利用CT数字图像和网络模型预测近饱和土壤水力学性质

在近饱和状态下,土壤的有效水力学性质主要取决于较大孔隙的结构特征,而这又决定了土壤中的优势流通道以及溶质的运移.基于孔隙形态学特征的网络模型可以很好的表现出较大孔隙的几何形态与拓扑特征对有效水力学性质的影响.本文通过对连续土壤切片CT图像的分析,定量获取了土壤孔隙的大小分布以及连通性参数.在此基础上建立了相关网络模型,在孔隙尺度上模拟了土壤中的水分运动过程并预测了近饱和土壤水力学性质.实验结果表明,虽然随机网络模型对室内填装土样本水力学性质的预测结果要优于相关网络模型,但是结合了实测孔隙形态特征的相关网络模型能够表现出田间原状土样本的双重孔隙度结构,其预测结果更符合实际的土壤结构特征.     

预测土壤水力性质的形态学网络模型应用研究

土壤水力性质是研究非饱和带中水分和溶质运移的重要参数 ,可以用孔隙网络模型进行预测。通常采用的网络模型中的参数是任意指定的 ,无法真实反映土壤孔隙空间的形态特征。本文采用了一种基于孔隙形态学的网络模型来预测土壤的水力性质 ,即通过图像分析来直接测定孔隙的大小分布及其连通性 ,并将其结合到网络模型中 ,最大程度地再现了三维的土壤孔隙结构。本文根据河南封丘地区采集的砂壤土样本图像分析结果 ,采用形态学网络模型预测了其水力性质 ,同时也进一步评价了这种模型的优缺点及其应用前景。     

土壤样本分形几何特征的图像分析方法

土壤水分的持留与水分和溶质的运移,在很大程度取决于土壤孔隙的几何性质,而用数字图像处理方法能够较准确地加以识别。本文采用面积法和周长法分别计算了土壤样本图像的孔隙分形维数和多重孔隙轮廓线分形维数,并分析了它们同土壤质地之间的关系。结果表明,土壤孔隙空间在一定尺度范围内才存在明显的分形特征,土壤质地越细(粘粒含量越高)分形维数越大。与周长法相比较,用面积法计算的孔隙分形维数对土壤质地更为敏感。     

水蚀风蚀交错带土壤剖面水力学性质变异

土壤剖面水力学性质的确定是土壤水分动态预测的基础。该文在水蚀风蚀交错区六道沟流域分别对居于坡中和坡上两块样地160 cm土层不同深度未扰动土壤的水分特征曲线进行了测定，将Van Genuchtens水分特征曲线模式与Mualem导水模式相结合，确定了两样地土壤剖面的水力学参数，对水力学参数在剖面的变化进行了分析。结果表明，土壤剖面饱和含水率、滞留含水率、进气吸力倒数和孔隙大小分布因子沿剖面变化不大，滞留含水率、进气吸力倒数属于中等程度变异，饱和含水率和孔隙大小分布指标属于弱变异，但经方差检验均不显著，说明该地区160 cm土壤剖面可以处理成均质剖面。     

黄土高原雨养区坡面土壤水力学性质空间特征及影响因素

土壤水力学性质在建立水分运动模型及水土保持措施配置中具有重要作用。以网格采样测定了黄土高原雨养区坡面土壤水分特征曲线,拟合了Van Genuchten和Gardner模型参数,并利用经典统计和地统计方法分析了其空间分布特征及影响因子。结果表明:在黄土高原雨养区复杂的土地利用结构下,坡面表层土壤水力学性质具有明显的空间变异性,Van Genuchten模型参数n不存在空间相关情况,为纯随机变量,参数a,A,B,A·B和饱和导水率的空间变异受到系统变异和随机变异的共同作用。Gardner模型参数A和B值受到有机质含量的影响,饱和含水量、田间持水量和容重与参数A,A·B及有效孔隙度之间的相关性均达到极显著水平。比重与坡面土壤水力学性质之间的相关关系不显著。土地利用和地形因子对水分特征曲线的影响明显,在高吸力阶段,上坡位比下坡位土壤保持的水分多,农田的持水能力不如草地和林地。     

基于Markov链地统计模型的区域土壤性质研究进展

土壤水力学性质的空间变异对于区域土壤水分溶质循环模拟研究至关重要。基于Markov链的条件模拟是一种能融合多源信息技术的地统计学模拟方法,与传统插值法和基于变异函数的条件模拟相比有诸多优势。目前,该方法在土壤水力学性质空间变异性领域的研究并未全面展开。实现区域土壤水力学模型参数的随机模拟,对于实现区域土壤水分运动和溶质运移的随机模拟,分析土壤水力学性质空间变异性对土壤水分运动和溶质运移模拟结果的影响,特别是参数采样点变化对土壤水分运动和溶质运移结果影响的不确定性等研究都有重要意义。本文旨在综述基于Markov链的地统计学模拟在土壤学相关领域的研究进展,以期为区域模拟中面临的参数获取难题提供帮助,为区域农业生产管理,水分高效利用,农田生态环境保护提供科学依据。     

基于CT数字图像的土壤孔隙分形特征研究

通过CT扫描获得了河南封丘地区3种不同质地潮土样本的高精度图像,利用数字图像分析方法识别出土壤孔隙及其轮廓线,然后用计盒法确定了表征土壤孔隙形态不规则性的分形维数.在此基础上,通过不同形式的分形模型预测了土壤水分特征曲线.结果表明,河南封丘地区不同质地潮土的孔隙分形维数(包括面积和轮廓线分维)差异不明显;预测水分特征曲线时,针对不同质地的土壤选择适宜的分形模型才能得到较好的模拟结果.     

基于支持向量机的土壤水力学参数预测

为了分析支持向量机在土壤水力学参数预测方面的效果，应用支持向量机构建用于预测土壤水力学参数的土壤传递函数，以土壤粒径分布、容重、有机质含量等土壤理化性质为输入项，分别预测土壤饱和导水率、饱和含水率、残余含水率，以及van Genuchten公式参数的对数形式。结果表明预测值和实测值不存在显著性差异，用支持向量机预测土壤水力学参数是可行的。不同输入项处理的预测分析表明，输入项为粒径分布、粒径分布和容重、粒径分布和有机质含量3种情况的预测效果差异不明显，而输入项为粒径分布、容重和有机质含量时预测效果优于前3种情况。支持向量机在预测土壤水力学参数方面的效果要优于多元线性逐步回归模型，而与BP神经网络模型相比不具有明显好的预测效果。     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

孔隙结构图像分析中不同试验因素对分析结果的影响

研究了不同试验因素 (包括图像分辨率、土壤切片定向性、分析区域大小等 )对孔隙结构图像分析结果的影响以及试验误差 ,并简要介绍了用于分析土壤孔隙结构的土壤切片及数字图像的制备技术。结果表明 :不同试验因素对分析结果均会产生一定的影响 ,试验误差约在 1 0 %。这表明同一研究中应保持试验条件的相对一致以保证分析结果的可靠性和可比性     

A new approach for determining effective soil hydraulic functions

We investigated the possibility of inferring effective hydraulic properties of soil from the structure of the pore space. The aim was to identify structural properties, which are essential for water flow, so that physical experiments may be replaced by direct morphological measurements. The pore structure was investigated in three dimensions by serial sections through impregnated samples. The complex geometry of pore space was quantified in terms of two characteristics: pore-size distribution and pore connectivity. Only pores larger than 0.04 mm were considered. The results were used as input parameters for a pore-scale network model. The main desorption branch of the soil-water characteristic and the corresponding hydraulic conductivity function of the network model were calculated by numerical simulation. The simulation results, which are exclusively based on morphological investigations, were compared with independently measured results from a multi-step outflow experiment. This approach was demonstrated for two centrasting soil materials: the A and B horizons of a silty agricultural soil. The simulations were close to the experimental data, except for the absolute values of the hydraulic conductivity. The pore-size distribution and pore connectivity govern the shape of hydraulic functions and the applied morphometric methods are suitable for predicting essential characteristics of hydraulic soil properties.     

Synergistic effects of soil microstructure and bacterial EPS on drying rate in emulated soil micromodels

Microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have been shown to alter soil moisture retention and to improve seedling survival and plant growth at the bulk scale. The mechanisms of EPS-mediated water retention include reversible swelling of the cross-linked polymer matrix and the promotion of an aggregated soil structure. However, the effects of EPS on water retention have never been directly observed at the pore scale. Here, emulated soil micromodels were developed to directly observe the effects of physical, chemical, and biological factors on pore-scale water retention. In this demonstration, a pseudo-2D pore structure was created to represent physical features of a fine sandy loam. Replicate micromodels were initially saturated with suspensions of different soil bacteria, and pore-scale air infiltration was directly imaged over time. External evaporativity was held constant through the use of a custom constant-humidity environmental chamber. Micromodels filled with suspensions of highly mucoid Sinorhizobium meliloti retained moisture about twice as long as physically identical micromodels filled with suspensions of non-mucoid S. meliloti. Relative drying rates in six replicate experiments ranged from 1.1 to 2.5 times slower for mucoid suspensions. Patterns of air infiltration were similar but not identical across replicates. The results suggest that pore fluid EPS and micromodel geometry act together to limit evaporation at pore throats. Advantages of the micromodel approach include direct observation of pore-scale dynamic process, and the ability to systematically replicate complex physical structures. These abilities will enable users to screen benefits from different structures and from microbial compositions, and build predictive understanding of the overall function of microbe-habitat systems.     

生物炭对沙质土水分蒸发和导水率的影响

Biochar, as a kind of soil amendment, has important effects on soil water retention. In this research, 4 different kinds of biochars were used to investigate the influences of biochar addition on hydraulic properties and water evaporation in a sandy soil from Hebei Province, China. Biochar had strong absorption ability in the sandy soil. The ratio of water content in the biochar to that in the sandy soil was less than the corresponding ratio of porosity. Because of the different hydraulic properties between the sandy soil and the biochar, the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the sandy soil gradually decreased with the increasing biochar addition. The biochar with larger pore volume and average pore diameter had better water retention. More water was retained in the sandy soils when the biochar was added in a single layer, but not when the biochar was uniformly mixed with soil. Particle size of the added biochar had a significant influence on the hydraulic properties of the mixture of sand and biochar. Grinding the biochar into powder destroyed the pore structure, which simultaneously reduced the water absorption ability and hydraulic conductivity of the biochar. For this reason, adding biochar powder to the sandy soil would not decrease the water evaporation loss of the soil itself.     

Assessment the effect of homogenized soil on soil hydraulic properties and soil water transport

Soil hydraulic properties play a crucial role in simulating water flow and contaminant transport. Soil hydraulic properties are commonly measured using homogenized soil samples. However, soil structure has a significant effect on the soil ability to retain and to conduct water, particularly in aggregated soils. In order to determine the effect of soil homogenization on soil hydraulic properties and soil water transport, undisturbed soil samples were carefully collected. Five different soil structures were identified: Angular-blocky, Crumble, Angular-blocky (different soil texture), Granular, and subangular-blocky. The soil hydraulic properties were determined for undisturbed and homogenized soil samples for each soil structure. The soil hydraulic properties were used to model soil water transport using HYDRUS-1D.The homogenized soil samples showed a significant increase in wide pores (wCP) and a decrease in narrow pores (nCP). The wCP increased by 95.6, 141.2, 391.6, 3.9, 261.3%, and nCP decreased by 69.5, 10.5, 33.8, 72.7, and 39.3% for homogenized soil samples compared to undisturbed soil samples. The soil water retention curves exhibited a significant decrease in water holding capacity for homogenized soil samples compared with the undisturbed soil samples. The homogenized soil samples showed also a decrease in soil hydraulic conductivity. The simulated results showed that water movement and distribution were affected by soil homogenizing. Moreover, soil homogenizing affected soil hydraulic properties and soil water transport. However, field studies are being needed to find the effect of these differences on water, chemical, and pollutant transport under several scenarios.     

基于遗传算法的土壤水分运动参数识别

土壤水分运动参数的识别是研究土壤水分运动的基础。该文以反映土壤含水率实测值和计算值吻合程度的均方差最小为优化目标,以土壤导水率和扩散率经验参数上下限为约束条件,建立了土壤水分运动参数识别的优化计算模型。采用遗传算法和田间均质土壤一维非饱和运动数值计算相结合的方法,获得土壤导水率和扩散率经验参数最优值。经验证计算,土壤含水率实测值和计算值吻合程度较高,表明这一方法是可行的。     

Tillage effects on near-surface soil hydraulic properties

The processes for the formation of porosity are thought to differ between tilled and non-tilled cropping systems. The pores are created primarily by the tillage tool in the tilled systems and by biological processes in non-tilled systems. Because of the different methods of pore formation, the pore size distribution, pore continuity and hydraulic conductivity functions would be expected to differ among tillage systems. The objective of this study was to determine effects of three tillage systems — mold-board plow (MP), chisel plow (CP), and no-till (NT) — on hydraulic properties of soils from eight long-term tillage and rotation experiments. Tillage effects on saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, pore size distribution, and moisture retention characteristics were more apparent for soils with a continuous corn (CC) rotation than for either a corn-soybean (CS) rotation or a corn-oats-alfalfa (COA) rotation. Pore size distributions were similar among tillage systems for each soil except for three soils with a CC rotation. The MP system increased volume of pores >150 μm radius by 23% to 91% compared with the NT system on two of the soils, but the NT system increased the volume of the same radius pore by 50% on one other soil. The NT system had 30 to 180% greater saturated hydraulic conductivity than either the CP or MP systems. The NT system with a CC rotation showed a greater slope of the log unsaturated hydraulic conductivity; log volumetric water content relationship on two of the soils indicating greater water movement through a few relatively large pores for this system than for either the CP or MP systems.     

土壤垂向分层和均匀处理下水分差异的数值探讨

在现有众多的陆面过程模型中,对土壤水分的定量描述一般是假设垂向分布均匀,取表层土壤质地来表示整个垂向土壤质地。垂向分层和均匀处理下的土壤水分是存在差异的,这种差异有多大目前少有研究。设置3组不同饱和导水率组合的层状土壤代表不同区域的非均匀土壤,取3组层状土壤的上层土壤代表整个均匀土壤,通过建立一维土壤水分运动模型分析这种差异,同时分析饱和导水率、饱和含水量、残余含水率、孔隙大小分布参数和形状参数对层状土壤和均匀土壤的渗透量和储水量差异的敏感性,探讨垂向层状和均匀处理下土壤水分运动的差异。研究结果表明:1)建立的一维土壤水分运动模型模拟的土壤水分剖面与Yeh解析解和室内五水转化试验的土壤水分剖面一致,表明模型无论是考虑还是不考虑根系吸水都具有可靠性。2)采用垂向均匀方式处理,上下层饱和导水率相差越大的层状土壤,各水文变量的差异越大。当层状土壤上下层饱和导水率相差1.5倍时,层状土壤和均匀土壤的水分分布差别小于0.05 cm~3×cm~(-3);而当层状土壤上下层饱和导水率相差达3.3倍时,层状土壤和均匀土壤的水分分布差别达0.15 cm~3×cm~(-3),渗漏量相差20 cm以上,储水量相差5 cm左右。3)相对于层状土壤下层,均匀土壤下层的持水能力更差,水流速度更快,导致下层水分分布减小,渗漏量增加,储水量减小。4)形状参数n对渗透量的敏感性最强,土壤孔隙大小分布参数对储水量的敏感性最强,形状参数n其次。在实际应用中,如果一个区域的土壤上下层饱和导水率相差较大,那么垂向均匀处理可能会导致很大的误差,和实际土壤的水分分布相差很大,这会严重影响土壤水分的准确估计,在实际处理中需要认真考虑。     

利用计算机断层扫描技术研究土壤改良措施下土壤孔隙

为探明不同土壤结构改良措施（秸秆覆盖、免耕、有机肥、保水剂）对土壤孔隙特征及分布的影响,采用计算机断层（computed tomography,CT）扫描法定量分析了土壤孔隙的数目、孔隙度及孔隙在土壤剖面上的分布特征。结果表明：不同措施均提高了土壤总孔隙数、大孔隙数及0.13～1.0 mm孔隙数,且其孔隙度也相应提高。同时孔隙成圆率也得到了改善。各处理中以有机肥和免耕处理效果较佳,其次为保水剂和秸秆覆盖,对照最低。此外,不同措施显著提高了土壤的田间持水量和＞0.25 mm 水稳性团聚体含量,降低了土壤容重,且各处理中,仍以有机肥和免耕处理效果最佳,其田间持水量分别较对照提高了15.9%和16.4%,而土壤容重较对照降低了6.8%和8.8%。相关分析表明：田间持水量、容重和＞0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量与土壤总孔隙度和大孔隙度呈显著或极显著正相关;而土壤容重对于总孔隙度和大孔隙度及孔隙成圆率呈显著负相关。