were examined in laboratory and field studies. Adult longevity and fecundity of three aphid species caged on various aged, imidacloprid-treated oat or wheat plants was reduced, although the quantitative efficacy of the compound differed among aphid species. The transmission efficiency of BYDV by aphids to imidacloprid-treated plants was lower, relative to nontreated plants, when plants were 10 days old, but similar to nontreated when plants were 24 days old. In three years of field trials using winter wheat and two years using spring oat, aphid populations were reduced significantly in imidacloprid-treated plots relative to nontreated plots. Although the number of alighting alate aphids did not differ significantly between imidacloprid-treated or nontreated plots, the number of apterous aphids remained significantly lower in the treated plots for the majority of the growing season. BYDV epidemics did not develop in spring oat in either of the two years. BYDV epidemics did develop in the fall in the emerging winter wheat crop. Rhopalosiphum maidis was the predominant aphid migrating into the 1991–1992 crop. The incidence of the BYDV-RMV serotype was three times higher in nontreated plots than in imidacloprid-treated plots. In the 1992–1993 and 1994–1995 seasons, R. maidis and R. padi were the predominant aphids migrating into the crop, although R. padi was the predominant colonizing aphid. The incidence of BYDV-RMV was similar in imidacloprid treated and nontreated plots in 1992–1993, but the incidence of the BYDV-PAV serotype was significantly less in the treated plots. In 1994–1995, the incidence of both BYDV-PAV and BYDV-RMV was higher in the nontreated plots than in the imidacloprid-treated plots. Imidacloprid offers several advantages both in terms of its long-lasting systemic activity and its mode of applicaiton. As a seed treatment, the amount of material applied is minimized, there is little waste and the environmental impacts are reduced. The effectiveness of the compound at reducing the fecundity or reproductive rate of several aphid species may be advantageous in controlling secondary spread of viruses. However, the contact properties of the compound, important in repelling aphids or preventing phloem feeding, may be short-lived, thus reducing its effectiveness in preventing primary spread of the virus into the crop, especially under high aphid and inoculum pressure.